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Understanding Higher Education Internationalization
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON HIGHER EDUCATION

VOLUME 39

Series Editors:

Philip G. Altbach, Center for International Higher Education,

Boston College, USA
Hans de Wit, Center for International Higher Education,
Boston College, USA
Laura E. Rumbley, Center for International Higher Education,
Boston College, USA

Scope:

Higher education worldwide is in a period of transition, affected by globalization,

the advent of mass access, changing relationships between the university and the
state, and the new technologies, among others. Global Perspectives on Higher
Education provides cogent analysis and comparative perspectives on these and
other central issues affecting postsecondary education worldwide.

This series is co-published with the Center for International Higher Education at
Boston College.
Understanding Higher Education Internationalization
Insights from Key Global Publications

Edited by
Georgiana Mihut, Philip G. Altbach and Hans de Wit
Center for International Higher Education, Boston College, USA
A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN: 978-94-6351-159-9 (paperback)

ISBN: 978-94-6351-160-5 (hardback)
ISBN: 978-94-6351-161-2 (e-book)

Published by: Sense Publishers,

P.O. Box 21858,
3001 AW Rotterdam,
The Netherlands
https://www.sensepublishers.com/

All chapters in this book have undergone peer review.

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved © 2017 Sense Publishers

No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted

in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the
exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and
executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgementsxiii

Introductionxv
Georgiana Mihut, Philip G. Altbach and Hans de Wit

Part 1: Understanding Internationalization

Introduction3

1. Global: Changing the Mindset in Internationalisation Research 5

Nico Jooste and Savo Heleta

2. Global: Internationalization of Higher Education: Nine Misconceptions 9

Hans de Wit

3. Global: Five Truths about Internationalization 13

Jane Knight

4. Global: Internationalisation: Variations and Vagaries 17

Peta Lee

5. Global: Internationalization and Global Tension: Lessons from History 21

Philip G. Altbach and Hans de Wit

6. Europe: The Future of Internationalization of Higher

Education in Europe 25
Hans de Wit and Fiona Hunter

7. France: Learning from the Past: Historical Trends in

Internationalization of French Higher Education 29
Guillaume Tronchet

Part 2: Transnational Education, Branch Campuses, and Hubs

Introduction35

8. Global: International Branch Campuses Expanding, Geopolitical

Landscape Changing 37
William Lawton and Alex Katsomitros

v
TABLE OF CONTENTS

9. Global: World Economies and the Distribution of International

Branch Campuses 41
Li Zhang, Kevin Kinser and Yunyu Shi

10. Global: Financial Aspects of Offshore Activities 45

John Fielden

11. Global: Five Models of International Branch Campus Facility Ownership 49

Jason E. Lane and Kevin Kinser

12. Global: Financing of Education Hubs: Who Are the Investors? 53

Jane Knight

13. Global: The Impact of Transnational Education in Receiving Countries 57

Jane Knight and John McNamara

14. Europe: Franchising, Validation, and Branch Campuses in the European

Union61
Lukas Bischof

15. United Kingdom: Technology: The Silent Partner in Transnational

Education?65
Esther Wilkinson

Part 3: Commercialization of Internationalization

Introduction71

16. Global: International Higher Education and the “Neo-Liberal Turn” 73

Peter Scott

17. Global: Growing Pathways to Study Abroad 77

Nic Mitchell

18. Global: Coil—Virtual Mobility without Commercialisation 83

Hans de Wit

19. Global: In Search of Solutions for the Agent Debate 87

Rahul Choudaha

20. Europe: Fees and International Students in Nordic Nations 91

Jan Petter Myklebust

21. France: France Debates International Student Fees 95

Ariane de Gayardon

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part 4: Quality Assurance of Internationalization

Introduction101

22. Global: Another Week, Another Scandal: Immigration Dilemmas

and Political Confusion 103
Philip G. Altbach and Liz Reisberg

23. Global: Corruption: A Key Challenge to Internationalization 107

Philip G. Altbach

24. Global: Are Double/Multiple Degree Programs Leading to “Discount

Degrees”?111
Jane Knight

25. Europe: Using Lessons from Erasmus Mundus to Improve Erasmus+

Joint Degrees 115
Claire Morel

26. Latin America: Costa Rica Rejects High Number of Medical Graduates
from Cuba 119
Chrissie Long

27. Japan: Conservatism, Red Tape Thwart International Education 123

Suvendrini Kakuchi

Part 5: Internationalization Policies and Strategies

Introduction129

28. Global: National Policies for Internationalization—Do They Work? 131

Robin Matross Helms and Laura E. Rumbley

29. Global: The United Nations, International Higher Education, and

Knowledge Diplomacy 135
Nanette Svenson

30. Africa: Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda Strike HE Harmonisation Fee Deal 139
Gilbert Nganga

31. Kazakhstan: Kazakhstan’s Bolashak Scholarship Program 143

Aida Sagintayeva and Zakir Jumakulov

32. Brazil: Brazil Seeks Academic Boost by Sending Students Abroad 147
Marcelo Knobel

vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part 6: Internationalization through Partnerships

Introduction153

33. Global: Ensuring Equality in Higher Education Partnerships Involving

Unequal Universities in Divergent Contexts 155
Cornelius Hagenmeier

34. Global: Perspectives on Global University Networks 159

Robin Middlehurst

35. Global: The Dragon’s Deal: Sino-African Cooperation in Education 163

Milton O. Obamba

36. Asia: Partnership with Russia for New, World-Class University 167
Hiep Pham

37. Europe: Western Balkan Nations Collaborate on Higher Education 171

Ard Jongsma

38. Global: Is America’s 100,000 Strong China Initiative Anaemic? 175

Joseph Stetar and Modi Li

Part 7: International Students: Recruitment, Access, and Student Choice

Introduction181

39. Global: Global Postgraduate Student Mobility Trends to 2024 183

Karen MacGregor

40. Global: International Student Enrollment: Evidence-Driven Strategies 187

Rahul Choudaha

41. Asia: Far East Aims High for International Student Numbers 191
Ryan M. Allen

42. China: Thousands to Head to Hong Kong for US Examinations 193

Patrick Boehler

43. China: The Role of Chinese Parents in Decisions about Overseas Study 197
Peter Bodycott and Ada Lai

44. Vietnam: Struggling to Attract International Students 203

Hiep Pham

45. Sweden: Is Sweden Recovering from the International Student Crash? 207
Nic Mitchell

viii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

46. India: Mobility Trends 211

Wesley Teller and Don Martin

47. India: International Students in Indian Universities 215

Veena Bhalla and Krishnapratap B. Powar

Part 8: The Experience of Student Mobility

Introduction221

48. Europe: Questioning the Student Mobility Imperative 223

Bernd Wächter

49. China: The Study-Abroad Fever among Chinese Students 227

Zha Qiang

50. Canada, US and UK: Canada’s Immigration Policies to Attract

International Students 231
Anita Gopal

51. Australia: Foreign Students Exploited as Temporary Workers 235

Bob Kinnaird

52. Australia: Schools Are the New Battleground for Foreign Students 239
Brendan O’Malley

Part 9: Internationalization, Faculty, and Staff

Introduction245

53. Global: Professors: The Key to Internationalization 247

Gerard A. Postiglione and Philip G. Altbach

54. Global: Faculty and International Engagement: Has Internationalization

Changed Academic Work? 251
Douglas Proctor

55. Global: International Visiting Scholars: Brain-Circulation and

Internationalization255
Yukiko Shimmi

56. Global: Flying Faculty Teaching—Who Benefits? 259

Karen Smith

57. Japan: Young Researchers Need More International Experience 263

Tomoaki Wada

ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS

58. Europe: More Focus Needed on Higher Education Staff Mobility 267
Nic Mitchell

59. Germany: The Value of Administrative Staff for Internationalization 271

Uwe Brandenburg

Part 10: Internationalization of Governance

Introduction277

60. Global: International Advisory Councils: A New Aspect of

Internationalization279
Philip G. Altbach, Georgiana Mihut and Jamil Salmi

61. Global: Integrating Institutional Policies and Leadership for 21st Century
Internationalization283
John K. Hudzik

62. Global: The Changing Role of Leadership in International Education 287

Hans de Wit

63. Global: Brics University League Starts to Form, but Needs True
Collaboration291
Maxim Khomyakov

64. Asean: The Need for an Asean University 295

Roger Y. Chao Jr.

65. United States: Value of Foreign-Born University Leaders Is Rising 299

Mary Beth Marklein

Part 11: Internationalization of Research

Introduction305

66. Global: Gender and International Research Cooperation 307

Agnete Vabø

67. Africa: The Value of Research Networks in Africa 311

Piyushi Kotecha

68. Africa: International Collaboration in African Research—Who Wins? 315

Sharon Dell

69. Europe: Progress, Problems with Researcher Mobility in Europe 319

Karen MacGregor

x
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

70. Central America: The Value of International Academic Cooperation 325

Nanette Svenson

71. Europe: “Internationalists” and “Locals” in Research: Similar Productivity

Patterns across Europe 329
Marek Kwiek

72. Saudi Arabia: Internationalizing Research in Saudi Arabia: Purchasing

Questionable Privilege 333
Manail Anis Ahmed

73. China: Joint Research: Alternative to Branch Campus? 337

Yojana Sharma

Part 12: Teaching and Internationalization

Introduction343

74. Global: Internationalization, the Curriculum, and the Disciplines 345

Hans de Wit and Betty Leask

75. Global: English as “Lingua Franca” and the Internationalization of

Academe349
Michele Rostan

76. Global: Graduate Employability and Internationalization of the

Curriculum at Home 353
Elspeth Jones

77. Japan: Nationalism vs Internationalism 357

Jeremy Rappleye and Edward Vickers

78. Norway: Increasing Internationalisation in PhD Education 363

Jan Petter Myklebust and Jacquie Withers

Part 13: Peace, Diplomacy, and Social Service

Introduction369

79. Global: Neo-Nationalism: Challenges for International Students 371

Jenny J. Lee

80. Global: Transnational Education and Human Rights Obligations 375

Gearóid Ó. Cuinn

81. Global: Beyond the Syrian Refugee Crisis 379

Hans de Wit

xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS

82. Global: Moving from Soft Power to Knowledge Diplomacy 381

Jane Knight

83. US-Iran: Restoring Relationships in Higher Education 383

Daniel Obst

About the Contributors 387

xii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This book emerged from the collaboration between International Higher Education
(IHE), the quarterly publication of the Boston College Center for International Higher
Education and University World News (UWN), the weekly on-line publication.
Both publications provide news and analysis to the higher education community
worldwide. We have selected for this book some of the most relevant articles over
the past five years on aspects of lasting interest on the topic of internationalization.
This book follows a first book focused on aspects relevant to the field of higher
education broadly.
We are indebted to our colleagues at UWN for their continuing collaboration.
Brendan O’Malley, Mandy Garner, and Karen MacGregor have been especially
helpful. At the CIHE, we thank Salina Kopellas for her continuing staff support and
Lisa Unangst for editorial assistance. We thank Peter de Liefde of Sense Publishers
for his ongoing support to the Book Series on Global Perspectives in Higher
Education, in which this book is published as number 39.
Georgiana Mihut has taken the main responsibility for selecting and organizing
the articles included here and for drafting the introductions to the sections.

xiii
 GEORGIANA MIHUT, PHILIP G. ALTBACH AND HANS DE WIT

INTRODUCTION

This volume brings together selected articles published in University World

News (UWN) and International Higher Education (IHE) focused on aspects of
internationalization. The articles are logically organized by key themes that reflect
the most central issues within the broad phenomena of internationalization. While
both publications are freely available online, this book provides a thematically
coherent selection of articles, offering an accessible and analytic perspective on the
pressing concerns of contemporary higher education and internationalization.
Researchers, policy makers and practitioners alike further the development of
higher education as a field of study through public, dynamic conversations. It is
news, analysis, and commentary publications like UWN and IHE that facilitate
this dialogue and keep pace with the most up-to-date developments in the field.
Understanding Higher Education Internationalization: Insights from Key Global
Publications draws on the contributions of both IHE and UWN to highlight major
trends in higher education internationalization in the last five years, and may be
best understood as an exercise in curation. With few exceptions, articles published
between the 1st of January 2011 and 31st of May 2016 were considered for
inclusion. Our philosophy in selecting articles was to prioritize breadth of content
and perspective. As editors, we tried to select works that are insightful, clear, and
representative—we have not necessarily attempted to select the “best” articles of
the respective publications. Lastly, we have grouped selected works by themes of
internationalization that are recurrent in both publications—and that we feel have a
continued relevance and importance to higher education worldwide.
This book is the second publication resulting from a qualitative analysis
of 1,897 published pieces in UWN and IHE. The first book—Understanding
Global Higher Education: Insights from Key Global Publications—is centered
on general aspects of global higher education. This volume is built around
internationalization, as the most frequently addressed higher education topic
within both IHE and UWN. Altogether, 454 articles among those analyzed focus
on aspects connected to higher education internationalization. The 86 articles
included in this publication were chosen from among this subset. Most themes
included in this book will be familiar to higher education readers, but some
will seem less obvious. In order to help the reader make sense of our selected
articles, each section of the book will start with a brief introduction that aims to
tie together the articles included.

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