Wireless Personal Communications (2021) 120:2085–2099

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-08461-9

Two Port Circularly Polarized MIMO Antenna Design

and Investigation for 5G Communication Systems

Ajay Kumar Dwivedi1 · Anand Sharma2 · Akhilesh Kumar Pandey3 ·

Vivek Singh4

Accepted: 28 March 2021 / Published online: 5 April 2021

© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021

Abstract
A compact size wideband circularly polarized (CP) 2-port multiple-input-multiple-output
(MIMO) antenna is designed for the fifth generation (5G) region under the sub-6 GHz
band. The presented antenna has (≤ − 10 dB) impedance bandwidth of 900 MHz (3.3–
4.2 GHz) and has 100% 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth. The antenna covers the potential 5G
band ranging from 3.3 to 3.8 GHz having left-handed circular polarization characteristics.
To validate performance attributes of the MIMO antenna designed various diversity param-
eters such as envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), total active reflection coefficient, and
diversity gain are calculated. The low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC < 0.10) and
the isolation between the antenna elements greater than 15 dB justify the acceptance of
the proposed design as a MIMO antenna. The proposed design exhibits good agreement
between the simulated and the measured results.

Keywords MIMO Antenna · Sub-6 GHz band · 5G · Circular Polarization · ECC · TARC​·
DG

* Vivek Singh
[email protected]
Ajay Kumar Dwivedi
[email protected]
Anand Sharma
[email protected]
Akhilesh Kumar Pandey
[email protected]
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Information
Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute
of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
3
Department of Electronics Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Rural Technology, Prayagarj,
India
4
Department of Electronics and Communication, Shambhunath Institute of Engineering
and Technology, Prayagarj, India

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2086 A. K. Dwivedi et al.

1 Introduction

Planar antennas are now become the inevitable parts of various portable and handheld
devices because of their numerous advantages such as ease of integration with mono-
lithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) and planar circuits, low fabrication cost,
lightweight, configurability and compactness [1, 2]. In the current scenario, fast techno-
logical evolution in the domain of communication devices has enforced the technocrats
and researchers to shift their motivation from designing single planar antennas to multiple-
input multiple-output planar antennas. MIMO antennas help minimize the fading of mul-
tipath propagation, increasing the channel’s performance within the restricted power and
bandwidth limit, achieving a higher data rate, and mitigating the different impairments of
the channel [3]. MIMO technology incorporates multi-antenna systems at the transmitter
as well as the receiver side to develop several un-correlated channels to achieve high data
throughput. The compactness of portable wireless devices demanded the requirements of
a small configuration of MIMO antenna which may result in degradation in inter-element
isolation and overall system diversity performance. Recently, researchers reported several
compact size MIMO antennas with sufficient isolation between the antenna ports [4–10].
In [9] authors have proposed a MIMO antenna designed with integrated capabilities of 4G
(LTE)/5G(mm-wave) applications in which defected ground structure is used to increase
the isolation between the antenna units. In [10] resistor loaded technique has been dis-
cussed to enhance the isolation between the MIMO array units. However, achieving the
compact MIMO antenna with reduced mutual coupling with improved diversity perfor-
mance is still a field of research. Besides, planar MIMO antennas with circular polarization
attributes are favored over linear polarized (LP) antennas in current wireless devices, as
CP antennas solve the problems of polarization mismatch and multipath interference [11].
Researchers around the world are proposing many methods to achieve circular polarization
[12–16]. In [12] dual-band circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna is proposed in
which two notches are truncated from the cylindrical DRA at ϕ = 45° and 225° to achieve
CP fields. In [13] inverted U-shape radiator with I-shape and L shape strips with frequency
selective surface (FSS) have been used to achieve the CP wave. Anand et al. [14] presented
a DRA-based antenna in which the conversion of plus to asymmetric swastik-shaped aper-
ture added a circular polarization feature. To achieve circular polarization modified circular
shape antenna with additional strips is used in [15]. The corner-fed square-ring radiator
is designed with a rhombic-shaped slot and an inverted V-shaped additional parasitic ele-
ments in order to achieve CP wave [16].
The new frequency range is coming into the picture with the introduction of 5G tech-
nology to provide faster wireless communication with adequate signal power. Two sets of
influential bands are included in the 5G range, one corresponds to sub-6 GHz frequency
bands like long-term evolution (LTE)—band 42 (3.4–3.6 GHz)/band 43 (3.6–3.8 GHz) and
band 48 (3.55–3.7 GHz) [17], and others correspond to millimeter (mm) wave spectrum
(Frequency greater than 24 GHz). For outdoor applications, the spectrum of Sub-6 GHz
for 5G connectivity is used and is already deployed in wireless communication. After the
introduction of fifth-generation domain systems, numerous MIMO antenna designs have
been proposed by researchers around the world for 5G sub-6 GHz applications [17–23].
Although in all of the above-reported MIMO antennas, comments on polarization are miss-
ing. In this communication, a 2-port compact size CP wave MIMO antenna is presented for
fifth-generation (5G) sub-6 GHz outdoor applications. The presented antenna fulfills the
antenna element’s isolation requirements without the incorporation of any decoupling unit.

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Two Port Circularly Polarized MIMO Antenna Design and… 2087

Fig. 1  Schematic layout and dimensional specifications of the proposed antenna

Fig. 2  Fabricated archetype of the MIMO antenna, a top view, b rearview, c antenna measurement setup
using VNA E5071C (d) Far-field radaiton pattern and gain measurement using anechoic chamber

The compactness, acceptable MIMO performance, and planar attributes of the proposed
antenna endorses it for assimilation with smart 5G handheld devices.

2 Antenna Designing Methodology and Geometrical Specifications

The geometrical configuration and fabricated archetype of the proposed antenna with the
measurement setup are shown in Figs. 1 and 2 respectively. The presented 2-port MIMO
antenna has two T shaped radiating elements placed in front of each other and energized by
the 50 Ω SMA connectors. Rectangular ring shape ground plane and T shaped radiators are
designed on the top side of the FR-4 substrate having attributes (εr = 4.4, tanδ = 0.019, and
thickness of 0.8 mm). The geometrical dimensions of the presented antenna are mentioned
in Fig. 1. Modeling, simulation, and optimization of the proposed antenna are carried out
by Ansys HFSS 18 electromagnetic solver. Antenna designing evolution layout for the sin-
gle antenna element and associated |S11| and axial ratio plot is illustrated in Fig. 3a, b and c
respectively.

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2088 A. K. Dwivedi et al.

Fig. 3  a Single antenna element evolution path, b ­S11 (dB), c axial ratio plot for antenna 1, antenna 2,
antenna 3 and antenna 4

In order to achieve the proposed design firstly, we take a simple rectangular patch
antenna with a grounded substrate represented as antenna 1. In the second step, the
ground plane of rectangular shape has converted into a rectangular ring and shifted on
the top side of the substrate where the patch antenna is already printed, which origi-
nates antenna 2. Parametric variation is executed on the width of the patch in antenna
2 to enhance the bandwidth and for the attainment of circular polarization. This para-
metric variation changes the width of the antenna from 10 to 2 mm results in antenna
3. Proposed antenna 4 is obtained from antenna 3 by incorporating a rectangular slot
of 3 mm on the rectangular ring shape ground plane in the appropriate position. To fin-
ished the article concisely, positioning parametric analysis is not shown in the article.
From the observation of ­S11 and axial ratio versus frequency plot it can be inferred
that as we are moving from antenna 1 to antenna 4 the respective return loss, imped-
ance bandwidth (IBW), and 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) is getting better (c.f.
Figure 3b and c). Antenna 1 and antenna 2 are linearly polarized while antenna 3 and
antenna 4 are circularly polarized. Out of antenna 3 and antenna 4, antenna 4 has 100%
3-dB ARBW for the prominent fifth-generation band of 3.3–3.8 GHz. Based on mini-
mum return loss, maximum IBW, and maximum 3-dB ARBW findings the antenna 4 is
considered as an optimum antenna for MIMO design.

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Two Port Circularly Polarized MIMO Antenna Design and… 2089

Fig. 4  Scattering parameters plot

of the 2 port MIMO antenna

Fig. 5  Radiation patterns of 2 port antenna, a Port 1 LHCP and RHCP patterns (E and H-plane), b Port 2
LHCP and RHCP patterns (E and H-plane)

3 Results and Discussions

3.1 Scattering Parameters and Radiation Patterns

The measured and simulated mutual coupling between the different antenna units (­ S21 and
­S12) and return loss (­ S11 and ­S22) of both ports are depicted in Fig. 4. Referring Fig. 4 it can
be seen that the designed MIMO configuration has single wideband from 3.3 to 4.2 GHz
(simulated) and 3.2–4.25 GHz (measured) with |S11|< − 10 dB and |S12|< − 15 dB.
The simulated and measured outcomes of two-dimensional radiation patterns in both
E-plane (Φ = 0°) and H-plane (Φ = 90°) of the designed MIMO antenna are shown in
Fig. 5a and b. Figure 5 depicts, the designed antenna exhibits left-handed circular polari-
zation (LHCP) pattern in the broadside direction at both ports. The isolation between the
LHCP and RHCP patterns is greater than 15 dB in both the principal E-plane and H-plane
which exhibited that the designed antenna has good cross-polarization discrimination
(XPD). Radiation patterns also confirm the circular polarization attributes of the presented
2 port MIMO antenna.

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2090 A. K. Dwivedi et al.

3.2 Antenna Efficiency and Total Gain

The simulated and measured gain (dBi) and simulated radiation efficiency plot are
shown in Fig. 6. Simulated/measured gain varying from 1 to 3 dBi for the aforemen-
tioned resonating bandwidth of 3.3–4.2 GHz. Measured and simulated gains are in
harmony with marginal difference which can be justified with the physical constraint
involvement during antenna fabrication and measurement process. The radiation effi-
ciency of 2 port MIMO antenna is > 95% for the whole working band of 3.3–4.2 GHz.

3.3 Axial Ratio, CP Generation Mechanism, and Electric Field Distribution

Figure 7a illustrates the simulated and measured outcomes of a 3-dB AR graph of multi-
element antenna system configuration. Figure 7a shows that the proposed design has a
100% 3-dB (ARBW) for the whole operating bandwidth. To better understand the cir-
cular polarization attributes of the presented 2 port MIMO prototype a graph is a plot in
which the ratio of the magnitude of two electric field components (­ EX/Ey) and the phase
difference ­(EX—Ey) between the electric field components are observed in the con-
cerning band (cf. Figure 7b). For the achieved impedance bandwidth of 3.3–4.2 GHz,
the ratio of fields component are close to 1, and phase difference varies from 70° to
80° which justified the wide circular polarization bandwidth for the designed antenna.
To show the handedness of the CP wave, the surface current distribution of the single
antenna element of the 2 port configuration is shown in Fig. 8. The current distribution
graph is plotted at different values of theta i.e. 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270° at the resonat-
ing frequency of 3.7 GHz. The clockwise rotation of surface currents on the T-shape
antenna radiator and rectangular shape ground plane at different phase angles suggests
the left-handed circular polarization (LHCP) wave.
From the E-field distribution in Fig. 8e, it is clear that the resonant peak at 3.7 GHz
is due to the coupling of T-shaped monopole and ground plane.

Fig. 6  The isotropic gain (dBi)

and radiation efficiency (abs) plot
for the presented antenna

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Two Port Circularly Polarized MIMO Antenna Design and… 2091

Fig. 7  a Axial ratio of the pro-

posed MIMO antenna. b Magni-
tude ­(Ex/Ey) and Phase difference
plot of 2 port antenna

4 MIMO Diversity Performance

To legitimize the performance of the MIMO system, various parameters such as the
envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), and total active reflection
coefficient (TARC) are calculated to find out the optimum values to corroborate the
designing of 2 port MIMO antenna. ECC provides the degree of correlation to see the
effect of radiation patterns amongst the antenna elements connected in a single unit.
According to the 3GPP industrial standard specification, to maintain the optimum per-
formance of the MIMO antenna the range of ECC should be less than 0.5 [24–26]. Two
methods are proposed in the literature to calculate the value of ECC [27]. In the first
method, the value of ECC is obtained from the scattering parameters by (1) and in the
second method, the value of ECC can be calculated with the help of far-field radia-
tion patterns by (2) [28]. The first method of ECC calculation is valid when the pro-
posed MIMO antenna having higher radiation efficiency (> 90%) [27]. For the proposed

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2092 A. K. Dwivedi et al.

Fig. 8  Handedness of CP wave generation in 2 port MIMO antenna a θ = 0°, b θ = 90°, c θ = 180°, d
θ = 270°, e Electric field distribution of the proposed MIMO antenna at 3.7 GHz

Fig. 9  Diversity plot of the pro-

posed configuration in terms of
ECC/DG versus frequency

MIMO configuration both methods were found suitable as the radiation efficiency
> 90% (cf. Figure 6) [29]. From the perusal of Fig. 9, it is observed that the maximum
value of ECC is less than 0.10 for the whole operating bandwidth (3.3–4.2 GHz) for
the proposed MIMO antenna. So, from this value of ECC, it can be concluded that the
proposed MIMO antenna design satisfying the 3GPP standard limit for 5G applications.

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Two Port Circularly Polarized MIMO Antenna Design and… 2093

| |2
| | ∗ ∗ | |
| |S11 S12 + S21 S22 | |
| | | |
ECCscattering =| (
|| )( ) 1∕2
|
| (1)
| | 1 − |S |2 − |S |2 1 − |S |2 − |S |2 | | |
|| | 11 | | 21 | | 22 | | 12 | | |
|| | |

| [ 2
| ] ||
|∬ Ei (𝜃, 𝜙) ∗ Ej (𝜃, 𝜙) dΩ|
|4𝜋 |
ECCFar−field = | | (2)
2 | | 2
∬ ||Ei (𝜃, 𝜙)|| dΩ ∬ |Ej (𝜃, 𝜙)| dΩ
4𝜋 4𝜋
| |

where Ei (𝜃, 𝜙) and Ej (𝜃, 𝜙) represents the 3-dimensional far-field radiation pattern obtained
by the antenna, when the antenna is excited by power supply fed at port i and port j respec-
tively. The solid angle ‘Ω’ and � ∗� signifies the Hermitian product operator.
The diversity gain (DG) represents the degradation in transmission power or diver-
sity performance in terms of SNR due to the implementation of the diversity scheme.
The DG of a MIMO antenna can be obtained with the help of (3) [30, 31] and for
optimum performance, the value of DG should be close to 10 dB. For the proposed
antenna the value of DG is greater than 9.94 dB which justifies its diversity perfor-
mance for MIMO applications (cf. Figure 9).
√
DG = 1 − ECC (3)

Under the MIMO constraint, the scattering-parameter based reflection coefficient

is not sufficient to predict antenna performance. Total active reflection coefficient
(TARC) is the key element to better characterize the diversity indices of the two-ele-
ment antenna system (MIMO) and to justify the effect of radiated electric field phase
variation (elevation angle) on return loss of the MIMO antenna. TARC represents the
ratio of the square root of the reflected power to the ratio of incident power and is cal-
culated by (4) [32].
�
∑N � �2
b
i � i�
t
Γa = � (4)
∑N � �2
a
i � i�

The notations ­bi and ­ai represents the reflected and incident waves.
��� � � ��
�S11 + S12 ej𝜃 �2 + �S21 + S22 ej𝜃 �2
� � � �
TARC2port = (5)
√
2

For the two-port MIMO antenna elements system, the equation used to calculate the
value of TARC is mentioned in (5). In this method of TARC calculation, both ports

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2094 A. K. Dwivedi et al.

Fig. 10  Calculated values of

TARC for the proposed antenna
for different values of elevation
angle (Theta)

are excited by the same amplitude, and the phase of one antenna element is varied by
keeping the phase of one port constant. From Fig. 10 it is clear that the TARC value is
less than -15 dB for the whole operating bandwidth (3.3–4.2 GHz) and found consist-
ent for different values of elevation angle (theta).

4.1 Comparison with Recent Antennas

To justify the novelty of the proposed MIMO antenna, a comparative Table 1 is intro-
duced. In Table 1 comparative analysis is performed between the proposed MIMO
antenna and already reported MIMO antennas for the same operating bandwidth in
terms of area, the material used, impedance bandwidth, polarization, radiation effi-
ciency, gain, and diversity performance parameters.

5 Conclusion

In this paper, a compact size two-port MIMO antenna is proposed for sub-6 GHz 5G
applications. The proposed MIMO has a wide impedance bandwidth of 3.3–4.2 GHz
(900 MHz) and LHCP attributes with 100% 3-dB ARBW. The isolation between the
antenna elements is less than − 15 dB and radiation efficiency is greater than 95% for
the whole operating bandwidth within the proposed compact configuration. The diver-
sity performance of the proposed antenna is analyzed and verified in terms of envelope
correlation coefficient (ECC < 0.10), diversity gain (DG > 9.94), and total active reflec-
tion coefficient (TARC ≤  − 15 dB). Good agreement is observed between the simulated
and measured results.

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 Table 1  Comparative analysis between the proposed MIMO antenna and other reported MIMO antennas published in peer-reviewed articles
Antennas dimensions Material used IBW at – 10 dB (GHz) Polarization (LP/CP) Radiation Isolation (dB) 3-dB ARBW (GHz) ECC Max gain (dBi)
­(mm3) efficiency
(%)

50 × 50 × 1.6 [17] FR4 (ɛr = 4.4, 3.4–3.8 LP NR − 11 NR 0.09 4

tanδ = 0.02)
40 × 40 × 1.6 [33] FR4 (ɛr = 4.4, 2.70–4.94 LP NR − 11 NR 0.1 4
tanδ = 0.02)
30 × 30 × 1.6 [34] FR4 (ɛr = 4.4, 3.4–3.8 Dual-LP 75 − 15 NR 0.01 3
tanδ = 0.02)
150 × 80 × 0.8 [35] FR4 (ɛr = 4.4, 3.4–3.8 and 5.150– LP 62–82 − 11 NR 0.15 NR
tanδ = 0.02) 5.925
Two Port Circularly Polarized MIMO Antenna Design and…

82 × 40 × 0.8 [36] FR4 (ɛr = 4.3, 3.66–3.7 CP NR − 15 3.66–3.7 0.05 4.6

tanδ = 0.02)
66 × 66 × 1.6 [37] FR4 (ɛr = 4.3, 1.8–2.6 CP 85 − 21 2.1–2.6 0.01 4
tanδ = 0.02)
70 × 35 × 16.1 [38] FR4 (ɛr = 4.4, 2.3–2.9 GHz and LP + CP 90 − 20 3.38 – 3.72 GHz 0.2 4
tanδ = 0.02) 3.4–4.0 GHz
59 × 55 × 8.1 [39] FR4 (ɛr = 4.4, 3–7 GHz LP 85 − 18 NR 0.21 4
tanδ = 0.02)
60 × 60 × 11.5 [40] FR4 (ɛr = 4.4, 1.75–2.4 and LP 80 − 20 NR 0.16 3
tanδ = 0.02) 3.5–5.5 GHz
37 × 30 × 0.8 (Pro- FR4 (ɛr = 4.3, 3.3–4.2 (Simulated) CP > 95 − 15 3.2–4.25 0.10 2.5
posed) tanδ = 0.019) 3.2–4.25 (Measured)

NR Not reported, LP linearly polarized, CP circularly polarized

2095

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2096 A. K. Dwivedi et al.

Declaration

Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.

Ajay Kumar Dwivedi is currently working as a Senior Research Fellow

in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, U.P
(India). In 2015 he received his M.Tech. Degree in wireless communi-
cation Engineering from the Sam Higginbottom University of Agricul-
ture, Technology and Sciences, Deemed University, Allahabad, India.
Completed B. Tech. in Electronics and Communication Engineering
from the UPTU, Lucknow, India, in 2010. He has worked as an Assis-
tant Professor at Shambhunath Institute of Engineering and Technol-
ogy, Prayagraj (UP), India, with seven years of teaching experience to
UG and PG students. He has published many research articles in the
field of RF & Microwave Engineering. His research interests include
RF & microwave, microstrip patch antennas, wireless communication,
antenna theory, Dielectric resonator antenna, MIMO DRA, metamate-
rial-based dielectric resonator antenna.

Anand Sharma born in Agra (U.P.), India, in 1990. He received his B.

Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Uttar
Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow, India, in 2012 and M.Tech in
ECE from Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology, Guna
(M.P.), India. He has completed his Ph.D. from the Department of
Electronics Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology
(Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India in 2018. He is currently an
Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communica-
tion Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology
Allahabad, Prayagraj, U.P., India. He has authored or coauthored over
80 research papers in international/national journals/conference pro-
ceedings. His research interests include Dielectric Resonator Antenna
and Microstrip Antenna.

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Two Port Circularly Polarized MIMO Antenna Design and… 2099

Akhilesh Kumar Pandey was born in Allahabad district of U.P. in

1983. He obtained his B.Sc. in Physics and Mathematics in 2004 from
the University of Allahabad. B.Tech. degree in Electronics and Com-
munication Engineering in 2007 and M.Tech. degree in Electronics
Engineering in 2011 both from the Department of Electronics and
Communication, University of Allahabad, Allahabad (U.P)-India. He
obtained his D.Phil. degree in 2019 from the University of Allahabad.
His research interests include antenna, simulation of RF devices and
circuits and its applications, analog circuits and control system. He has
11 year teaching experience, recently joined as Assistant Professor in
Institute of Engineering and Rural Technology. He has 29 International
Publications and 5 Book Chapter in the field of RF devices and IOT.

Vivek Singh was born in Allahabad district of U.P. in 1987. He

obtained his B. Tech. Degree in electronics and communication engi-
neering from Uttar Pradesh Technical University in 2009 and M.Tech.
Degree in electronics engineering from the University of Allahabad in
2012. He obtained his D. Phil. degree in 2019 from the University of
Allahabad. Currently, he is working as an Assistant Professor at
Shambhunath Institute of Engineering and Technology, Prayagraj
(UP), India. His research interests include modeling and simulation of
RF devices and circuits and their applications.

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