Dk Road Trips Northern And Central Italy

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Dk Road Trips Northern And Central
Italy

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.
where be two wedges, that be called slote-wedges: the one is
in the slote above the beame, the other in the saide slote,
vnder the plough-beame; and other whyle 16 he wyll set
bothe aboue, or bothe vndernethe, but alway let hym take
good hede, and kepe one generall rule, that the hynder ende
of the sharebeme alway touche the erthe, that it may kyll a
worde,[22] or elles it goth not truly. The 20
Narrow and broad tempering.

temperynge to go brode and narowe is in the settyng of the

culture: and with the dryuinge of his syde-wedges,
forewedge, and helewedge, whiche wolde be made of
Setting on of the share.

drye woode, and also the settynge on of his share helpeth 24

well, and is a connynge poynte of husbandry, and mendeth
and payreth moch plowyng: but it is so narowe a point to
know, that it is harde to make a man to vnderstande it by
wrytynge, without he were at the operation 28
[Fol. 4.]

therof, to teache the practyue: for it muste leane moche in-to

the forowe, and the poynt may not stande to moch vp nor
downe, nor to moche in-to the lande, nor in-to
Setting of the coulter.

the forowe. Howe-be-it, the settynge of the culture 32 helpeth

moche. Somme plowes haue a bende of yron tryanglewise,
sette there as the plough-eare shulde be, that hath thre
nyckes on the farther syde. And yf he
Seed-furrow.

wyll haue his plough to go a narowe forowe, as a sede-

forowe 36 shulde be, than he setteth his fote-teame in the
Mean furrow.
nycke nexte to the ploughe-beame; and yf he wyll go a
meane bredth, he setteth it in the myddell nycke,
Broad furrow.

that is beste for sturrynge; and if he wolde go a brode 40

forowe, he setteth it in the vttermoste nycke, that is beste for
falowynge: The whyche is a good waye to kepe the bredthe,
and soone tempered, but it serueth not the depenesse. And
some men haue in stede of the plough-fote, 44 a piece of
yron set vpryghte in the farther ende
‘A coke.’

of the ploughe-beame, and they calle it a coke, made with ii.

or thre nyckes, and that serueth for depenes.
Wheel-ploughs.

The plowes that goo with wheles, haue a streyghte 48 beame,

and maye be tempred in the yron, as the other be, for the
bredth; but their most speciall temper is at the bolster,
where-as the plough-beame lyeth, and that serueth both for
depnes and for bredth. And they be 52
[Fol. 4b.]

good on euen grounde that lyeth lyghte, but me semeth they

be farre more costly than the other plowes. And thoughe
these plowes be well tempred for one maner grounde, that
tempre wyll not serue in an other maner 56 of grounde; but it
muste reste in the dyscretion of the housbande, to knowe
whanne it gothe well.

5. ¶ The necessary thynges that belonge to a

ploughe, carte, and wayne.
Bows, yokes, &c.
 Bvt or he begyn to plowe, he muste haue his ploughe and
his ploughe-yren, his oxen or horses, and the geare that
belongeth to them; that is to say, bowes, yokes, landes,
stylkynges, wrethynge-temes. And or he shall 4 lode his
corne, he muste haue a wayne, a copyoke, a payre of sleues,
a wayne-rope, and a pykforke. This
The wain.

wayne is made of dyuers peces, that wyll haue a greate

reparation, that is to saye, the wheles, and those be made 8
of nathes, spokes, fellyes, and dowles, and they muste be
well fettred with wood or yren. And if they be yren bounden,
they are moche the better, and thoughe they
[Fol. 5.]

be the derer at the fyrst, yet at lengthe they be better 12

Iron-bound wheels.

cheape; for a payre of wheles yren bounde wyl weare vii. or

viii. payre of other wheles, and they go rounde and lyght
after oxen or horses to draw. Howbeit on marreis ground and
soft ground the other wheles be better, 16 bycause they be
broder on the soule, and will not go so
Axle-tree, linch-pins, and axle-pins.

depe. They must haue an axiltre, clout with .viii. waincloutes

of yren, ii. lyn-pinnes of yren in the axiltre-endes, ii. axil-
pynnes of yren or els of tough harde 20 wodde. The bodye of
the wayne of oke, the staues, the nether rathes, the ouer
rathes, the crosse somer, the keys and pikstaues. And if he go
with a hors-ploughe, than muste he haue his horses or
mares, or both his hombers or 24 collers, holmes whyted,
tresses, swyngletrees, and togwith.
The cart.
Alsoo a carte made of asshe, bycause it is lyghte, and lyke
stuffe to it as is to a wayne, and also a cart-sadel, bakbandes,
and belybandes, and a carte-ladder behinde, 28 whan he shall
carye eyther corne or kyddes, or suche
Cart-ladders.

other. And in many countreys theyr waynes haue carte-

ladders bothe behynde and before. Also an husbande
Axe, hatchet, &c.

muste haue an axe, a hachet, a hedgyngebyll, a pyn-awgur,

32 a rest-awgur, a flayle, a spade, and a shouell. And howe-
be-it that I gyue theym these names, as is most comonly
[Fol. 5b.]

vsed in my contrey, I knowe they haue other names in other

contreyes. But hereby a manne maye perceyue 36
Expense of husbandry.

many thynges that belonge to husbandry, to theyr greate

costes and charges, for the mayntenance and vpholdyng of
the same. And many moo thynges are belongynge to
husbandes than these, as ye shall well perceyue, er I 40 haue
made an ende of this treatyse. And if a yonge husbande
shulde bye all these thynges, it wolde be
It is better to make than buy.

costely for hym: wherfore it is necessarye for hym to lerne to

make his yokes, oxe-bowes, stooles, and all 44 maner of
plough-geare.

6. ¶ Whether is better, a plough of horses or a

plough of oxen.
Ox-plough and horse-plough.
 It is to be knowen, whether is better, a plough of horses, or
a plough of oxen, and therin me semeth oughte to be made a
distinction. For in some places an oxe-ploughe is better than
a horse-plough, and in somme 4 places a horse-ploughe is
better: that is to say, in euery place where-as the husband
hath seueral pastures to put his oxen in whan they come fro
theyr warke, there the oxe-ploughe
The ox.

is better. For an oxe maye nat endure his 8

[Fol. 6.]

warke, to labour all daye, and than to be put to the

commons, or before the herdman, and to be set in a folde all
nyghte without meate, and go to his labour in the mornynge.
But and he be put in a good pasture all 12 nyghte, he wyll
labour moche of all the daye dayely.
And oxen wyl plowe in tough cley, and vpon hylly grounde,
where-as horses wyll stande st[i]ll. And where-as
The horse.

is noo seuerall pastures, there the horse-plowe is better, 16

for the horses may be teddered or tyed vpon leys, balkes, or
hades, where as oxen maye not be kept: and it is not vsed to
tedder them, but in fewe places.
And horses wyl goo faster than oxen on euen grounde 20 or
lyght grounde, & be quicker for cariage: but they be ferre
more costly to kepe in winter, for they must haue both hey
and corne to eate, and strawe for lytter; they must be well
shodde on all foure fete, and the gere that they 24 shal drawe
with is more costely than for the oxen, and
Oxen are cheap,

shorter whyle it wyll last. And oxen wyll eate but straw, and a
lyttell hey, the whiche is not halfe the coste that horsis must
haue, and they haue no shoes, as horses haue. 28 And if any
sorance come to the horse, or [he] waxe olde, broysed, or
blynde, than he is lyttell worthe. And if any sorance come to
an oxe, [and he] waxe olde, broysed, or
[Fol. 6b.]

blinde, for ii.s. he maye be fedde, and thanne he is mannes

32
and they can be eaten.

meate, and as good or better than euer he was. And the

horse, whan he dyethe, is but caryen. And therfore me
semeth, all thynges consydered, the ploughe of oxen is
moche more profytable than the ploughe of horses. 36

7. ¶ The dylygence and attendaunce that a

husbande shulde gyue to his warke, in maner of an
other prologue, and the speciall grounde of all this
treatyse.
Take pains, keep measure, and be rich.

Thou husbande, that intendeste to gette thy lyuynge by

husbandry, take hede to the sayenge of the wyse
phylosopher, the which sayth, Adhibe curam, tene mensuram,
et eris diues. That is to saye, Take hede to thy charge, 4 kepe
measure, and thou shalt be ryche. And nowe to speke of the
fyrste artycle of these .iii. s[cilicet] Adhibe curam. He that wyll
take vpon hym to do any thinge, and be slouthefull, recheles,
and not diligent to execute 8 and to performe that thynge
that he taketh vpon hym, he shall neuer thryue by his
occupation. And to the same entente saythe our lorde in his
gospell, by a parable.
[Fol. 7.]
Luke ix. 62.
Nemo mittens manum suam ad aratrum respiciens retro,
aptus 12 est regno dei. The spirytuall constructyon of this
texte, I remytte to the doctours of dyuynitie, and to the
greate clarkes; but to reduce and brynge the same texte to
my
No man, putting his hand to the plough, &c.

purpose, I take it thus. There is noo man, puttynge his 16

hande to the plough, lokyng backewarde, is worthy to haue
that thynge that he oughte to haue. For if he goo to the
ploughe, and loke backewarde, he seeth not whether the
plough go in rydge or rayne, make a balke, 20 or go
ouerthwarte. And if it do so, there wyll be lyttell
Be not idle.

corne. And so if a man attende not his husbandrye, but goo

to sporte or playe, tauerne or ale-house, or slepynge at
home, and suche other ydle warkes, he is not than 24
Do what you came to do.

worthy to haue any corne. And therfore, Fac quod venisti, Do

that thou comest fore, and thou shalte fynde that thou sekest
fore, &c.

8. ¶ Howe a man shulde plowe all maner of landes

all tymes of the yere.
Times of the year.

Nowe these plowes be made and tempered, it is to be

knowen howe a man shoulde plowe all tymes of the yere. In
the begynnynge of the yere, after the feast of the Epiphany, it
is tyme for a husbande to 4
[Fol. 7b.]
Plough leas early.
go to the ploughe. And if thou haue any leys, to falowe or to
sowe otes vpon, fyrste plowe them, that the grasse and the
mosse may rotte, and plowe them a depe square forowe. And
in all maner of plowynge, 8 se that thy eye, thy hande, and
thy fote do agree, and be alwaye redy one to serue a-nother,
and to turne
Lay the mould flat.

vp moche molde, and to lay it flat, that it rere not on edge.

For if it rere on edge, the grasse and mosse 12 wyll not rotte.
And if thou sowe it with winter-corne, as whete or ry, as
moche corne as toucheth the mosse wyll be drowned, the
mosse dothe kepe such wete in it self. And in some
countreys, if a man plowe depe, 16 he shall passe the good
grounde, and haue but lyttel corne: but that countrey is not
for men to kepe husbandry vppon, but for to rere and brede
catell or shepe, for
Beeting land with mattocks.

elles they muste go beate theyr landes with mattockes, 20 as

they do in many places of Cornewayle, and in som places of
Deuonshyre.

9. ¶ To plowe for pease and beanes.

Peas and beans.

Howe to plowe for pees and beanes, were necessarye to

knowe. Fyrst thou muste remember, whiche is
[Fol. 8.]

mooste cley-grounde, and that plowe fyrste, and lette it lye a

good space, er thou sowe it: bycause the 4 froste, the rayne,
the wynde, and the sonne may cause it to breake smalle, to
make moche molde, and to
Plough a square furrow.

rygge it. And to plow a square forowe, the bredthe and the
depenes all one, and to laye it close to his 8 felow. For the
more forowes, the more corne, for a generall rule of all maner
of cornes. And that may be proued at the comynge vp of all
maner of corne, to stande at the landes ende and loke toward
the other 12 ende; And than may ye se, howe the corne
groweth.

10. Howe to sowe bothe pease and beanes.

Sowing of peas and beans.

Thou shalt sowe thy peas vpon the cley-grounde, and thy
beanes vpon the barley-grounde: for they wolde haue ranker
grounde than pease. How-be-it some husbandes holde
opynion, that bigge and styffe 4 grounde, as cley, wolde be
sowen with bigge stuffe, as beanes; but me thynke the
contrary. For if a dry sommer come, his beanes wil be shorte.
And if the grounde be good, putte the more beanes to the
pease, 8 and the better shall they yelde, whan they be
thresshed.
[Fol. 8b.]

And if it be very ranke grounde, as is moche at euery towne-

syde, where catel doth resort, plowe not that lande, tyll ye
wyll sowe it; for if ye do, there wyll 12
In rank ground sow beans.

come vppe kedlokes and other wedes. And than sowe it with
beanes; for if ye sowe pees, the kedlokes wyll hurte them;
and whan ye se seasonable time, sow both pees and beanes,
so that they be sowen in the 16 begynnynge of Marche. Howe
shall ye knowe seasonable
If the land sing, it is too wet to sow.

tyme? go vppon the lande, that is plowed, and if it synge or

crye, or make any noyse vnder thy fete, than it is to wete to
sowe: and if it make no noyse, and 20 wyll beare thy horses,
thanne sowe in the name of god.
How to sow peas.

But howe to sowe? Put thy pees in-to thy hopper, and take a
brode thonge, of ledder, or of garthe-webbe of an elle longe,
and fasten it to bothe endes of the 24 hopper, and put it ouer
thy heed, lyke a leysshe; and stande in the myddes of the
lande, where the sacke lyethe, the whiche is mooste
conueniente for the fyllynge of thy hopper, and set thy lefte
foote before, and take 28 an handefull of pees: and whan
thou takeste vp thy ryghte foote, than caste thy pees fro the
all abrode; and whan thy lefte fote ryseth, take an other
handeful, and whan the ryght fote ryseth, than cast them fro
the. 32
[Fol. 9.]

And so at euery ii. paces, thou shalte sowe an handful of

pees: and so se that the fote and the hande
Cast them wide.

agree, and than ye shal sowe euen. And in your castynge, ye

muste open as well your fyngers as your hande, 36 and the
hyer and farther that ye caste your corne, the better shall it
sprede, excepte it be a greatte wynde. And if the lande be
verye good, and wyll breke small in the plowynge, it is better
to sowe after the ploughe 40 thanne tarye any lenger.

11. ¶ Sede of discretion.

Seed of Discretion.
 There is a sede, that is called Discretion, and if a husband
haue of that sede, and myngle it amonge his other cornes,
they wyll growe moche the better; for that sede wyll tell hym,
how many castes of corne 4 euery lande ought to haue. And
a yonge husbande, and may fortune some olde husbande,
hath not sufficyente
Borrow discretion, if you have it not.

of that sede: and he that lackethe, let hym borowe of his

neyghbours that haue. And his neyghbours 8 be vnkynde, if
they wyll not lende this yonge housbande parte of this sede.
For this sede of Discretion hath a wonders property: for the
more that it is taken of or lente, the more it is. And therfore
me semeth, 12
[Fol. 9b.]

it shoulde be more spyrituall than temporall, wherin

Temporal things, when divided, wane.

is a greate dyuersitie. For a temporall thynge, the more it is

deuyded, the lesse it is: and a spirytuall thynge, the more it is
deuided, the more it is. Verbi 16 gratia. For ensaumple, I put
case a wyfe brynge a lofe of breade to the churche, to make
holy breade of; whan it is cut in many smal peces, and holy
breade made therof, there may be so many men, women, 20
and children in the churche, that by that tyme the priest hath
delte to euery one of them a lyttell pece, there shall neuer a
crume be lefte in the hamper. And a
Spiritual things, when divided, wax.

spiritualle thynge as a Pater-noster, or a prayer, that any 24

man can say, let hym teache it to .xx., a .C., or to a .M., yet is
the prayer neuer the lesse, but moche more. And so this sede
of Discrecion is but wisdome and reason: and he that hath
wysedome, reason, and discretion may teche 28 it, and
enforme other men as he is bounde to do. Wherein he shall
haue thanke of god: and he doth but as god hath
Matt. x. 8.

commaunded hym in his gospell, Quod gratis accepistis, gratis

date: That thynge that ye toke frely, gyue it frely 32 again,
and yet shall ye haue neuer the lesse.

12. ¶ Howe all maner corne shoulde be sowen.

[Fol. 10.]

Bvt yet me thynkethe it is necessarye to declare, howe all

maner of corne shuld be sowen, and howe moch vpon an
acre most comonly, and fyrste of pease and
An acre of ground.

beanes. An acre of grounde, by the statute, that is to say 4

xvi. fote and a half to the perche or pole, foure perches to an
acre in bredth, and fortye perches to an acre in
London bushels.

lengthe, may be metelye well sowen with two London

busshelles of pease, the whyche is but two strykes in 8 other
places. And if there be the .iiii. parte beanes, than wylle it
haue halfe a London bushelle more: and yf it be halfe beanes,
it wyll haue thre London bushels: and if it be all beanes, it
wyll haue foure London busshelles fullye, 12 and that is half a
quarter; bycause the beanes be gret, and grow vp streight, &
do not sprede and go abrode as
Beans worth more than peas.

pease do. An acre of good beanes is worth an acre & a half of

good pees, bycause there wylle be more busshelles. 16 And
the beste propertie that belongeth to a good husband is, to
sowe all maner of corne thycke ynough, and specially beanes
and barley. For commonly they be sowen vpon ranke ground,
and good grounde wylle haue 20 the burthen of corne or of
wede. And as moche plowynge and harowynge hath an acre
of grounde, and
[Fol. 10b.]

sowe thervppon but oone busshelle, as yf he sowed .iiii.

busshelles. And vndoutedly .i. busshell may not gyue so 24
moche corne agayne, as the .iiii. busshels, though the .iii.
bushels, that he sowed more, be alowed and set aparte.
White, green, and grey peas.

And i. busshel and an halfe of white or grene pees, wyll sowe

as moche grounde, as two busshels of gray pees: 28 and that
is bycause they be so smal, and the husband nedeth not to
take so great an handful. In some countreys they begyn to
sowe pees soone after Christmasse: and in some places they
sowe bothe pees and 32 beanes vnder forowe: and those of
reson must be sowen
Feb. 2.

betyme. But moste generally, to begyn sone after

Candelmasse is good season, so that they be sowen ere the
begynnynge of Marche, or sone vpon. And specially let 36
them be sowen in the olde of the mone. For thopinion of olde
husbandes is, that they shoulde the better codde, and the
sooner be rype. But I speke not of hasty pees, for they be
sowen before Christmasse, &c. 40

13. ¶ To sowe barley.

Barley.

Every good housbande hath his barleye-falowe well

dounged, and lyenge rygged all the depe and colde of
wynter; the whiche ryggynge maketh the lande to be
[Fol. 11.]

drye, and the dongynge maketh it to be melowe and 4 ranke.

And if a drye season come before Candelmasse, or sone after,
it wolde be caste downe and waterforowed bytwene the
landes, that the wete rest not in the raine: and in the
begynnynge of Marche, rydge it vppe agayne, 8
Sow five bushels to the acre.

and to sowe in euery acre fyue London bushelles, or foure at

the leaste. And some yeres it maye so fortune, that there
cometh no seasonable wether before Marche, to plowe his
barley-erthe. And as soone as he hath 12 sowen his pees and
beanes, than let hym caste his barley-erthe, and shortly after
rygge it agayne: soo that it be sowen before Apryll. And if the
yere-tyme be paste, than sowe it vpon the castynge. 16
¶ It is to be knowen that there be thre maner of barleys,
that is to say, sprot-barleye, longe-eare, and beare-barley,
Sprot-barley.

that some menne call bigge. Sprot-barley hath a flat eare

most comonly, thre quarters of an inche brode, 20 and thre
inches long, and the cornes be very great
Long-ear.

and white, and it is the best barley. Long-eare hath a flatte

eare, halfe an inche brode, and foure inches and more of
length: but the corne is not so greate 24 nor soo whyte, and
sooner it wyll turne and growe
Bear-barley.

to otes. Bere-barleye or bygge wolde be sowen vppon

[Fol. 11b.]

lyghte and drye grounde, and hathe an eare thre ynches of

lengthe or more, sette foure-square, lyke pecke-whete, 28
small cornes, and lyttel floure, and that is the worste barley,
and foure London bushels are suffycient for an acre. And in
some countreyes, they do not sowe theyr barley tyll Maye,
and that is mooste commonly vpon 32 grauel or sandy
grounde. But that barley generally is
Sow in March.

neuer soo good as that that is sowen in Marche. For if it be

verye drie wether after it be sowen, that corne that lyeth
aboue, lyeth drie, and hath noo moysture, and that 36 that
lyeth vndernethe, commeth vp: and whan rayne cometh, than
sprutteth that that lyeth aboue, and often-tymes it is grene
whan the other is rype: and whan it is thresshen, there is
moche lyghte corne, &c. 40

14. To sowe otes.

Oats.

And in Marche is tyme to sowe otes, and specially vpon

lyght grounde & drie, howe-be-it they wylle grow on weter
grounde than any corne els: for wete grounde is good for no
maner of corne; and thre London bushels 4 wyl sowe an acre.
[Fol. 12.]

And it is to be knowen, that there be .iii. maner of otes,

Red oats.

that is to saye, redde otes, blacke otes, and roughe otes. Red
otes are the beste otes, and whan they be thresshed, 8 they
be yelowe in the busshell, and verye good to make
Black oats.

otemele of. Blacke otes are as great as they be, but they
haue not so moche floure in them, for they haue a thycker
huske, and also they be not so good to make otemele. 12
Rough oats.

The roughe otes be the worste, and it quiteth not the coste to
sowe them: they be very lyghte, and haue longe tayles,
wherby they wyll hange eche one to other. All these maner of
otes weare the grounde very sore, and 16
Observe how thick to sow.

maketh it to beare quyche. A yonge housbande ought to take

hede, howe thycke he sowethe all maner of corne, two or
three yeres: and to se, howe it cometh vp, and whether it be
thycke ynoughe or not: and if it be thynne, 20 sowe thycker
the nexte yere: and if it be well, holde his hande there other
yeres: and if it be to thynne, let hym remember hym selfe,
whether it be for the vnseasonablenes of the wether, or for
thyn sowynge. And so 24 his wysedome and discretion muste
discerne it.

15. ¶ To harowe all maner of cornes.

[Fol. 12b.]

Nowe these landes be plowed, and the corne sowen, it is

conuenient, that they be well harowed; or els crowes,
Harrowing.

doues, and other byrdes wyll eate and beare awaye the
cornes. It is vsed in many countreys, the husbandes to 4
The ox-harrow.

haue an oxe-harowe, the whiche is made of sixe smal peces

of timbre, called harowe-bulles, made eyther of
Harrow-bulls.

asshe or oke; they be two yardes longe, and as moche as the

small of a mannes legge, and haue shotes[23] of wode 8 put
through theym lyke lathes, and in euery bull are syxe sharpe
peces of yren called harowe-tyndes, set some-what a-slope
forwarde, and the formes[t] slote[24] must be bygger than
the other, bycause the fote-teame shall be fastened 12 to the
same with a shakyll, or a withe to drawe by. This
The horse-harrow.

harrowe is good to breake the greatte clottes, and to make

moche molde, and than the horse-harowes to come after, to
make the clottes smaller, and to laye the grounde euen. 16 It
is a greate labour and payne to the oxen, to goo to
‘The ox is never woe, Till he to the harrow go.’

harowe: for they were better to goo to the plowe two dayes,
thanne to harowe one daye. It is an olde saying, ‘The oxe is
neuer wo, tyll he to the harowe goo.’ And 20 it is bycause it
goeth by twytches, and not alwaye
[Fol. 13.]

after one draughte. The horse-harrowe is made of fyue

bulles, and passe not an elne of lengthe, and not soo moche
as the other, but they be lyke sloted and tinded. 24 And whan
the corne is well couered, than it is harowed ynough. There
be horse-harowes, that have tyndes of wodde: and those be
vsed moche about Ryppon, and
Boulder-stones.

suche other places, where be many bulder-stones. For 28

these stones wold weare the yren to soone, and those
Tines of the harrow made of ash.

tyndes be mooste commonly made of the grounde ende of a

yonge asshe, and they be more thanne a fote longe in the
begynnynge, and stande as moche aboue the harowe 32 as
benethe.
And as they weare, or breake, they dryue them downe
lower; and they wolde be made longe before, ere they be
occupied, that they maye be drye; for than they shall 36
endure and last moche better, and stycke the faster.
Horses for harrows.

The horses that shall drawe these harowes, muste be well

kepte and shodde, or elles they wyll soone be tyred, and sore
beate, that they may not drawe. They must haue 40 hombers
or collers, holmes withed about theyr neckes,
Swingle-tree.

tresses to drawe by, and a swyngletre to holde the tresses

abrode, and a togewith to be bytwene the swyngletre and the
harowe. And if the barleye-grounde wyll not breake 44 with
harrowes, but be clotty, it wolde be beaten with
[Fol. 13b.]

malles, and not streyght downe; for than they beate the
corne in-to the erthe. And if they beate the clot on the syde,
it wyll the better breake. And the clot wyll lye 48 lyghte, that
the corne maye lyghtely come vp. And they
Rolling the ground.

vse to role theyr barley-grounde after a shoure of rayne, to

make the grounde euen to mowe, &c.

16. ¶ To falowe.

Nowe these housbandes haue sowen theyr pees, beanes,

barley, and otes, and harowed them, it is the beste tyme,
Fallow in April.

to falowe, in the later ende of Marche and Apryll, for whete,

rye, and barley. And lette the husbande do the 4
Plough broad and deep.
beste he can, to plowe a brode forowe and a depe, soo that
he turne it cleane, and lay it flat, that it rere not on the edge:
the whiche shall destroy all the thistils and wedes. For the
deper and the broder that he gothe, 8 the more newe molde,
and the greatter clottes shall he haue, and the greatter
clottes, the better wheate. For the clottes kepe the wheate
warme all wynter, and at Marche they wyll melte and breake,
and fal in manye 12 small peces, the whiche is a newe
dongynge, and refresshynge
[Fol. 14, misprinted 16.]

of the corne. And also there shall but lyttell wedes growe
vpon the falowes, that are so falowed. For the plough goth
vndernethe the rootes of all maner of 16
Never fallow in winter; else

wedes, and tourneth the roote vpwarde, that it maye not

growe. And yf the lande be falowed in wynter tyme, it is farre
the worse, for three principall causes. One is, all the
(1) rain will wash the land;

rayne that commeth, shal washe the lande, and dryue 20

awaye the dounge and the good moulde, that the lande
(2) rain will beat it flat;

shall be moche the worse. An other cause is, the rayne shall
beate the lande so flat, and bake it so hard to-gyther, that if a
drye Maye come, it wyll be to harde to stere in 24
(3) the weeds will take deep root.

the moneth of June. And the thyrde cause is, the wiedes shall
take suche roote, er sterynge-tyme comme, that they wylle
not be cleane tourned vndernethe, the whiche shal be great
hurte to the corne, whan it shall be sowen, and 28 specially in
the weding-tyme of the same; and for any other thynge,
make a depe holowe forowe in the rydge of
Do not rest-baulk.

the lande, and loke wel, thou rest-balke it nat; for if thou do,
there wyll be many thystels: and than thou 32 shalte not
make a cleane rydge at the fyrste sterynge, and therfore it
muste nedes be depe plowed, or elles thou shalt nat tourne
the wiedes cleane.
[Fol. 14b.]

17. ¶ To cary out donge or mucke and to sprede

it.

And in the later ende of Apryll, and the begynnynge of

Carry out dung.

Maye, is tyme to cary out his dounge or mucke, and to lay it

vppon his barley-grounde. And where he hath barley this
yere, sowe it with whete or rye the next 4 tyme it is falowed,
and so shal he mucke all his landes ouer at euerye seconde
falowe. But that husbande that can fynd the meanes to cary
oute his donge, and to laye
Lay dung on the land after the first stirring,

it vpon his lande after it be ones sturred: it is moche 8 better

than to laye it vppon his falowe, for dyuer causes. One is, if it
be layde vpon his fallowe, all that fallethe in the holowe rygge
shall do lyttell good; for whan it is rygged agayne, it lyeth soo
depe in the erthe, that 12 it wyll not be plowed vp agayne,
excepte that whan he hath sprede it, he wyll with a shouell,
or a spade, caste out all that is fallen in the rygge. And if it be
layde
and soon after stirring.

vpon the sturrynge, at euery plowynge it shall medle 16 the

donge and the erthe togyder, the whiche shall cause the
corne moche better to growe and encreace. And in somme
places, they lode not theyr donge, tyll harvest be done, &
that is vsed in the farther 20
[Fol. 15.]

syde of Darbyshyre, called Scaresdale, Halomshyre, and so

northewarde towarde Yorke and Ryppon: and that I calle
better thanne vppon the falowe, and specyally for barley: but
vppon the fyrste sturrynge, is beste 24 for wheate and rye,
and that his dunge be layde vpon
Spread it evenly.

smal hepes nygh together, and to sprede it euenly, and to

leue no dounge there-as the mucke-hepe stode, for the
moystnes of the dounge shall cause the grounde to 28
Mix it with earth.

be ranke ynoughe. And if it be medled with erthe, as

sholynges and suche other, it wyll laste the longer, and better
for barley than for whete or rye, bycause of wedes. Horse-
donge is the worste donge that is. The 32 donge of all maner
catell, that chewe theyr cudde,
Doves’ dung.

is verye good. And the dounge of douues is best, but it must

be layde vppon the grounde verye thynne.

18. ¶ To set out the shepe-folde.

The sheep-fold.

Also it is tyme to set out the shepefolde in May, and to

sette it vppon the rye-grounde, if he haue any, and to flyte it
euery mornynge or nyght: and in the mornynge, whan he
cometh to his folde, let not his 4
[Fol. 15b.]
shepe out anone, but reyse theym vp, and let them stande
stylle good season, that they may donge and
See if the sheep have maggots.

pysse. And go amonge them to se whether any of them haue

any mathes, or be scabbed: and se them 8 thre or foure
tymes on the oone syde, and as ofte on the other syde. And
whan the kelles begonne besyde the grounde, than lette
theym out of the folde, and dryue theym to the soundest
place of the felde. But 12
Folding sheep is not a good plan.

he that hath a falowe felde, seueral to hym-selfe, let hym

occupie no folde. For foldynge of shepe maketh them
scabbed, and bredeth mathes; and whanne a storme of yll
wether commeth in the night, they can 16 nat flee nor go
awaye, and that appeyreth them sore of their flesshe. But
lette that man that hath such a
Drive stakes in the field.

seueral falowe-felde, driue twentie, thyrty, or forty stakes,

accordynge to the nombre of his shepe, vpon his falowe, 20
where he wolde sette his folde, and specially in the farthest
parte of the fyelde frome thense as they comme in, for the
goynge vppon dothe moche good. And lette the sheparde
brynge his shepe to the stakes, and 24
The sheep will rub against them.

the sheepe wylle rubbe them on the stakes. And lette the
sheparde goo aboute them, tyll they be sette, and thus serue
theym two or three nyghtes, and they wyll folowe those
stakes, as he flytteth them, and syt by 28
[Fol. 16, misprinted 14.]

them. And if any yll wether come, they will ryse vp, and go to
the hedge. And this maner of foldynge shall brede noo
mathes nor scabbe, nor appeyre theym of theyr flesshe, and
shall be a greate sauegarde to the 32 shepe for rottynge: and
in the mornynge put them out of theyr pasture, and thou
shalte not nede to bye any
Use no hurdles.

hurdels nor shepe-flekes; but howe ye shall salue them or

dresse them, ye shall vnderstande in the chaypter of 36 shepe
after.

19. ¶ To cary wodde and other necessaryes.

In May carry wood.

And in May, whan thou hast falowed thy grounde, and set
oute thy shepefolde, and caryed oute thy dounge or mucke, if
thou haue any wodde, cole, or tymbre to cary, or suche other
busynes, that muste nedes be doone, 4 with thy charte or
wayne, than is it tyme to do it. For
The days are then long.

than the waye is lyke to be fayre and drye, and the days
longe, and that tyme the husbande hath leeste to doo in
husbandry. Perauenture I set one thynge to be done at 8 one
tyme of the yere, and if the husbande shulde do it, it shulde
be a greatter losse to hym in an other thynge.
[Fol. 16b.]

Wherefore it is moste conuenient to do that thynge fyrst, that

is moste profytable to hym, and as soone as he 12 can, do the
other labour.

20. ¶ To knowe dyuers maner of wedes.

In June weed the corn.
 In the later ende of Maye, and the begynnynge of June, is
tyme to wede thy corne. There be diuers maner of wedes, as
thistyls, kedlokes, dockes, cocledrake, darnolde, gouldes,
haudoddes, dogfenell, mathes, ter, 4 and dyuers other small
wedes. But these be they that
Thistles.

greue mooste: The thistyll is an yll wede, roughe and sharpe

to handell, and freteth away the cornes nygh it, and causeth
the sherers or reapers not to shere cleane. 8
Charlock.

Kedlokes hath a leafe lyke rapes, and beareth a yelowe floure,

and is an yll wede, and groweth in al maner corne, and hath
small coddes, and groweth lyke mustard sede.
Docks.

Dockes have a brode lefe, and diuers high spyres, and 12

Cockle.

very small sede in the toppe. Cockole hath a longe small lefe,
and wyl beare fyue or vi. floures of purple colour, as brode as
a grote, and the sede is rounde and blacke, and maye well be
suffred in a breade-corne, but not in sede, 16
‘Drake.’

for therin is moche floure. Drake is lyke vnto rye, till it

[Fol. 17.]

begynne to sede, and it hath many sedes lyke fenell-sedes,

and hangeth downewarde, and it maye wel be suffred in
breade, for there is moche floure in the sede: and it is an 20
Darnel.

opinion that it commeth of rye, &c. Dernolde groweth vp

streyght lyke an hye grasse, and hath longe sedes on eyther
syde the sterte, and there is moche floure in that sede, and
growethe moche amonge barley: and it is 24
Golds.

sayde, that it cometh of small barley. Golds hath a shorte

iagged lefe, and groweth halfe a yarde hygh, and hath a
yelowe floure, as brode as a grote, and is an yll wede, and
Hawdod.

groweth commonlye in barleye and pees. Hawdod hath 28 a

blewe floure, and a fewe lyttell leues, and hath .v. or syxe
braunches, floured in the toppe: and groweth comonly in
Dog-fennel.

rye vpon leane grounde, and dothe lyttel hurte. Dogge-fenell

and mathes is bothe one, and in the commynge vp 32 is lyke
fenell and beareth many white floures, with a yelowe sede:
and is the worste wede that is, excepte terre, and it commeth
moste commonly, whan great wete commeth
Tares.

shortly after the corne is sowen. Terre is the 36 worste wede,

and it neuer dothe appere tyll the moneth of June, and
specyallye whanne there is great wete in that mone, or a
lyttell before, and groweth mooste in rye, and it groweth lyke
fytches, but it is moche smaller, and 40
[Fol. 17b.]

it wyll growe as hyghe as the corne, and with the weyght

therof it pulleth the corne flatte to the erth, and freteth the
eares away; wherfore I haue seene housbandes mowe downe
the corne and it together: And also with sharp 44 hokes to
repe it, as they doo pees, and made drye, and than it wyll be
good fodder.
Dee-nettles.
There be other wedes not spoken of, as dee-nettylles,
Dodder.
dodder, and suche other, that doo moche harme. 48
 21. ¶ Howe to wede corne.
How to weed.

Nowe it wolde be knowen, howe these cornes shulde be

weded. The chyefe instrument to wede with is a paire of
tonges made of wode, and in the farther ende it is nycked, to
holde the wed faster; and after a shoure of 4 raine it is beste
wedynge, for than they maye be pulled vp by the rotes, and
than it cometh neuer agayne. And
Weeding-hook.

if it be drye wether, than muste ye haue a wedynge-hoke with

a socket set vpon a lyttel staffe of a yarde longe, and 8 this
hoke wolde be well steeled, and grounde sharpe bothe
Forked stick.

behynde and before. And in his other hande he hath a forked

stycke a yarde longe, and with his forked stycke
[Fol. 18.]

he putteth the wede from hym, and he putteth the hoke 12

beyond the rote of the wede, and pulleth it to hym, and
cutteth the wede fast by the erthe, and with his hoke he
taketh up the wede, and casteth it in the reane, and if the
reane be full of corne, it is better it stande styll, 16 whan it is
cut, and wyddre: but let hym beware, that he trede not to
moche vppon the corne, and specyallye after
Cut not the corn.

it is shotte, and whan he cutteth the wede, that he cut not

the corne: and therefore the hoke wolde not passe 20 an
inche wyde. And whanne the wede is soo shorte, that he can
not with his forked stycke put it from hym, and with the hoke
pull it to hym, thanne muste he set his hoke vppon the wede,
fast by the erthe, and put it 24 from hym, and so shall he
cutte it cleane. And with