Journal of Sport Medicine and Physiotherapy

1(1); 25-34 (2025) E-ISSN:

Journal of Sport Medicine and Physiotherapy (JSMP) Open Access

Normative Standards Of Vo2max As A

Measuring Tool For Athlete Selection In
Badminton And Futsal Sports In Bojonegoro
District
Surya Aprilia1*, Wahyu Setia Kuscahyaning Putri1, Benny Widya Priadana1,
Romadhiyana Kisno Saputri2
1
Bachelor Program of Physical Education Health and Recreation, Faculty of Education, Universitas
Nahdlatul Ulama Sunan Giri, Jl. A. Yani 10, Bojonegoro, Jawa Timur, 62115 Indonesia
2
Bachelor Program of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Jl. Lidah
Wetan, Lidah Wetan, Kec. Lakarsantri, Kota Surabaya, Jawa Timur, 60213, Indonesia

*Correspondence: [email protected]

Submitted : 27 June 2025

Accepted : 30 June 2025
Published : 30 June 2025

Abstract
Background: Physical condition is a term that describes the degree of fitness and health of
a person's body, which includes various components such as strength, agility, durability,
speed, power, balance, flexibility, and reaction. One of the primary indicators for measuring
aerobic endurance capacity is VO2Max. A high VO2Max level is essential in sports that require
high intensity and prolonged gameplay, such as badminton and futsal. Bojonegoro district
has significant athletic potential, but there are no established normative VO 2Max standards
that can be used as a reference in the systematic selection and development of athletes.
Objectives: This study aims to develop normative VO2Max standards as a benchmark for
athlete selection in two sports, namely badminton and futsal, in Bojonegoro Regency.
VO2Max is a key indicator of aerobic capacity and cardiovascular system efficiency, which is
very important in supporting athlete endurance and performance.
Methods: This study employed a quantitative approach using the Bleep Test instrument to
measure VO2Max in 73 active athletes affiliated with sports clubs in Bojonegoro.
Results: The study results showed that the average VO2Max for badminton athletes was 28.0
and for futsal athletes was 41.4, with standard deviations of 5.7 and 4.3, respectively. Based
on category classification, most badminton athletes fell into the moderate category, while
futsal athletes ranged from moderate to high categories.
Conclusion: These differences reflect the physiological characteristics required in each sport,
with futsal demanding higher aerobic endurance due to its higher intensity and longer match
duration. This study produced VO2Max category norms for each sport, which can be used as
a reference in the athlete selection process and in the development of targeted training
programmes.
Keywords: VO2Max, Endurance, Badminton, Futsal, Athletes, Bojonegoro, Normative
Standards.

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Aprilia, et al

INTRODUCTION
Physical condition is a term that describes the degree of fitness and health of a person's
body, which includes various components such as strength, agility, durability, speed, power,
balance, flexibility, and reaction (Buanasita, 2022). Good physical condition not only contributes
to optimal athletic performance but also plays a crucial role in maintaining long-term health and
preventing various diseases (Berhimpong et al., 2020)
Endurance is a highly important physical ability, especially for athletes who need to
perform at their best over extended periods. Endurance involves the ability of muscles and the
cardiovascular system to work efficiently and continuously without excessive fatigue (Maizan &
Umar, 2020). ndurance and maximum oxygen volume (VO2Max) are closely related, with
VO2Max itself serving as the primary indicator of an individual's aerobic capacity and
cardiovascular efficiency (Silvia, 2021). ). The higher the VO2Max value, the better the body's
ability to transport and utilise oxygen during physical activity, resulting in higher endurance and
optimal athletic performance (Arfanda, 2023).
Maximum Oxygen Volume (VO2Max) is an important indicator of an athlete's aerobic
capacity and serves as the primary parameter for assessing cardiovascular system efficiency
(Rahmatulloh, 2025). In the context of sports, VO2Max reflects the body's ability to absorb,
transport, and utilise oxygen optimally during physical activity, which is crucial for athletic
performance (Butar Butar, 2024). Recent research indicates that individuals with high VO2Max
levels often perform better in endurance-demanding sports such as badminton and futsal (Yanti
et al., 2021).

The researcher selected badminton and futsal as the focus of this study because both
sports are categorized as high-intensity activities that require excellent aerobic endurance (Liu et
al., 2024). VO₂Max, as a key indicator of aerobic capacity, plays a crucial role in supporting
athletes’ ability to maintain optimal physical performance throughout matches of varying
durations and intensities. In badminton, athletes with high VO₂Max can sustain their physical
condition across 2–3 sets in a single match (Arnando et al., 2022), while in futsal, good VO₂Max
enables players to endure the full 2 x 20 minutes of effective playing time (Fikri & Fahrizqi, 2021).
The fast-paced nature and high intensity of both sports demand superior endurance levels,
making VO₂Max a highly relevant and necessary metric for assessing and supporting athletic
performance.

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Aprilia, et al

Sports that require high VO2Max capacity include badminton and futsal. High VO2Max
capacity is crucial in these sports as it enhances endurance and athletic performance during
matches. Each of these sports has a different game duration. Badminton athletes with good
VO2Max can maintain their physical condition throughout 2–3 sets in a single match (Arnando
et al., 2022). Futsal athletes with good VO Max can maintain optimal physical condition
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throughout a match lasting 2 x 20 minutes of effective playing time (Fikri & Fahrizqi, 2021). The
high intensity and fast pace of futsal demand excellent aerobic endurance to enable athletes to
perform at their best, both in defence and attack, throughout the entire match duration. The
different match durations necessitate athletes to have optimal endurance to deliver their best
performance throughout the match.
Bojonegoro Regency has significant and continuously developing athletic potential across
various sports disciplines, as evidenced by the active participation of sports clubs and consistent
involvement in regional and provincial competitions (Fithroni & Rusdiawan, 2023). However,
data on physical fitness, particularly VO₂Max values as a primary indicator of aerobic endurance,
remains limited and has not been systematically or scientifically measured. The absence of
standardized fitness data makes the athlete selection and development process still subjective and
less data-driven, which may hinder the identification of athletes with truly superior physical
capacities (Exel & Dabnichki, 2024). Therefore, this study aims to address that gap by developing
a standardized VO₂Max benchmark applicable to athletes in Bojonegoro. This standardization is
expected to provide clear and objective insights into athletes' fitness levels and physical potential,
allowing coaches to design more targeted and effective training programs. Furthermore, the data
generated through this research can serve as a scientific foundation for the future development
and advancement of athletes in Bojonegoro Regency (Baidhowi & SEI, 2022).
With standardised norms, coaches can more easily compare the abilities of one athlete with
another, both within the same team and across different teams, thereby identifying athletes with
high potential who require more attention in training programmes (Dwitama & Wibowo, 2022).
Objective To establish normative VO2Max standards as a benchmark for athlete selection in
sports disciplines in Bojonegoro District, focusing on determining the endurance levels of
badminton and futsal athletes.
METHODS

This study uses a descriptive quantitative design with the aim of establishing VO₂Max
standard norms based on numerical data from athletes. The sampling technique employed is

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Aprilia, et al

total sampling, where all 73 active athletes participating in badminton and futsal sports clubs in
Bojonegoro Regency were included as research samples. Cardiovascular endurance capacity was
measured using the Bleep Test instrument, ensuring that all equipment was ready and that
athletes were in optimal condition and had performed sufficient warm-up to minimize the risk of
injury during testing. The collected data were then analyzed descriptively to determine normative
VO₂Max categories that can be used as benchmarks in the athlete selection and development
processes in the region.

RESULTS
This study aims to develop normative standards as a benchmark for athlete selection in
Bojonegoro Regency in two sports, namely badminton and futsal. The instrument used is the
bleep test. Descriptive results are shown in Table 1. Based on Table 1, the average VO2Max of
badminton athletes is 28.0 out of 49 athletes with a standard deviation of 5.7, indicating moderate
aerobic capacity. Meanwhile, futsal athletes have a higher average VO2Max of 24 athletes with a
standard deviation of 4.3, indicating more optimal aerobic endurance in line with the demands
of the intense game.
Table 1. VO2Max Measurement Result

Branch of Sport N Average VO₂Max Standard Deviation (SD)

Badminton 49 28,0 5,7
Futsal 24 41,4 4,3

Table 2. Badminton and Futsal Intervals

Category Badminton Futsal
Very High >36,5 >47,9
High 30,9 – 36,5 43,6 – 47,9
Medium 25,2 – 30,9 39,3 – 43,6
Low 19,5 – 25,2 35,0 – 39,3
Very Low < 19,5 < 35,0

The VO2Max category in badminton indicates that values above 36.5 are very high, and
values below 19.5 are very low. The other categories are high (30.9–36.5), moderate (25.2–30.9),
and low (19.5–25.2). In futsal, VO2Max values above 47.9 are classified as very high, and values
below 35.0 are classified as very low. The other categories are high (43.6–47.9), moderate (39.3–
43.6), and low (35.0–39.3). The range of values in futsal tends to be higher, reflecting the greater
need for aerobic endurance compared to badminton.

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DISCUSSION
Research findings indicate that VO2Max plays a crucial role in assessing an athlete's
physical capacity in endurance-based sports such as badminton and futsal (Pratiwi et al., 2024).
Athletes with higher VO2Max levels generally demonstrate better performance as they can sustain
training intensity for longer periods (Permana & Praetyo, 2021). The average VO2Max in each
sport aligns with the physical characteristics of that sport. Basketball has the highest average due
to its high-intensity and prolonged duration nature.
Based on the research findings, the average VO2Max of badminton athletes is 28.0 with
a standard deviation of 5.7. Meanwhile, the average VO2Max of futsal athletes is significantly
higher at 41.4 ml/kg/minute with a standard deviation of 4.3. This difference indicates variations
in physiological needs and physical demands between the two sports. When compared to the
established VO2Max classification categories, most badminton athletes fall into the moderate
category (25.2–30.9). This indicates that the aerobic endurance of badminton athletes is generally
sufficient to meet the demands of interval-based matches that span multiple sets (Setyawan, 2022).
However, there is still room for improvement in aerobic capacity to achieve the high or very high
categories, which would positively impact the ability to maintain game intensity over longer match
durations.
Meanwhile, in futsal, the average VO2Max of athletes is 41.4, falling into the moderate to
high category (range 39.3–47.9). This value indicates that most futsal athletes have good aerobic
endurance capacity, which aligns with the characteristics of futsal, which demands high speed,
dynamic movement, and rapid game transitions during the two halves of the match (Latif et al.,
2022). This high VO2Max is an important indicator in supporting athletes' performance during
matches. Overall, the data shows that futsal athletes have a higher average VO2Max compared to
badminton athletes (Boeng, 2024). This difference is reasonable considering that the intensity of
futsal is generally higher and more continuous compared to badminton, which is interval-based.
Therefore, VO2Max improvement training programmes remain important to implement in both
sports to achieve peak performance in line with the physical and technical characteristics of each
sport (Setijono et al., 2025).
The differences in average values and VO2Max categories between badminton and futsal
reflect the differing physiological characteristics required in each sport (Ruqayyah & Rahadianti,
2022). Badminton athletes generally possess adequate aerobic capacity for interval-based play and
require rapid reaction times, although they remain in the moderate category. This indicates that
further improvement in VO2Max capacity is still needed to optimise performance, especially in
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Aprilia, et al

matches spanning multiple sets (Wiriawan, 2022). Conversely, futsal athletes exhibit significantly
higher average VO2Max values, reflecting the demands of high-intensity play with prolonged
effective duration. Futsal requires athletes to move quickly, continuously transitioning between
attack and defence, making high aerobic endurance a key factor in maintaining performance
throughout the match (de Oliveira Castro et al., 2022).
Overall, the frequency distribution of VO2Max across the two sports indicates that most
athletes fall into the moderate category, reflecting the average performance of the studied athlete
group. This can serve as a basis for determining the cut-off or minimum VO2Max threshold
suitable for athlete selection processes in each sport in Bojonegoro District. However, these
results also highlight the need for more focused training and physical capacity enhancement
programmes, particularly for athletes in the low category.
This study can serve as an initial reference for developing normative VO2Max standards
that can be used by coaches in Bojonegoro District. However, this study has several limitations
that need to be considered. First, the sample size used in this study is still limited, so the results
obtained may not fully represent the entire population of athletes in Bojonegoro District.
Additionally, this study has not categorised age, gender, and performance.
Researchers hope that in the future, more extensive data collection and further analysis
will be required, taking into account factors such as age, gender, and training level, to produce
more comprehensive standards. Thus, further research is expected to provide a more accurate
and in-depth picture of the aerobic capacity of athletes in various sports.

CONCLUSION
This study establishes normative VO₂Max standards as a benchmark in the selection
process for badminton and futsal athletes in Bojonegoro Regency. The results show that the
average VO₂Max of badminton athletes is 28.0, which falls into the moderate category, while
futsal athletes have an average VO₂Max of 41.4, which falls into the moderate to very high
category. This difference reflects the physiological characteristics and physical demands of each
sport, where futsal requires higher aerobic capacity due to its greater intensity and duration
compared to badminton. The norms established in this study can serve as a reference for
identifying athletes' endurance levels and form the basis for planning more effective and targeted
training programmes. Additionally, the results of this study can be used as an initial guide in the
process of selecting potential athletes in Bojonegoro District. However, this study has limitations

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Aprilia, et al

in terms of sample size and does not consider factors such as age, gender, and performance level.
Therefore, further research with a broader scope is needed to develop more comprehensive and
applicable VO₂Max standards.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The author hereby declares that this research is free from conflicts of interest with any
party

AUTHOR'S CONTRIBUTION
Aprilia contributed to conducting of research and writing of the article. Putri contributed
to the preparation of ideas and supervision during data collection. Priadana contributed to the
supervision of the writing. Saputri contributed to the proofreading of the article.

FUNDING/SPONSORSHIP
This research does not receive external funding

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