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Understanding Global Higher Education
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON HIGHER EDUCATION
VOLUME 37

Series Editors:

Philip G. Altbach, Center for International Higher Education,

Boston College, USA
Hans de Wit, Center for International Higher Education,
Boston College, USA
Laura E.Rumbley, Center for International Higher Education,
Boston College, USA

Scope:

Higher education worldwide is in a period of transition, affected by globalization, the

advent of mass access, changing relationships between the university and the state,
and the new technologies, among others. Global Perspectives on Higher Education
provides cogent analysis and comparative perspectives on these and other central
issues affecting postsecondary education worldwide.

This series is co-published with the Center for International Higher Education at
Boston College.
Understanding Global Higher Education
Insights from Key Global Publications

Edited by
Georgiana Mihut, Philip G. Altbach and Hans de Wit
Center for International Higher Education, Boston College, USA
A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN: 978-94-6351-042-4 (paperback)

ISBN: 978-94-6351-043-1 (hardback)
ISBN: 978-94-6351-044-8 (e-book)

Published by: Sense Publishers,

P.O. Box 21858,
3001 AW Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
https://www.sensepublishers.com/

All chapters in this book have undergone peer review.

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved © 2017 Sense Publishers

No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted

in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the
exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and
executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements xi

Introduction xiii
Georgiana Mihut, Philip G. Altbach and Hans de Wit

Part 1: Access and Equity in Higher Education

Introduction 3

1. Global: What Is Wrong with Global Inequality in Higher Education?5

Elaine Unterhalter

2. Global: Affirmative Action Initiatives around the World 9

Laura Dudley Jenkins and Michele S. Moses

3. Global: Does Higher Education Expansion Equalize Income

Distribution? 13
Martin Carnoy

4. United States: Beyond Bars—Boosting Higher Education for Prisoners17

Wagdy Sawahel

5. Europe: Roma Face Deteriorating Prospects 21

William New

6. China: Massification Has Increased Inequalities 25

Qiang Zha

Part 2: Diversification, Rankings, and Stratification

Introduction 31

7. Global: A Good National System of Higher Education: The Lessons of the

U21 Rankings 33
Ross Williams

8. Canada: Canada’s Egalitarian Debate 37

Daniel Zaretsky

9. Africa: Get Rankings Right for Africa, University Leaders Urge 41

Karen MacGregor

v
TABLE OF CONTENTS

10. Africa: Harmonization and Tuning: Integrating Africa 45

Karola Hahn and Damtew Teferra

11. Chile: A New Approach for Classifying Chilean Universities 49

Claudia Reyes and Pedro Rosso

12. United States: How to Revive the California Model 53

Simon Marginson
Part 3: Financing Higher Education

Introduction 59

13. Africa: South Africa and the Illusion of Free Higher Education 61
Patrício Langa, Gerald Wangenge-Ouma, Jens Jungblut and Nico Cloete

14. Europe: Different Approaches to Fees for International Students 67

Agnete Vabø and Jannecke Wiers-Jenssen

15. Australia: Why I Support the Deregulation of Higher Education 71

Glyn Davis

16. Chile: Chilean Universities: Not So Tuition-Free after All 77

Ariane de Gayardon and Andrés Bernasconi
17. Croatia: Croatia’s New Linear Tuition System: Students’ Friend or Foe? 81
Lucia Brajkovic
Part 4: Higher Education, the State, and the Market

Introduction 87

18. Global: What Makes a Good Higher Education Minister? 89

Julien Jacqmin and Mathieu Lefebvre

19. Global: The Economic and Noneconomic Benefits of Tertiary

Education in Low-Income Contexts 91
Rebecca Schendel, Tristan McCowan and Moses Oketch

20. Africa: Continent Needs Its Own Science Indicators 95

Watu Wamae

21. Europe: HE Chief Hopes Bundling Programmes Will Pull in More

Learners 99
Ard Jongsma

22. North America: From ‘Soft Power’ to ‘Economic Diplomacy’ 103

Roopa Desai Trilokekar

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part 5: Higher Education in a World of Threats

Introduction109

23. Global: Higher Education Conflict and Postconflict Conditions: Colombia

and Kenya111
Iván F. Pacheco and Ane Turner Johnson

24. Europe: The Syrian Refugee Crisis and Higher Education115

Hans de Wit and Philip G. Altbach

25. Europe: A European Qualifications Passport for Refugees119

Terje Mørland and Stig Arne Skjerven

26. Global: Research Drives Understanding and Disruption of Work of ISIS123

Matthew Francis

27. Pakistan: The Philosophical Battle for Campus Security127

Rafia Zakaria

28. Nigeria: Boko Haram Fear Grips Campuses, Displaces Students131

Tunde Fatunde

29. Japan: Where Is Japan Headed after the Earthquake? 135

Kazuko Suematsu

30. United States: Guns Should Be Banned from Campus139

John Woods

Part 6: Information and Communications Technology and Distance Education

Introduction145

31. Global: Yes, MOOC Is the Global Higher Education Game Changer147
Simon Marginson

32. Global: Relax – Higher Education Won’t Be Killed by MOOCs151

Stephen H. Foerster

33. Global: MOOCs as Neocolonialism: Who Controls Knowledge?155

Philip G. Altbach

34. Global: More Work Needed in Blending Online and Onsite Learning159
Peta Lee

35. Developing Countries: MOOCs in the Developing World: Hope Or Hype?163

Ben Wildavsky

vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

36. Global: Move Over MOOCs – Collaborative MOOC 2.0 Is Coming167

Yojana Sharma

37. Africa: Closing the Digital Gap in African Higher Education171

Anna Bon

38. Africa: Building on Digital Libraries’ Growing Momentum175

Gracian Chimwaza, Blessing Chataira and Chipo Msengezi

Part 7: Reflections on Higher Education and Its Mission

Introduction181
39. Europe: The European Medieval Universities, from the Past and Today183
Miri Rubin

40. Global: The Misuses of the University187

Patti McGill Peterson

41. Africa: Developing Civic-Minded University Graduates189

Janice McMillan

42. Africa: The Case for Developmental Universities193

Eric Fredua-Kwarteng

43. Australia: Critical Scholarship in a Hostile Climate: Academics

and the Public199
Steve Tombs and David Whyte

Part 8: The Centrality and Crisis of the Academic Profession and the
Student Experience

Introduction205

44. Global: Where Academics Are Hounded as ‘Enemies’ of the State207

Brendan O’Malley

45. Global: University Autonomy and Academic Freedom: A Historical

Perspective213
Kemal Gürüz

46. Arab World: Academic Freedom Key to Being World Class217

Ramez Maluf

47. Latin America: Crisis and Homesickness: A New Opportunity for

Brain Gain in Latin America?219
Iván F. Pacheco

viii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

48. Global: Student Activism Remains a Potent Force Worldwide223

Philip G. Altbach and Manja Klemenčič

49. Global: How to Develop a Sense of Belonging227

Manja Klemenčič

50. South Korea: Student Stress Fuels Suicides as Standards Rise231

Karryn Miller

Part 9: Unethical Behavior in Higher Education

Introduction237

51. Global: The Corruption of Ethics in Higher Education239

Stephen P. Heyneman

52. Global: Combating Unethical Behavior in Higher Education243

Robin Matross Helms

53. Global: Addicted to Success247

Irene Ogrizek

54. Africa: What Can Be Done to Tackle Corruption?253

Goolam Mohamedbhai

55. East Asia: Corruption Undermines Rise of East Asian Universities257

Rui Yang

56. Russia: The Unified State Exam in Russia: Problems and Perspectives261
Elena Denisova-Schmidt and Elvira Leontyeva

About the Contributors 265

ix
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This book emerged from the collaboration between International Higher Education,
the quarterly publication of the Boston College Center for International Higher
Education and University World News, the weekly on-line publication. Both
publications provide news and analysis to the higher education community worldwide.
We have selected for this book some of the most relevant articles over the past five
years on topics of lasting interest. A second book will focus on news and analysis on
internationalization in higher education.
We are indebted to our colleagues at UWN for their continuing collaboration.
Brendan O’Malley, Mandy Garner, and Karen MacGregor have been especially
helpful. At the CIHE, we thank Salina Kopellas for her continuing staff support and
Lisa Unangst for editorial assistance. We thank Peter de Liefde of Sense Publishers
for his ongoing support to the Book Series on Global Perspectives in Higher
Education, in which this book is published as number 36.
Georgiana Mihut has taken the main responsibility for selecting and organizing
the articles included here and for drafting the introductions to the sections.

xi
 GEORGIANA MIHUT, PHILIP G. ALTBACH AND HANS DE WIT

INTRODUCTION

This volume brings together selected articles published in University World News
(UWN) and International Higher Education (IHE). The articles are logically
organized by key themes that reflect the most central issues facing global higher
education. While both publications are freely available online, this book provides
a thematically coherent selection of articles, offering an accessible and analytic
perspective on the pressing concerns of contemporary higher education.
Researchers, policy makers, and practitioners alike further the development of
higher education as a field of study through public and ongoing conversations. It is
news, analysis, and commentary publications like UWN and IHE that facilitate this
dialogue and keep pace with the most up-to-date developments in the field. On 8th of
July 2012, Jordi Curell, then the head of the higher education division in the European
Commission’s (EC) education and training directorate DG-EAC, was interviewed
by University World News. The interview focused on the recent EC proposal to
bundle its many distinct programs focused on education and training into a single
streamlined program (Jongsma, 2012). That proposal became what is currently
known as Erasmus +, an initiative allocating a record 14.7 billion Euro to support
international mobility. In the last five years, among many other developments, UWN
covered the harmonization deal reached by Kenya, Uganda, and Rwanda in 2014
(Nganga, 2014), continuously monitored the evolving higher education landscape
in Myanmar following internal conflicts, and analyzed policy shifts in Chile after
dramatic student protests. At the same time, International Higher Education offered
sharp, comprehensive, and accessible analysis on both highly visible and less known
trends and activities in the world of higher education. The publication produced
myriad articles discussing and debating the phenomena of university rankings, the
internationalization of higher education, and access and equity issues.
Understanding Global Higher Education: Insights from Key Global Publications
draws on the contributions of both IHE and UWN to highlight major trends in
higher education in the last five years, and may be best understood as an exercise in
curation. With few exceptions, articles published between the 1st of January 2011
and 31st of May 2016 were considered for inclusion. Our philosophy in selecting
articles was to prioritize breadth of content and perspective. As editors, we tried to
select works that are insightful, clear, and representative—we have not necessarily
attempted to select the best published articles in the respective publications. We have
grouped the articles across themes that are recurrent in both publications—and that
we feel have a continued relevance and importance to higher education worldwide.

xiii
G. MIHUT ET AL.

The themes themselves were chosen after a qualitative analysis of 1,897

published pieces in UWN and IHE. At the end of the exercise, we decided to publish
the selected articles in two distinct books. This volume centers around general
topics of interest in higher education around the world. The second book focuses
specifically on issues relevant to the field of internationalization of higher education.
Most themes included in this book will be familiar to higher education readers, but
some will seem less obvious. In order to help the reader make sense of our selected
articles, each section of the book will start with a brief introduction that aims to tie
together the articles included.

WHAT PROMPTED THIS BOOK?

An established tradition in the field of higher education seeks to map activity and
important developments within the field as a whole, often reflected in published
surveys of higher education publications and websites. It is likely the disparate
views and approaches to higher education as a field that draw researchers to review
and analyze the products of their own discipline.
Indeed, higher education, by most standards, is a new field of inquiry. The field
itself is very diverse, prompting Macfarlane and Grant (2012) to describe it as a
“multiple series of intersecting cognate fields” (p. 1). Philip Altbach considered the
emergence of the field and provided a sense of its history and current status (Altbach,
2014). Tight (2012) defines the field of higher education in relation to the very
themes it approaches, the methods it uses, the theories it employs, and the levels of
analysis at which research is conducted. To support his definition, which resulted
from a similar mapping exercise as the one on which this book is based, Tight (2012)
engaged in an analysis of the academic articles and books published in the field of
higher education. Similarly, Horta and Jung (2014) engage in an indexing exercise
of internationally published higher education articles for the purpose of mapping the
research approaches employed and the common themes. At the end of the process, the
authors were able to illustrate that publications by Asian higher education researchers
cluster around one of two themes: policy or teaching and learning. Later, Jung (2015)
replicated this methodology to analyze the research output of South Korean higher
education researchers, identifying a predominant theme of national-centrism. Using
a similar thematic and longitudinal approach, Kehm (2015) mapped the research
activity of the Consortium of Higher Education Researchers members, one of the
largest communities of higher education researchers. The results of this research
illustrate an increased focus on governance, management, and organizational issues
in the field of higher education. Other attempts at defining the field focus on mapping
the curriculum taught to PhD students in higher education, specifically in the United
States. This analysis reveals that while the focus on administration, leadership, and
organization seems common across all reviewed programs, topics such as community
colleges and multiculturalism receive see less representation across PhD studies
curricula (Card, Chambers, & Freeman, 2016).

xiv
 INTRODUCTION

However, similar exercises have not been conducted on news and editorial
publications relevant to the field of higher education. Importantly, these publications
often include broad scope and up to date analysis, which more formal academic
literature does not offer. The Boston College Center for International Higher
Education has a strong tradition of mapping the field of higher education and is
well positioned to fill this gap. Its most prominent mapping exercise to date is the
Worldwide Higher Education Inventory of research centers, academic programs,
and journals and publications. The most up to date edition of the inventory was
published in 2014 (Rumbley et al., 2014), and an interactive online version is
available on the center’s website.

ABOUT INTERNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION AND

UNIVERSITY WORLD NEWS

International Higher Education (IHE) is a quarterly publication published by the

Center for International Higher Education which offers contributions from authors
worldwide who address local, regional, and global issues in the field of higher
education. It is currently translated into 6 languages (French, Spanish, Portuguese,
Russian, Chinese, and Vietnamese). In addition, IHE is also published in English as
a supplement to the Deutsche Universitatszeitung, the main magazine focusing on
higher education in German-speaking countries.
University World News (UWN) is the oldest and most comprehensive global
news outlet for the field of higher education. The publication provides reporting,
and commentary on developments in higher education and related issues of concern.
It also reports on international conferences of higher education and holds webinars
with a view to provoking debate and sharing opinion and expertise globally. UWN
distributes its e-newspaper weekly to higher education professionals worldwide,
most of them senior academics, university leaders, higher education managers, and
policy-makers. UWN is read in 150 countries and enjoys a strong readership base
in all regions, particularly in Europe, North America, and Africa. The e-newspaper
has gained a reputation as a high-quality publication, was the sole media partner of
the UNESCO World Conference on Higher Education (2009), and has had media
partnerships with OECD, the Talloires Network, British Council, CHEA and the
MasterCard Foundation, among others. Launched in 2007, University World News
has nearly 50,000 readers who receive its weekly global edition newsletter, and
nearly 27,000 subscribers to its Africa edition weekly newsletter; its website has
1.5 million hits a month and the publication has 14,000 twitter followers as well as
16,000 Facebook “likes.”
While IHE includes standardized articles in terms of length and structure, UWN is
more flexible in the type of pieces published. However, both publications encourage
a diversity of authors, topics and perspectives and frequently include short pieces
about relevant research published in the field, as well as book reviews, analysis of
policy initiatives and debates on different topics. The two publications also closely

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