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Britain and the opening
up of South-West Persia
1880–1914
A study in imperialism and economic
dependence

Shahbaz Shahnavaz
First published 2005 by RoutledgeCurzon
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by RoutledgeCurzon
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
RoutledgeCurzon is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
© 2005 Shahbaz Shahnavaz
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Shahnavaz, Shahbaz.
The opening up of South-West Persia 1880–1914 ; a study in imperialism
and economic dependence / Shahbaz Shahnavaz—1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Khauzestaan (Iran)—Economic conditions—l9th century.
2. Khauzestaan (Iran)—Economic conditions—20th century.
3. Iran—Foreign economic relations—Great Britain.
4. Great Britain—Foreign economic relations—Iran. I. Title.
HC477.K45S53 2004
330.955’ 6404—dc22 2003020106

ISBN 0-203-40781-4 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-33963-0 (Adobe eReader Format)

ISBN 0–415–30802–X (Print Edition)
To the memory of my parents
Mohtaram Pezeshk (Shahnavaz)
and Gholam Reza Shahnavaz
Contents

List of figures, tables and documents ix

Acknowledgements xi
Abbreviations xii
Transliteration xiii

1 Introduction 1
South-West Persia, geographical matrix and the peoples 1
Geography of the Karun river 7
Great Britain, the River Karun and South-West Persia 8

2 British policy in Persia and Wolff’s mission 12

Sir Henry Drummond Wolff and his mission 12
Proclamation for the Security of Life and Property 16
Wolff and the New Oriental Bank Corporation Ltd 26

3 Assurances, the Karun Proclamation and the

Imperial Bank of Persia 29
The Karun Proclamation 29
The Russian reaction and related events 36
The Imperial Bank of Persia 41

4 Socio-economic conditions in Khuzestan prior to,

and on the eve of, the Karun opening 45
General conditions of the people 45
Commerce and industry 48
Agriculture and animal husbandry 52
Major obstacles to the development of Khuzestan 58
Conclusions 73
viii Contents
5 Patterns of trade in south Persia up to 1889 74
A short commercial history of the Persian Gulf 74
Trade of southern Persia, general and conditions in Persia (1873–89) 75
Trade of Bushehr (1873–89) 78
Conclusions 82

6 Trade of the south, Muhammareh (1890–1910) 85

General 85
General features and composition of trade 90
Analysis of the import and export trade of Muhammareh 96
The Karun trade and the Lynch road 111
Conclusions 116

7 Social and economic changes in Khuzestan after the

Karun opening 117
General 117
Social and demographic developments 118
Economic changes 131
The oil industry and its effect on the course of developments 135
Conclusions 140

8 Consolidation of Britain’s influence in Khuzestan 142

Political: Britain and the emergence of large estates in Khuzestan 142
Commercial: Enterprises connected with the Karun navigation 162
Conclusion 180

9 Conclusions 182

Appendices 189
Tables 191
Documents 218

Notes 225
Sources 266
Bibliography 271
Index 285
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List of figures, tables and
documents

Figures
1.1 The River Karun and Khuzestan 2
1.2 Sketch map of Khuzestan 4
5.1 Import and export trade of Bushehr (1873–89) 84
6.1 Import and export trade of Muhammareh (1890–1910) 86
6.2 Total trade of Bushehr, Lengeh, and Muhammareh (1890–1913) 88
6.3 Muhammareh imports (1890–1910) 92
6.4 Muhammareh exports (1890–1910) 93

Tables
5.1 The value, and percentage to total imports, of indigo imported into
Bushehr (1878–88) 80
6.1 Trade of Muhammareh and Bushehr (1890–1910) 87
6.2 Import of piecegoods into Muhammareh (1890–1910) 101
6.3 Muhammareh exports – principal items (1907–10) 107
7.1 Major population centres of the province of Khuzestan (1869) 120
7.2 Population of the province of Khuzestan and its major towns
and districts (1869–1924) 122
7.3 Comparative table showing the population of Khuzestan and
its major centres (1882 and 1890) 124
7.4 Population of Khuzestan and its districts and
their revenue (1878–83) 126
7.5 Growth of the work of the British post office at
Muhammareh (1910–13) 133
7.6 The number of British subjects in Khuzestan (1906–13) 138

Tables in the Appendices

I Value of all imports to and exports from the Persian ports of
the Persian Gulf (1873–89) 191
II Bushehr: Exports and imports (1873–1904) 192
x List of figures, tables and documents
III Importation of piecegoods into Bushehr (1873–84) 193
IV Export of opium from the Persian Gulf ports (1859–1903) 194
V Return of principal articles of export from Bushehr (1878–88) 196
VI Total value of imports and exports of Persia (1879–85) 197
VII Exports from and imports to Muhammareh and
Karun ports (1890–1910) 198
VIII Trade in three Persian Gulf ports (1890–1913) 202
IX Return of principal articles of import into Muhammareh and
Karun ports (1890–1910) 204
X Return of principal articles of export from Muhammareh and
Karun ports (1890–1910) 208
XI Rates of exchange at Muhammareh and Bushehr (1888–1920) 211
XII List of Governors-General of the province of
Khuzestan (1851–1912) 212
XIII Return of principal articles of export from Muhammareh to
Ahvaz and Shushtar (1890–1910) 213
XIV Return of principal articles of import from Ahvaz and
Shushtar to Muhammareh (1890–1910) 214
XV Total cargo carried on Karun between Muhammareh and
Bandar-e-Naseri (1890–1914) 215
XVI Statistics of traffic on Lynch–Bakhtiyari road (1903–13) 216
XVII Average rates of hire on Lynch–Bakhtiyari road (1910–13) 217

Documents in the Appendices

I English text of the Life and Property Proclamation and
the accompanying farman 218
II English text of the Karun River Navigation Regulations 219
III English text of the Naseri Company concession 221
IV List of the British, Russian and Dutch Agents, Vice-Consuls and
Consuls for Khuzestan 1890–1911 223
Acknowledgements

In researching and writing this book which was originally prepared as a doc-
toral thesis, a number of people have kindly assisted me.
First and foremost among them was Dr Roger Owen (St Anthony’s College,
Oxford and now at Harvard) who supervised the original work. I would like to
thank him for his incisive, careful and enlightening comments.
The assistance of Dr John Gurney (Wadham College, Oxford) for the present
work is beyond gratitude. He generously devoted his time to my work and very
carefully read the drafts. I am indeed indebted to him.
I am also thankful to the late Professor Hamid Enayat who gave me assistance
and guidance in both Oxford and Tehran where I was his student at the Faculty
of Law.
During my stay in Oxford I immensely benefited from the superior academic
qualities of the late Albert Hourani both at seminars and lectures and on other
occasions. I will always remain grateful to him for all his assistance and kind-
ness. Special thanks should also go to Wilfrid Knapp (St Catherine’s College,
Oxford) who has been helpful to me.
Above all, the constant support and affection of my family, especially my late
parents and my wife, Shahnaz Amidi, enabled me to complete this book, for
which I am very grateful to them.
If there is any credit for this work, it should go to those named above. The
faults and mistakes are all mine.

S.S.
Oxford
Abbreviations

A&P Accounts and papers

Admin. Administration, administrative
Amin Amin-us-Soltan, Ali Asghar Khan
CHI Cambridge History of Iran
EHI Economic History of Iran, C. Issawi
Etemad Etemad-us-Saltaneh, Mohammad Hasan Khan
FO Foreign Office
Gulf (PG) Persian Gulf
HMG His (Her) Majesty’s Government
IO India Office
IOR India Office Records
Malkam Malkam Khan, Nazem-ud-Dowleh
MFAA Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archives, Iran
Moshir Moshir-ud-Dowleh, Yahya Khan
Najm Najm-ul-Molk, Mirza Abd-ul-Ghaffar
PRO Public Record Office
Qaragozlu Abd Ullah Khan
Shatt Shatt-ul-Arab (Arvand Rud)
WO War Office
Zel Zel-us-Soltan, Masud Mirza
Transliteration

The transliteration system has generally followed that in use by the International
Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. To the extent possible, however, the system has
been modified to reflect the exact Farsi pronunciation of the names and titles
with a few exceptions, where the existing method has been kept owing to its
widespread usage (e.g. Muhammareh instead of Mohammareh and Najm-ul-
Molk instead of Najm-ol-Molk).
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Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
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