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SOLUTION
MANUAL
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

1–1. The floor of a heavy storage warehouse building is

made of 6-in.-thick stone concrete. If the floor is a slab
having a length of 15 ft and width of 10 ft, determine the
resultant force caused by the dead load and the live load.

From Table 1–3

DL = [12 lb兾ft2 # in.(6 in.)] (15 ft)(10 ft) = 10,800 lb

From Table 1–4

LL = (250 lb兾ft2)(15 ft)(10 ft) = 37,500 lb

Total Load

F = 48,300 lb = 48.3 k Ans.

1–2. The floor of the office building is made of 4-in.-thick

lightweight concrete. If the office floor is a slab having a
length of 20 ft and width of 15 ft, determine the resultant
force caused by the dead load and the live load.

From Table 1–3

DL = [8 lb兾ft2 # in. (4 in.)] (20 ft)(15 ft) = 9600 lb

From Table 1–4

LL = (50 lb兾ft2)(20 ft)(15 ft) = 15,000 lb

Total Load

F = 24,600 lb = 24.6 k Ans.

1–3. The T-beam is made from concrete having a specific 40 in.

weight of 150 lb兾ft3. Determine the dead load per foot length
of beam. Neglect the weight of the steel reinforcement.
8 in.

1 ft2
w = (150 lb兾ft3) [(40 in.)(8 in.) + (18 in.) (10 in.)] a b 26 in.
144 in2
w = 521 lb兾ft Ans.

10 in.

1
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*1–4. The “New Jersey” barrier is commonly used during

highway construction. Determine its weight per foot of
length if it is made from plain stone concrete. 4 in.

Cross-sectional area = 6(24) + a b (24 + 7.1950)(12) + a b (4 + 7.1950)(5.9620)

1 1
2 2 75°

12 in. 55°
= 364.54 in2
6 in.
Use Table 1–2.
1 ft2
w = 144 lb兾ft3 (364.54 in2) a b = 365 lb兾ft
24 in.
Ans.
144 in2

1–5. The floor of a light storage warehouse is made of

150-mm-thick lightweight plain concrete. If the floor is a
slab having a length of 7 m and width of 3 m, determine the
resultant force caused by the dead load and the live load.

From Table 1–3

DL = [0.015 kN兾m2 # mm (150 mm)] (7 m) (3 m) = 47.25 kN

From Table 1–4

LL = (6.00 kN兾m2) (7 m) (3 m) = 126 kN

Total Load

F = 126 kN + 47.25 kN = 173 kN Ans.

2
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

1–6. The prestressed concrete girder is made from plain

stone concrete and four 34 -in. cold form steel reinforcing
rods. Determine the dead weight of the girder per foot of its 8 in.
length.
6 in.

3 2
Area of concrete = 48(6) + 4 c (14 + 8)(4) d - 4(␲) a b = 462.23 in2
1
20 in.
2 8
3 2
Area of steel = 4(␲) a b = 1.767 in2 6 in.
8
8 in.
From Table 1–2,
1 ft2 1 ft2
w = (144 lb兾ft3)(462.23 in2) a 2
b + 492 lb兾ft3(1.767 in2) a b 4 in. 6 in.
144 in 144 in2 4 in.
= 468 lb兾ft Ans.

1–7. The wall is 2.5 m high and consists of 51 mm ⫻ 102 mm

studs plastered on one side. On the other side is 13 mm
fiberboard, and 102 mm clay brick. Determine the average
load in kN兾m of length of wall that the wall exerts on the floor.
2.5 m

Use Table 1–3.

For studs

Weight = 0.57 kN兾m2 (2.5 m) = 1.425 kN兾m

For fiberboard

Weight = 0.04 kN兾m2 (2.5 m) = 0.1 kN兾m

For clay brick

Weight = 1.87 kN兾m2 (2.5 m) = 4.675 kN兾m

Total weight = 6.20 kN兾m Ans.

3
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*1–8. A building wall consists of exterior stud walls with

brick veneer and 13 mm fiberboard on one side. If the wall
is 4 m high, determine the load in kN兾m that it exerts on the
floor.

For stud wall with brick veneer.

w = (2.30 kN兾m2)(4 m) = 9.20 kN兾m

For Fiber board

w = (0.04 kN兾m2)(4 m) = 0.16 kN兾m

Total weight = 9.2 + 0.16 = 9.36 kN兾m Ans.

1–9. The interior wall of a building is made from 2 ⫻ 4

wood studs, plastered on two sides. If the wall is 12 ft high,
determine the load in lb兾ft of length of wall that it exerts on
the floor.

From Table 1–3

w = (20 lb兾ft2)(12 ft) = 240 lb兾ft Ans.

1–10. The second floor of a light manufacturing building is 4 in. cinder fill
constructed from a 5-in.-thick stone concrete slab with an 5 in. concrete slab
added 4-in. cinder concrete fill as shown. If the suspended
ceiling of the first floor consists of metal lath and gypsum
plaster, determine the dead load for design in pounds per
square foot of floor area.
ceiling

From Table 1–3,

5-in. concrete slab = (12)(5) = 60.0

4-in. cinder fill = (9)(4) = 36.0

metal lath & plaster = 10.0

Total dead load = 106.0 lb兾ft2 Ans.

4
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

1–11. A four-story office building has interior columns

spaced 30 ft apart in two perpendicular directions. If the
flat-roof live loading is estimated to be 30 lb兾ft2, determine
the reduced live load supported by a typical interior column
located at ground level.

Floor load:

Lo = 50 psf

At = (30)(30) = 900 ft2 7 400 ft2

(
L = Lo 0.25 +
15
2KLLAT )
(
L = 50 0.25 +
15
24(900) ) = 25 psf

25
% reduction = = 50% 7 40% (OK)
50
Fs = 3[(25 psf)(30 ft)(30 ft)] + 30 psf(30 ft)(30 ft) = 94.5 k Ans.

*1–12. A two-story light storage warehouse has interior

columns that are spaced 12 ft apart in two perpendicular
directions. If the live loading on the roof is estimated to be
25 lb兾ft2, determine the reduced live load supported by
a typical interior column at (a) the ground-floor level, and
(b) the second-floor level.

At = (12)(12) = 144 ft2

FR = (25)(144) = 3600 lb = 3.6 k

Since At = 4(144) ft2 7 400 ft2

(
L = 12.5 0.25 +
15
2(4)(144) ) = 109.375 lb兾ft2

(a) For ground floor column

L = 109 psf 7 0.5 Lo = 62.5 psf OK

FF = (109.375)(144) = 15.75 k

F = FF + FR = 15.75 k + 3.6 k = 19.4 k Ans.

(b) For second floor column

F = FR = 3.60 k Ans.

5
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

1–13. The office building has interior columns spaced 5 m

apart in perpendicular directions. Determine the reduced
live load supported by a typical interior column located on
the first floor under the offices.

From Table 1–4

Lo = 2.40 kN兾m2

AT = (5 m)(5 m) = 25 m2

KLL = 4

(
L = Lo 0.25 +
4.57
2KLLAT )
(
L = 2.40 0.25 +
4.57
24(25) )
L = 1.70 kN兾m2 Ans.

1.70 kN兾m2 7 0.4 Lo = 0.96 kN兾m2 OK

1–14. A two-story hotel has interior columns for the

rooms that are spaced 6 m apart in two perpendicular
directions. Determine the reduced live load supported by a
typical interior column on the first floor under the public
rooms.

Table 1–4

Lo = 4.79 kN兾m2

AT = (6 m)(6 m) = 36 m2

KLL = 4

(
L = Lo 0.25 +
4.57
2KLL AT )
(
L = 4.79 0.25 +
4.57
24(36) )
L = 3.02 kN兾m2 Ans.

3.02 kN兾m2 7 0.4 Lo = 1.916 kN兾m2 OK

6
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

1–15. Wind blows on the side of a fully enclosed hospital

located on open flat terrain in Arizona. Determine the
external pressure acting over the windward wall, which has
a height of 30 ft. The roof is flat.

V = 120 mi兾h

Kzt = 1.0

Kd = 1.0

qz = 0.00256 KzKztKdV2

= 0.00256 Kz (1.0)(1.0)(120)2

= 36.86 Kz

From Table 1–5,

z Kz qz

0–15 0.85 31.33

20 0.90 33.18

25 0.94 34.65

30 0.98 36.13

Thus,

p = q G Cp – qh (G Cp )
i
= q (0.85)(0.8) - 36.13 (; 0.18)

= 0.68q < 6.503

p0–15 = 0.68(31.33) < 6.503 = 14.8 psf or 27.8 psf Ans.

p20 = 0.68(33.18) < 6.503 = 16.1 psf or 29.1 psf Ans.

p25 = 0.68(34.65) < 6.503 = 17.1 psf or 30.1 psf Ans.

p30 = 0.68(36.13) < 6.503 = 18.1 psf or 31.1 psf Ans.

*1–16. Wind blows on the side of the fully enclosed

hospital located on open flat terrain in Arizona. Determine
the external pressure acting on the leeward wall, which has
a length of 200 ft and a height of 30 ft.

V = 120 mi兾h

Kzt = 1.0

Kd = 1.0

qh = 0.00256 KzKztKdV2

= 0.00256 Kz(1.0)(1.0)(120)2

= 36.86 Kz

7
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

1–16. Continued

From Table 1–5, for z = h = 30 ft, Kz = 0.98

qh = 36.86(0.98) = 36.13

From the text

Lo 200
= = 1 so that Cp = - 0.5
B 200
p = q GCp - qh(GCp )
2
p = 36.13(0.85)(-0.5) - 36.13(; 0.18)

p = - 21.9 psf or - 8.85 psf Ans.

1–17. A closed storage building is located on open flat

terrain in central Ohio. If the side wall of the building is
20 ft high, determine the external wind pressure acting on
the windward and leeward walls. Each wall is 60 ft long.
Assume the roof is essentially flat.

V = 105 mi兾h

Kzt = 1.0

Kd = 1.0

q = 0.00256 KzKztKdV2

= 0.00256 Kz(1.0)(1.0) (105)2

= 28.22 Kz

From Table 1–5

z Kz qz

0–15 0.85 23.99

20 0.90 25.40

Thus, for windward wall

p = qGCp – qh(GCp )
i
= q(0.85)(0.8) – 25.40(; 0.18)

= 0.68 q < 4.572

p0 – 15 = 0.68 (23.99) < 4.572 = 11.7 psf or 20.9 psf Ans.

p20 = 0.68 (25.40) < 4.572 = 12.7 psf or 21.8 psf Ans.

Leeward wall
L 60
= = 1 so that Cp = - 0.5
B 60
p = q GCp - qh(GCp )
i
p = 25.40(0.85)(-0.5) - 25.40 (; 0.18)

p = -15.4 psf or -6.22 psf Ans.

8
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

1–18. The light metal storage building is on open flat

terrain in central Oklahoma. If the side wall of the building
is 14 ft high, what are the two values of the external wind
pressure acting on this wall when the wind blows on the
back of the building? The roof is essentially flat and the
building is fully enclosed.

V = 105 mi兾h

Kzt = 1.0

Kd = 1.0

qz = 0.00256 KzKztKdV2

= 0.00256 Kz (1.0)(1.0)(105)2

= 28.22 Kz

From Table 1–5

For 0 … z … 15 ftKz = 0.85

Thus,

qz = 28.22(0.85) = 23.99
p = q GCp - qh(GCp )
i
p = (23.99)(0.85)(0.7) - (23.99)( ; 0.18)

p = -9.96 psf or p = -18.6 psf Ans.

1–19. Determine the resultant force acting perpendicular

to the face of the billboard and through its center if it is
located in Michigan on open flat terrain. The sign is rigid
and has a width of 12 m and a height of 3 m. Its top side is
15 m from the ground.

qh = 0.613 KzKztKdV2

Since z = h = 15 m Kz = 1.09
Kzt = 1.0

Kd = 1.0

V = 47 m兾s

qh = 0.613(1.09)(1.0)(1.0)(47)2

= 1476.0 N兾m2
12 m 3
B兾s = = 4, s兾h = = 0.2
3m 15
From Table 1–6

Cf = 1.80
F = qh GCf As

= (1476.0)(0.85)(1.80)(12)(3) = 81.3 kN Ans.

9
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*1–20. A hospital located in central Illinois has a flat roof.

Determine the snow load in kN兾m2 that is required to
design the roof.

pf = 0.7 CcCtIs p g

pf = 0.7(0.8)(1.0)(1.20)(0.96)

= 0.6451 kN兾m2

Also

pf = Is p g = (1.20)(0.96) = 1.152 kN兾m2

use

pf = 1.15 kN兾m2 Ans.

1–21. The school building has a flat roof. It is located in an

open area where the ground snow load is 0.68 kN兾m2.
Determine the snow load that is required to design the roof.

pf = 0.7 CcCtIs p g

pf = 0.7(0.8)(1.0)(1.20)(0.68)

= 0.457 kN兾m2

Also

pf = pf = Is p g = (1.20)(0.68) = 0.816 kN兾m2

use

pf = 0.816 kN兾m2 Ans.

1–22. The hospital is located in an open area and has a

flat roof and the ground snow load is 30 lb兾ft2. Determine
the design snow load for the roof.

Since pq = 30 lb兾ft2 7 20 lb兾ft2 then

pf = Is pg = 1.20(30) = 36 lb兾ft2 Ans.

10
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

2–1. The steel framework is used to support the C

reinforced stone concrete slab that is used for an office. The
slab is 200 mm thick. Sketch the loading that acts along
B D
members BE and FED. Take a = 2 m, b = 5 m. Hint: See
Tables 1–2 and 1–4. A

a
E
b a
F

b 5m
Beam BE. Since = = 2.5, the concrete slab will behave as a one way slab.
a 2m
Thus, the tributary area for this beam is rectangular shown in Fig. a and the intensity
of the uniform distributed load is

200 mm thick reinforced stone concrete slab:

(23.6 kN>m3)(0.2 m)(2 m) = 9.44 kN>m
480 kN>m
Live load for office: (2.40 kN>m2)(2 m) = Ans.
14.24 kN>m
Due to symmetry the vertical reaction at B and E are

By = Ey = (14.24 kN>m)(5)>2 = 35.6 kN

The loading diagram for beam BE is shown in Fig. b.

Beam FED. The only load this beam supports is the vertical reaction of beam BE
at E which is Ey = 35.6 kN. The loading diagram for this beam is shown in Fig. c.

11
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

2–2. Solve Prob. 2–1 with a = 3 m, b = 4 m. C

B D

a
E
b a
F

b 4
Beam BE. Since = 6 2, the concrete slab will behave as a two way slab. Thus,
a 3
the tributary area for this beam is the hexagonal area shown in Fig. a and the
maximum intensity of the distributed load is

200 mm thick reinforced stone concrete slab: (23.6 kN>m3)(0.2 m)(3 m)

= 14.16 kN>m
720 kN>m
Live load for office: (2.40 kN>m2)(3 m) = Ans.
21.36 kN>m

Due to symmetry, the vertical reactions at B and E are

2 c (21.36 kN>m)(1.5 m) d + (21.36 kN>m)(1 m)

1
2
By = Ey =
2
= 26.70 kN

The loading diagram for Beam BE is shown in Fig. b.

Beam FED. The loadings that are supported by this beam are the vertical reaction
of beam BE at E which is Ey = 26.70 kN and the triangular distributed load of which
its tributary area is the triangular area shown in Fig. a. Its maximum intensity is

200 mm thick reinforced stone concrete slab: (23.6 kN>m3)(0.2 m)(1.5 m)

= 7.08 kN>m
3.60 kN>m
Live load for office: (2.40 kN>m2)(1.5 m) = Ans.
10.68 kN>m

The loading diagram for Beam FED is shown in Fig. c.

12
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

2–3. The floor system used in a school classroom consists

of a 4-in. reinforced stone concrete slab. Sketch the loading E
b
that acts along the joist BF and side girder ABCDE. Set a
a = 10 ft, b = 30 ft. Hint: See Tables 1–2 and 1–4. a
D
a
C
a
B
F
A

b 30 ft
Joist BF. Since = = 3, the concrete slab will behave as a one way slab.
a 10 ft
Thus, the tributary area for this joist is the rectangular area shown in Fig. a and the
intensity of the uniform distributed load is

4 in thick reinforced stone concrete slab: (0.15 k>ft3) a

4
ftb (10 ft) = 0.5 k>ft
12
0.4 k>ft
Live load for classroom: (0.04 k>ft2)(10 ft) = Ans.
0.9 k>ft

Due to symmetry, the vertical reactions at B and F are

By = Fy = (0.9 k>ft)(30 ft)>2 = 13.5 k Ans.

The loading diagram for joist BF is shown in Fig. b.

Girder ABCDE. The loads that act on this girder are the vertical reactions of the
joists at B, C, and D, which are By = Cy = Dy = 13.5 k. The loading diagram for
this girder is shown in Fig. c.

13
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*2–4. Solve Prob. 2–3 with a = 10 ft, b = 15 ft.

E
b
a
a
D
a
C
a
B
F
A

b 15 ft
Joist BF. Since = = 1.5 < 2, the concrete slab will behave as a two way
a 10 ft
slab. Thus, the tributary area for the joist is the hexagonal area as shown
in Fig. a and the maximum intensity of the distributed load is

4 in thick reinforced stone concrete slab: (0.15 k>ft3) a ft b (10 ft) = 0.5 k>ft
4
12
0.4 k>ft
Live load for classroom: (0.04 k>ft2)(10 ft) = Ans.
0.9 k>ft

Due to symmetry, the vertical reactions at B and G are

2 c (0.9 k>ft)(5 ft) d + (0.9 k>ft)(5 ft)

1
2
By = Fy = = 4.50 k Ans.
2

The loading diagram for beam BF is shown in Fig. b.

Girder ABCDE. The loadings that are supported by this girder are the vertical
reactions of the joist at B, C and D which are By = Cy = Dy = 4.50 k and the
triangular distributed load shown in Fig. a. Its maximum intensity is

4 in thick reinforced stone concrete slab:

(0.15 k>ft3) a ft b (5 ft) = 0.25 k>ft

4
12

0.20 k冫ft
Live load for classroom: (0.04 k>ft2)(5 ft) = Ans.
0.45 k冫ft
The loading diagram for the girder ABCDE is shown in Fig. c.

14
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

2–5. Solve Prob. 2–3 with a = 7.5 ft, b = 20 ft.

E
b
a
a
D
a
C
a
B
F
A

b 20 ft
Beam BF. Since = = 2.7 7 2, the concrete slab will behave as a one way
a 7.5 ft
slab. Thus, the tributary area for this beam is a rectangle shown in Fig. a and the
intensity of the distributed load is

4 in thick reinforced stone concrete slab: (0.15 k>ft3) a ft b (7.5 ft) = 0.375 k>ft
4
12

0.300 k>ft
Live load from classroom: (0.04 k>ft2)(7.5 ft) = Ans.
0.675 k>ft
Due to symmetry, the vertical reactions at B and F are
(0.675 k>ft)(20 ft)
By = Fy = = 6.75 k Ans.
2

The loading diagram for beam BF is shown in Fig. b.

Beam ABCD. The loading diagram for this beam is shown in Fig. c.

15
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