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 Copyright © 1989 by Princeton University Press

Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street,

Princeton, New Jersey 08540
In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, Oxford

All Rights Reserved

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Komlos, John, 1944-

Nutrition and economic development in the eighteenth-century Habsburg
monarchy: an anthropometric history / John Komlos.
p. cm. Bibliography: p. Includes index.
ISBN 0-691-04257-8 (alk. paper)
1. Industry and state—Austria—History—18th century. 2. Austria—
Industries—History—18th century. 3. Nutrition—Austria—History—
18th century. 4. Demographic transition—Austria—History—
20th century. 5. Population—Austria—History—18th century.
6. Austria—Economicpolicy—18th century.
I. Title.
HD3616 A92K66 1989 338.9436—dcl9 89-30637

Publication of this book has been aided by the

WhitneyDarrow Fund of Princeton University Press

This book has been composed in Linotron Galliard

Clothbound editions of Princeton University Press books

are printed on acid-free paper, and binding materials are
chosen for strength and durability. Paperbacks, although satisfactory
for personal collections, are not usually suitable for library rebinding

Printed in the United States of America by Princeton University Press,

Princeton, New Jersey

Designed by Laury A. Egan

 To the staff and fellows
of the Carolina Population Center
of the University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill
 CONTENTS

LIST OF F I G U R E S xi
LIST OF TABLES xiii
PREFACE XV
INTRODUCTION 3

THE "AUSTRIAN" MODEL

1. The Theory of Anthropometric History 23
Height as a Measure ofNutritional Status 26
The Relationship between Human Stature and the Economy 29
Height and Demographic Processes 32
Height and the Standard ofLiving 43
Data and Method 50
2. Human Stature in East-Central Europe:
The Eighteenth Century 55
Height of Adult Soldiers 55
Height of Younger Soldiers 77
The Height Profile ofHungarian Soldiers 78
Height by Occupation 83
Stature of Troops Other Than the Infantry 84
Stature of Children 85
International Comparisons 93
Cross-sectional Pattern 96
Summary 116
vii
 CONTENTS

3. Institutional Change under Pressure:

Government Policy in an Enlightened Despotism 119
Ideological Background of the Reforms 123
Institutional Change in the Industrial Sector 131
TheAgricidtural Systemprior to the Reforms 148
The. Agncultuml Reforms 154
Summary 160
4. Conclusion 167

EXTENSIONS
5. The "Austrian" Model and the Industrial
Revolution in England 187
Dating the Demographic Revolution in England 188
The Rise in Nutritional Status 191
The Generation of the 1730s Matures 195
ThelndustrialRevolution 198
Summary 203
6. Pre-industrial Economic Growth: A Generahzation of
the "Austrian" Model 207
TheMalthusianAssumptions 210
CapitalAccumulation 216
Boserupian Episodes 218
A Synthesis 219
Summary 220

APPENDIXES
A. Recruiting Practices of the Habsburg Army 225
Exemptions 226
Minimum Height Requirements 228
Recruitment Problems 232
Regional Variation in Minimum Height Requirements 232
Minimum Height Requirements by Branch of the Military 235
Age of Eligibility 236
Method of Measurement 236
Accuracy of Measurements 238
Vlll
 CONTENTS

Β. Supplementary Tables and Figures 241

C. A Simulation of the "Austrian" Model of the Industrial
Revolution (with Marc Artzrouni) 277
The Model Specification 280
Implementation of the Model 282
Summary 287

BIBLIOGRAPHY 291
INDEX 319
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 LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 The Effect of Nutrition on Population Growth in a Non-

Contraceptive Pre-industrial Population 33
2.1 Estimated Trend of Adult Height (£') by Place and Decade
of Birth (Restricted Sample), 1730-1839 58
2.2 Estimated Adult Height ( x ) by Place and Decade of Birth,
1730-1819 58
2.3 Estimated Trend of Adult Height (x') by Place and Year of
Birth (Restricted Sample), 1734—1797 60
2.4 Growth Increments of Hungarian Soldiers between Age
18 and 24 (Variant B) 83
2.5 Height of Boys in the Habsburg Monarchy by Age and
Decade of Birth, 1760-1815 90
2.6 Food Consumption of Two Individuals—One Initially
Self-Sufficient, A, and Another Integrated into the World
Market, B 103
2.7 Utility and Food Consumption of an Individual before and
after Market Integration 107
2.8 Stature ( x ) of Adult Hungarian Soldiers Born in the
1740s, by County of Birth 108
2.9 Stature (χ) of Adult Hungarian Soldiers Born in the 1750s,
by County of Birth 108
2.10 Stature ( x ) of Adult Hungarian Soldiers Born in the 1780s
and 1790s, by County of Birth 109
3.1 The "Austrian" Model of the Industrial Revolution 162
4.1 The Aggregate Production Function at the Beginning of
the Industrial Revolution 173
5.1 Plot of Cumulative Sum of the Recursive Residuals, Births
in England, 1670-1809 190
B.1 Height Distribution of Adult Habsburg Soldiers, 1730s-
1790s 258
Xl
 LIST OF FIGURES

B.2 Height Distribution of Adult Habsburg Soldiers, 1790s-

1840s
B.3 Height Distribution of Habsburg Soldiers, Ages 21 and 22
Years
B.4 Height Distribution of Habsburg Soldiers, Ages 19 and 20
Years
B.5 Height by Age Profile of Boys in the Habsburg Monarchy,
1760-1790
B.6 Mean Growth Increment of Boys in the Habsburg Mon-
archy, 1735-1775
B.7 Mean Growth Increment of Boys in the Habsburg Mon-
archy, 1760-1789
B.8 Mean Growth Increment of Boys in the Habsburg Mon-
archy, 1780-1799
B.9 Mean Growth Increment of Boys in the Habsburg Mon-
archy, 1790-1815
C.1 Simulation of Pre-industrial Population Growth
C.2 Simulation of Capital Stock K ( t )
C.3 Simulation of Per Capita Output of Nutrients S( t )

Xll
 LIST OF TABLES

2.1 Height of Adult Soldiers by Year and Place of Birth, 1730-

1859
2.2 The Share of Adult Recruits Taller Than 175 cm, Trunca-
tion Point Held Constant
2.3 Purchasing Power of a Day's Wages in Kilograms of Bread
in Vienna, 1700-1800
2.4 Population of the World, 1700-1800
2.5 Age Distribution of the Habsburg Population, Selected
Provinces, 1754—1762
2.6 Population of the Habsburg Monarchy, Selected Prov-
inces, 1754-1827
2.7 Age Distribution of the English Population, 1751-1766
2.8 Decennial Changes in Bricklayer's Real Wages in London,
1750-1800
2.9 Stature of Adult Foreign Soldiers in the Habsburg Army,
1720-1799
2.10 Height Increments of Unskilled Hungarian Soldiers,
1750-1799 (VariantA)
2.11 Cumulative Growth of Hungarian Soldiers after Age 18,
1750-1800
2.12 Stature of Adult Soldiers in Various Military Units, 1750-
1800
2.13 Regression Equations. Dependent Variable: Height of
Boys
2.14 Height of Boys in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1735-1814
2.15 Mean Height Increment of Boys, Habsburg Monarchy,
1735-1814
2.16 Height of Boys Born in Germany and in the Habsburg
Monarchy, 1745-1799
2.17 Height of Boys of Selected Ages, Various Countries, by
YearofBirth
XlU
 LIST OF TABLES

2.18 Gross National Product of Hungary and Bohemia, circa

1789 98
2.19 Per Capita Production of Nutrients in the Habsburg Mon-
archy by Provinces, circa 1789 99
2.20 Food Production in Bunzlau County, Bohemia, 1786 100
2.21 Estimate of Per Capita Daily Nutrient Consumption in the
Habsburg Monarchy, circa 1789 101
2.22 Share of Skilled Recruits in the Total Adult Sample, 1730-
1800 113
5.1 Index of Price of Consumables, Real Wages, and Mean
Temperatures in England 193
B.1 Height of 21- and 22-Year-Old Soldiers by Year and Place
of Birth, 1740-1950 242
B.2 Regression Equation. Dependent Variable: Height of Sol-
diers Taller Than the Minimum Height Requirement 243
B.3 Height of Adult Rural Unskilled Soldiers in the Habsburg
Monarchy, by Decade and Place of Birth, 1730-1849 244
B.4 Height of Adult Skilled or Urban Soldiers in the Habsburg
Monarchy, by Decade and Place of Birth, 1730-1839 245
B.5 Height of Adult Rural Unskilled Bohemian Soldiers by
Region of Birth, 1730-1799 246
B.6 Height of Adult Skilled or Urban Bohemian Soldiers by
Region of Birth, 1730-1799 247
B.7 Change in Sample Mean Height ( A x ) of Adult Soldiers
from Previous Decade 248
B.8 Sample and Estimated Standard Deviations of the Height
of the Adult Soldiers 249
B.9 Height of 19- and 20-Year-01d Soldiers, 1740-1849 250
B.10 Height of 19- to 22-Year-Old Bohemian Soldiers, by Re-
gion and Decade of Birth, 1760-1839 251
B.ll Share of Young Soldiers in the Total Sample, 1740-1799 252
B.12 Height Increments of Unskilled Hungarian Soldiers,
1750-1799 (VariantB) 253
B.13 Height Increments of Skilled Hungarian Soldiers, 1750-
1799 (Variant B) 254
B.14 HeightIncrementsofHungarian Soldiers, 1750-1799
(Variant B) 255
B.15 Regression Equation. Dependent Variable: Height of
Boys, 1760-1815 256
B.16 Height of Boys by Age and Place of Birth, Habsburg
Monarchy, 1790-1815 257

XlV
 PREFACE

A LARGE-SCALE research project, requiring the extraction of nearly

two hundred thousand often difficult-to-read records from archival
sources, cannot be undertaken without an enormous amount of finan-
cial and moral support. I was fortunate enough to receive such support,
although by no means continuously throughout the writing of the man-
uscript. I obtained two small grants from the American Philosophic So-
ciety and the National Research Council at the very beginning of the
project. Grants from the American Council of Learned Societies en-
abled me to overcome difficulties at junctures of my intellectual career
when their absence could easily have meant the end of the research. The
financial aid of the National Science Foundation was essential to the
successful completion of the project. I am grateful to Mr. Warren
Thompson of the N.S.F. for his enthusiastic support. Yet one needs
more than money to be able to write at ease; one also needs the proper
moral support. I am indebted to Liliane and to Frieda for making the
atmosphere of our private life conducive to creative thinking. I am in-
debted furthermore to the late Professor Edward Marz for inviting me
to the University of Vienna, thereby bringing me closer to the archives,
and to Professors Gerhard Botz, Herbert Matis, and Erich Streifiler for
supporting my stay in Vienna and for making it one of the truly pleasant
years of my life. Without them, I fear that the project might very well
not have come to fruition. Professor Roman Sandgruber, then of the
Department of Economics and Social History of the University of Vi-
enna, and now of the University of Linz, and Dr. Helmut Selinger, li-
brarian of the Department of Economics, helped me in a number of
ways too numerous to mention. Maria Botz and Dr. Erno Deak, the
latter of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, were kind enough to help
me to arrange the details of my private life, aid that is always welcomed
in a foreign environment.
In 1984 I was fortunate to receive a postdoctoral fellowship at the
Carolina Population Center of the University of North Carolina at
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