TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:
1. Low Level Programming Languages
• Machine language( only 0’s and 1’s)
• Assembly language(related to computer architecture)
2. High Level Programming Languages
• C
• C++
• JAVA
• PYTHON
C can work in low level and can interact with computer hardware.
C is a Structure Oriented programming language.
Short History of C language
In 1972 Dennis Ritchie developed C was a successor of Ken Thompson’s B language.
In 1989, ANSI C Standard
In 1999, C99 C Updated versions
In 2011, C11
In 2018, C18
Compiler:
Compiler transforms code written in a high-level programming language into the
machine code, at once, before program runs.
Interpreter:
Interpreter coverts each high-level program statement, one by one, into the machine
code, during program runs.
Note: Compiled code runs faster while interpreted code runs slower.
EXE.file:
An executable file is a type of computer file that runs a program when it is opened. This
means it executes code or a series of instructions contained in the file.
TOPICS IN C:
❖ C Tokens
❖ Constants and Variable
❖ Data Types
❖ Operators
❖ Control Statements
❖ Looping statements
❖ Functions
❖ Pointers
❖ Arrays
❖ Strings
❖ Structure and Union
❖ File management
❖ Dynamic memory allocation
❖ Graphics
C Tokens:
Tokens are the smallest elements of a program, which are meaningful to the compiler. The
following are the types of tokens: Keywords, Identifiers, Constant, Strings, Operators.
C TOKENS
Keywords Constants Strings Operators
int 15 “hello” +
while -22 “rubi” *
char 0.26 ++
Identifiers Special Symbols
total { }
marks [ ]
Constants and Variable:
Constants are fixed value cannot be modified by the program once it is defined.
Ex:
const int var=5;
keyword datatype name of the constant value
int a=10;
variable
DATATYPES
DATA TYPES
Primitive User defined
int array
char (1 byte) pointer
float(4 byte) structure
double( 8 byte) union
long int( 4 byte)
integer:
int – whole numbers (3,25,75)
Size- 2bytes ( 1 byte=8 bit)
Range → -32768 to +32767
Range calculation:
1-1
2-2
3-4
4-8
5-16
6-32
7-64
8-128
9-256
10-512
11-1024
12-2048
13-4096
14-8192
15-16384
16-32768
Bit→ is the smallest unit of storage. A bit stores just a 0 or 1.
Byte → collection of 8 bits. One byte can one character. Ex. ‘a’,’x’…
char
size - 1 byte
range→ -128 to +127
float
size - 4 byte
range→ -3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38
double
size - 8 byte
range →-1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308
long int
size – 4 byte
range → -2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647
Format Specifier in C:
Data type Format specifier
int %d or %i
long int %ld
float %f
double %lf
char %c
String (or) character array %s
Address %u
Octal %o
Hexadecimal %x
Pointer %p
Character set:
Alphabets A,B,….Z
a,b,……z
Digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Special Symbol { } [ ] ( )
+-/ != ?
Simple Program:
Write a program to print your name.
#include< stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
clrscr();
printf(“Rubi”);
getch();
Example for float:
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
float a=3.1,b=6.8,c;
c=a+b;
printf("c=%f",c);
}
Output:
9.900000
Operators
Assignment Operator
Arithmetic operator
Simple Arithmetic operators
Modulus operator
Increment and decrement operator
Relational Operator
Logical operator
Bitwise Operator
Ternary operator
1. Assignment Operator
<variable>=<value>
Ex: a=10;
2. Arithmetic operator
Addition +,
Subtraction -,
Multiplication *, 3
Division /, 3 10
Modules %, 9
Ex: a=10,b=3 1
c=a+b; c=a-b; c=a*b; c=a/b c=a%b;
c=13 c=7 c=30 c=3 c=1
Example program:
#include <stdio.h> c=a-(a/b)*b;
void main()
int a=10,b=3,c;
c=a+b;
printf("sum=%d\n",c);
c=a-b;
printf("sub=%d\n",c);
c=a*b;
printf("mul=%d\n",c);
c=a/b;
printf("div=%d\n",c);
c=a%b;
printf("mod=%d",c);
Output:
sum=13
sub=7
mul=30
div=3
mod=1
3. Relational operator
Equal to ==
Not equal to != used in conditions
Greater than > (if ..else stmt)
Less than <
Greater than or equal to >=
Less than or equal to <=
4. Logical operator
Logical AND && → two condition must be true
Logical OR || → either one condition must be true
Logical NOT ! → both conditions false
5. Ternary operator (or) Conditional operator
(expression1)? expression2: expression3
Ex:
if(a>b) true false
x=a; x=(a>b)?a:b;
else
x=b; true
6. Bitwise operator
Operator Description
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
>> Right Shift
<< Left shift
>>> Unsigned Right Shift
Bitwise AND
a=10 b= 2 convert 10 and 2 to binary
c= a&b; 10 →1010 2→0010
1010 AND Gate Truth Table
0010
A B Output
0010
1 1 1
1 0 0
C=2 0 1 0
0 0 0
8421
0001 1
0010 2
0011 3
0100 4
0101 5
0110 6
0111 7 32 16 8 4 2 1
1000 8 1 0 1 0 10 →42
1001 9
1010 10
1011 11
1100 12
1101 13
1110 14
1111 15
Bitwise OR
a=10 b= 2 convert 10 and 2 to binary
c= a|b; 10 →1010 2→0010
1010 AND Gate Truth Table
0010
A B Output
1010
1 1 1
1 0 1
C=10 0 1 1
0 0 0
Bitwise XOR
a=10 b= 2 convert 10 and 2 to binary
c= a^b; 10 →1010 2→0010
1010 AND Gate Truth Table
0010
A B Output
1000
1 1 0
1 0 1
C=8 0 1 1
0 0 0
Right Shift:
a=10,b=2
c=a>>b; convert 10 to binary number 1010
c=2 b value is 2 so delete 2 numbers from the right side
1010 remaining value is 2.
Left Shift:
a=10,b=2
c=a<<b; convert 10 to binary number 1010
c=40 b value is 2 so add 2 zero’s to the right side
101000 answer is 40. Convert 101000 to decimal number.
Example program:
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
int a=10,b=2,c;
c=a&b;
printf("And=%d\n",c);
c=a|b;
printf("or=%d\n",c);
c=a^b;
printf("xor=%d\n",c);
c=a>>b;
printf("right shift=%d\n",c);
c=a<<b;
printf("left shift=%d",c);
Output:
And=2
or=10
xor=8
right shift=2
left shift=40
7. Increment and decrement operator:
Post increment a++ post decrement a--
Per increment ++a per decrement --a
Ex: a=10
a=a+1(post) a=1+a(per) a=a-1(post) a=1-a(per)
Control Statements:
Decision Control Statements
1. Simple if
if(condition)
…Stmt..;
2. If..else
if(condition)
{
….stmt;
}
else
{
…stmt;
}
3. Nested if..else
if(condition)
{
if(condition)
{
..stmt;
}
else
{
…stmt;
}
}
else
{
…stmt;
}
4. Else..if ladder
if(condition)
{
…stmt;
}
else if(condition)
{
….stmt;
}
else if(condition)
{
…..stmt;
}
.
..
…
else
{
…stmt;
}
Example program:
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
int a;
printf("Enter a no:");
scanf("%d",&a);
if(a%2==0)
printf("no. is even");
else
printf("no.is odd");
}
Output:
Enter a no:5
no.is odd
Example program to find greatest among three numbers:
Nested if..else
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
int num1, num2, num3;
printf("Enter the values of num1, num2 and num3\n");
scanf("%d %d %d", &num1, &num2, &num3);
printf("num1 = %d\t num2 = %d\t num3 = %d\n", num1, num2, num3);
if (num1 > num2)
if (num1 > num3)
printf("num1 is the greatest \n");
else
printf("num3 is the greatest \n");
}
}
else if (num2 > num3)
printf("num2 is the greatest \n");
else
printf("num3 is the greatest \n");
}
Enter the values of num1, num2 and num3
25
38
29
num1 = 25 num2 = 38 num3 = 29
Num2 is greatest
Example program to find greatest among three numbers:
Else…if Ladder
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
int num1, num2, num3;
printf("Enter the values of num1, num2 and num3\n");
scanf("%d %d %d", &num1, &num2, &num3);
printf("num1 = %d\tnum2 = %d\tnum3 = %d\n", num1, num2, num3);
if((num1>num2)&&(num1>num3))
printf("\n Num1 is greatest");
else if((num2>num1)&&(num2>num3))
printf("\n Num2 is greatest");
else
printf("num3 is the greatest \n");
}
Enter the values of num1, num2 and num3
54
12
37
num1 = 54 num2 = 12 num3 = 37
Num1 is greatest
Looping Statements:
1. While loop
while(condition)
{
…..
….. the blocks run till the condition is true
Block of stmts;
……
2. While infinite loop
while(1)
{
…….
Block of stmts; block run infinite times
……..
}
Note:A loop that repeats indefinitely and never terminates is called an
Infinite loop.
3. Do…..while
do
{
………. This block executes once and continues if the
………. while condition is true. If the while condition
Block of stmts; is false it terminates the loop.
……….
}while(condition);
4. Do….while infinite loop
do
{
…….
Block of stmts;
…..
}while(1);
5. For Loop:
3.b) if false
3.a) if true
1. 2. 5.
for (initialization ; condition ; increment/decerment)
{
//body of the loop
// statements to be executed 4
6. }
//statements outside the loop
6. For loop as while :
for(;condition;)
//block of stmt;
7. For
for(initialization;condition;)
{
//block of stmts;
}
8. For
for(;condition;increment/decrement)
{
//block of stmts;
}
9. Infinite for loop:
for(;;)
{
//block of stmts;
}
Example of while loop:
Sum of digits:
Ex:
Input:
N=125
Output:
Sum of digits:8
Step 1: Review the problem carefully and understand what you are asked to do.
Step 2: Determine what information is given as Input and what result must be produced as
Output.
Step 3: Assign names to each input and output items.
n as input
sum as output
n=125
sum=1+2+5=8
Step 4: Determine the manner of processing that must be done on the input data to come up
with the desired output(i.e., determine what formulas are needed to manipulate the given
data).
1 2 5
1 + 2 + 5
So the logic is we must split the number as digits and then add them.
First we have to split the one’s digit from the given number and then ten’s and so on….
12 / if we do modules by10 with the given input then we
10 125 n will get one’s digit 5 and by division we get the remaining
120 digits of the given input12 .
r 5 % So, we are going to repeat this process again and again for
that we use while loop.
1 / if we do modules by10 with the given input then we
10 12 n will get ten’s digit 2 and by division we get the remaining
10 digits of the given input1 .
r 2 %
0 / if we do modules by10 with the given input then we
10 1 n will get last digit 1 and by division we get the remaining
digits of the given input 0 .
r 1 %
Finally after the loop gets completed the input will become 0.
sum=0;
while(n>0) condition while(n!=0)
{
r=n%10;
n=n/10;
sum=sum+r;
}
Iteration
while(125>0)
{
r=n%10;
5=125%10;
n=n/10;
12=125/10;
sum=sum+r;
5=0+5;
}
while(12>0)
{
r=n%10;
2=12%10;
n=n/10;
1=12/10;
sum=sum+r;
7=5+2;
}
while(1>0)
{
r=n%10;
1=1%10;
n=n/10;
0=1/10;
sum=sum+r;
8=7+1;
}
Now we can write the program for Sum of digits:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n,sum=0,r;
printf("Enter a number:");
scanf("%d",&n);
while(n>0)
{
r=n%10;
sum=sum+r;
n=n/10;
}
printf("Sum of digitsis=%d",sum);
return 0;
}
Enter a number:125
Sum of digits is=8
Armstrong number:
Armstrong number is a number that is equal to the sum of cubes of its digits. For
example 0, 1, 153, 370, 371 and 407 are the Armstrong numbers.
Ex:
Input:
N=153
Output:
Given number is an Armstrong number.
Step 1: Review the problem carefully and understand what you are asked to do.
Step 2: Determine what information is given as Input and what result must be produced as
Output.
Step 3: Assign names to each input and output items.
n as input
sum as output
n=153
sum should be the same value of n.(we have compare the sum with the given number)
Step 4: Determine the manner of processing that must be done on the input data to come up
with the desired output(i.e., determine what formulas are needed to manipulate the given
data).
1 5 3
1*1*1 + 5*5*5 + 3*3*3
1 + 125 + 27
153
So the logic is we must split the number as digits and cube them, finally add the cube values.
First we have to split the one’s digit from the given number and then ten’s and so on….
15 / if we do modules by10 with the given input then we
10 153 n will get one’s digit 3 and by division we get the remaining
150 digits of the given input15 .
r 3 % So, we are going to repeat this process again and again for
that we use while loop.
1 / if we do modules by10 with the given input then we
10 15 n will get ten’s digit 5 and by division we get the remaining
10 digits of the given input1 .
r 5 %
0 / if we do modules by10 with the given input then we
10 1 n will get last digit 1 and by division we get the remaining
digits of the given input 0 .
r 1 %
Finally after the loop gets completed the input will become 0.
sum=0;
while(n>0) condition while(n!=0)
{
r=n%10;
n=n/10;
sum=sum+(r*r*r);
}
Iteration
while(153>0)
{
r=n%10;
3=153%10;
n=n/10;
15=153/10;
sum=sum+(r*r*r);
27=0+27;
}
while(15>0)
{
r=n%10;
5=15%10;
n=n/10;
1=15/10;
sum=sum+(r*r*r);
152=27+125;
}
while(1>0)
{
r=n%10;
1=1%10;
n=n/10;
0=1/10;
sum=sum+(r*r*r);
153=152+1;
}
Now we can write the program for Armstrong number:
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n,sum=0,r,temp;
printf("Enter a number:");
scanf("%d",&n);
temp=n;
while(n>0)
{
r=n%10;
sum=sum+(r*r*r);
n=n/10;
}
if(sum==temp)
printf("Given number is an Armstrong number");
else
printf("not an Armstrong number");
return 0;
}
Enter a number:153
Given number is an Armstrong number
