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the new cold war history
John Lewis Gaddis, editor
 Nation Building in South Korea
Koreans, Americans, and the Making of a Democracy
gregg brazinsky

The University of
North Carolina Press
Chapel Hill
∫ 2007 The University of North Carolina Press
All rights reserved
Designed by Kimberly Bryant
Set in Adobe Jenson by Keystone Typesetting, Inc.
Manufactured in the United States of America
This book was published with the generous
assistance of the Korea Foundation.

The paper in this book meets the guidelines for

permanence and durability of the Committee on
Production Guidelines for Book Longevity
of the Council on Library Resources.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Brazinsky, Gregg.
Nation building in South Korea : Koreans, Americans,
and the making of a democracy / Gregg Brazinsky.
p. cm. — (New cold war history)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn 978-0-8078-3120-5 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. United States—Foreign relations—Korea. 2. Korea—
Foreign relations—United States. 3. Democracy—
Korea—History—20th century. 4. Korea (South)—
Politics and government. 5. Korea (South)—Economic
conditions. I. Title.
e183.8.k6b72 2007
327.7305195—dc22 2007000414
11 10 09 08 07 5 4 3 2 1
for my mother, Carol Weiner
This page intentionally left blank
 Contents

Acknowledgments xi
Introduction 1

[ 1 ] Security over Democracy 13

[ 2 ] Institution Building: Civil Society 41
[ 3 ] Institution Building: The Military 71
[ 4 ] Toward Developmental Autocracy 101
[ 5 ] Development over Democracy 127
[ 6 ] Engaging South Korean Intellectuals 163
[ 7 ] Molding South Korean Youth 189
[ 8 ] Toward Democracy 223

Conclusion 251
Notes 261
Bibliography 291
Index 303
This page intentionally left blank
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 Illustrations

A South Korean school reconstructed 48

through American assistance

An American naval officer tutors his 81

South Korean counterpart

An American officer supervises the 83

training of the rok Army

The rok Army in the 1950s 103

A meeting between President John F. 121

Kennedy and South Korean president
Park Chung Hee

President Ronald Reagan embraces 242

South Korean president Chun Doo Hwan
during his 1983 visit to South Korea
This page intentionally left blank
 Acknowledgments

In the years that I have spent working on this book I have acquired a great
number of intellectual, economic, and personal debts. I first became inter-
ested in American diplomatic history as an undergraduate at Amherst
College, where I had the good fortune to study with Gordy Levin, who set
an example as a teacher and scholar that I have long sought to emulate. At
Cornell University, where I earned my Ph.D., my interests in American
foreign policy in general and U.S.-Asian relations in particular were further
nourished by Tim Borstelmann, Sherman Cochran, and J. Victor Kosch-
mann. Professor Borstelmann helped me develop a more expansive view of
U.S. foreign relations and see the significance of my own work. Professor
Cochran taught me to approach the question of how Asians have responded
to American and European influences with greater nuance and sophistica-
tion. Professor Koschmann stimulated my interest in intellectual and cul-
tural history and helped me understand the connections between these
areas and America’s relations with Asia.
As I completed this book, my colleagues in the History Department and
the Elliott School of International Affairs at the George Washington Uni-
versity provided me with a stimulating environment in which to work. Kirk
Larsen and Ron Spector, in particular, read parts of this manuscript and
pointed me toward some useful sources. My codirectors of the George
Washington University Cold War Group, Hope M. Harrison, Jim Hersh-
berg, and Jim Goldgeier, have not only been a source of scholarly inspiration
but also, by including me in their numerous conferences, seminars, and
meetings, have continuously prompted me to think about many of the
issues addressed in this book.
At the University of North Carolina Press, Chuck Grench and Katy
O’Brien have helped shepherd the book through the various acquisitions
and editing processes; Paul Betz and Stevie Champion have assisted greatly
with copyediting the manuscript. I was very fortunate that the Press chose
William Stueck at the University of Georgia as one of my readers. Professor
Stueck went far beyond his role as a reader in helping me improve this
manuscript and has become a valued friend. It is an honor to have this book
included in John Lewis Gaddis’s New Cold War History series. Professor
 Gaddis’s comments on drafts of this manuscript induced me to make a
bolder and, I hope, more persuasive argument.
I could not have completed this book without the generous financial
support of several organizations. A grant from the Eisenhower World
Affairs Institute enabled me to spend several months doing research in the
Washington, D.C., area in 1999. A grant from the Lyndon B. Johnson
Library made possible a two-week trip in 1999 to Austin, where I discovered
many valuable materials. In 1999–2000 I received a Fulbright Scholarship
from the U.S. Institute for International Education, which allowed me to
spend a year in South Korea. While conducting research in Seoul I was
affiliated with Korea University’s Asiatic Research Center, whose director,
Choi Jang-Jip, and other faculty members and fellows offered a stimulating
intellectual environment. During the summer of 2003, I was able to return
to South Korea for additional research through funds provided by the
Association for Asian Studies, the Sigur Center for Asian Studies, and the
George Washington University Cold War Group. As a Kluge Fellow at the
Library of Congress for the 2003–2004 academic year, I benefited from the
opportunity not only to do research in the library’s collections but also to
interact with the other fellows at the Kluge Center.
Finally, I would like to thank my mother, stepfather, and sister for being
constant sources of comfort and support. My mother, Carol Weiner, in
particular, has always had faith that I would complete this project and her
encouragement has been indispensable.

[ xii ] Acknowledgments
Nation Building in South Korea
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