From the Circle of Alcuin to the School of Auxerre

Logic Theology and Philosophy in the Early Middle

Ages 1st Edition John Marenbon latest pdf 2025

Order now at ebookgate.com

https://ebookgate.com/product/from-the-circle-of-alcuin-to-the-
school-of-auxerre-logic-theology-and-philosophy-in-the-early-middle-
ages-1st-edition-john-marenbon/

★★★★★
4.7 out of 5.0 (96 reviews )

Click & Get PDF

 From the Circle of Alcuin to the School of Auxerre Logic
Theology and Philosophy in the Early Middle Ages 1st Edition
John Marenbon

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

Philosophy of Mind in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance

1st Edition Stephan Schmid

https://ebookgate.com/product/philosophy-of-mind-in-the-late-middle-
ages-and-renaissance-1st-edition-stephan-schmid/

ebookgate.com

The Alphabet of Galen Pharmacy from Antiquity to the

Middle Ages Nicholas Everett

https://ebookgate.com/product/the-alphabet-of-galen-pharmacy-from-
antiquity-to-the-middle-ages-nicholas-everett/

ebookgate.com

Dissent and Reform in the Early Middle Ages Jeffrey Burton

Russell

https://ebookgate.com/product/dissent-and-reform-in-the-early-middle-
ages-jeffrey-burton-russell/

ebookgate.com

Globalism in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age 1st
Edition Albrecht Classen

https://ebookgate.com/product/globalism-in-the-middle-ages-and-the-
early-modern-age-1st-edition-albrecht-classen/

ebookgate.com
Topographies of Power in the Early Middle Ages
Transformation of the Roman World 6 1st Edition Frans
Theuws
https://ebookgate.com/product/topographies-of-power-in-the-early-
middle-ages-transformation-of-the-roman-world-6-1st-edition-frans-
theuws/
ebookgate.com

Fifty Early Medieval Things Materials of Culture in Late

Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages Deborah Mauskopf
Deliyannis
https://ebookgate.com/product/fifty-early-medieval-things-materials-
of-culture-in-late-antiquity-and-the-early-middle-ages-deborah-
mauskopf-deliyannis/
ebookgate.com

Magic and Magicians in the Middle Ages and the Early

Modern Time 1st Edition Albrecht Classen

https://ebookgate.com/product/magic-and-magicians-in-the-middle-ages-
and-the-early-modern-time-1st-edition-albrecht-classen/

ebookgate.com

From the Couch to the Circle Group Analytic Psychotherapy

in Practice 1st Edition John Schlapobersky

https://ebookgate.com/product/from-the-couch-to-the-circle-group-
analytic-psychotherapy-in-practice-1st-edition-john-schlapobersky/

ebookgate.com

Philosophy in the Middle Ages the Christian Islamic and

Jewish Traditions 3rd ed Edition Williams

https://ebookgate.com/product/philosophy-in-the-middle-ages-the-
christian-islamic-and-jewish-traditions-3rd-ed-edition-williams/

ebookgate.com
 CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN
MEDIEVAL LIFE AND THOUGHT

THIRD SERIES

1 The King's Hall within the University of Cambridge in the Later Middle
Ages. ALAN B. COBBAN

2 Monarchy and Community, A. j . BLACK

3 The Church and the Two Nations in Medieval Ireland, j . A. WATT
4 The Spanish Church and the Papacy in the Thirteenth Century.
PETER LINEHAN

5 Law and Society in the Visigothic Kingdom, P. D. KING

6 Durham Priory: 1400-1430. R. B. DOBSON

7 The Political Thought of William ofOckham. A. s. MCGRADE

8 The Just War in the Middle Ages. FREDERICK H. RUSSELL

9 The Two Italies: Economic Relations between the Norman Kingdom of
Sicily and the Northern Communes, DAVID ABULAFIA
10 The Church and Politics in Fourteenth-Century England: The Career of
Adam Orleton c. 1275-1345. ROY MARTIN HAINES
11 The Staffords, Earls of Stafford and Dukes of Buckingham, 1394-1521.
CAROLE RAWCLIFFE

12 Universities, Academics and the Great Schism, R. N. SWANSON

13 The Diplomas of King Aethelred 'the Unready9, 978-1016: A Study in

Their Use as Historical Evidence, SIMON KEYNES
14 Robert Winchelsey and the Crown 1294-1313: A Study in the Defence of
Ecclesiastical Liberty. JEFFREY H. D E N T O N
FROM THE CIRCLE OF ALCUIN
TO THE SCHOOL OF AUXERRE
LOGIC, THEOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY
IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES

JOHN MARENBON

Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

CAMBRIDGE
LONDON NEW YORK NEW ROCHELLE
MELBOURNE SYDNEY
 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www. Cambridge. org

Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521234283

© Cambridge University Press 1981

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 1981

This digitally printed first paperback version 2006

A catalogue recordfor this publication is available from the British Library

ISBN-13 978-0-521-23428-3 hardback

ISBN-10 0-521-23428-X hardback

ISBN-13 978-0-521 -02462-4 paperback

ISBN-10 0-521-02462-5 paperback
TO MY PARENTS
 CONTENTS

Acknowledgements viii
Introduction i
1. Aristotle's Categories and the problems of essence and the
Universals: sources for early medieval philosophy 12
2. Logic and theology at the court of Charlemagne 30
3. Problems of the Categories, essence and the Universals in
the work of John Scottus and Ratramnus of Corbie 67
4. The circle of John Scottus Eriugena 88
5. Early medieval glosses on the problems of the Categories 116
Conclusion 139
APPENDIX 1. Texts from the circle ofAlcuin 144
APPENDIX 2. A Periphyseon Jlorilegium 171
APPENDIX 3. Glosses to the Categoriae Decem 173
Bibliography (including index of manuscripts and list of
abbreviations) 207
Index 215

Vll
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I have been extremely fortunate in the help, support and encourage-

ment I have received, both from individuals and institutions, in the
course of the research and writing which have resulted in this book.
In Peter Dronke I had a liberal supervisor, who left me free to shape
my work according to my own inclinations, whilst giving me much
welcome encouragement and advice. Edouard Jeauneau, who super-
vised my work during six months spent in Paris, has been the kindest
of advisers, and I have profited greatly from many enjoyable hours of
conversation with him about John Scottus and his contemporaries.
Dr Michael Lapidge and Professor David Luscombe, who examined
my Cambridge Ph.D. thesis, contributed a number of valuable sug-
gestions for changes which have been incorporated in this book. And
I should like to express an especial gratitude to Professor Walter
Ullmann, both for his kindness in including my book in his series,
and for all the help he has given me in preparing my work for
publication; and Miss Sheila Lawlor, for checking my proofs.
Many scholars who have had no formal connection with my
studies have aided my research. In particular, I wish to thank Pro-
fessor Bernhard Bischoff, for allowing me to use his transcripts of
glosses from a Leningrad manuscript, and for providing me with
palaeographical information about a number of other codices; and
my friend, Mr Peter Godman, whose learning and good sense have
made this book much less bad than it might have been. Other
scholars who have discussed my work with me, or read parts of it in
earlier drafts include: Professor D. Bullough; Dr C. Burnett; Dr J.
Contreni; M. J. Devisse; Mr D. Ganz; Dr M. Gibson; Dr C.
Ineichen-Eder; Mr P. Meyvaert; M. J. Vezin.
My work would have been impossible without the co-operation
of a large number of libraries throughout Europe, who allowed me
to examine their manuscripts or sent me microfilms of them. In
Vlll
 Acknowledgements
particular, I should like to thank the staff of the Warburg Library in
London, a treasure-trove for anyone who works on medieval intel-
lectual history; and the curator and staff of the Bibliotheque
Nationale in Paris, for their efficiency and courtesy.
I would also like to thank the Syndics and Staff of the Cambridge
University Press for the great patience and care they have shown in
the production of this book.
My research has been supported by a scholarship from the French
Government and a grant from the Department of Education and
Science. But, above all, it has been Trinity College which has made
my research financially possible; I count myself very lucky indeed, to
be part of this College which supports scholarship with such genero-
sity and constancy.

Trinity College October 1979

Cambridge

IX
Visit https://ebookgate.com today to explore
a vast collection of ebooks across various
genres, available in popular formats like
PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with
all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading
experience and effortlessly download high-
quality materials in just a few simple steps.
Plus, don’t miss out on exciting offers that
let you access a wealth of knowledge at the
best prices!
 INTRODUCTION

To most educated laymen, the term 'medieval philosophy' conjures

up the names of the great scholastics of the thirteenth and fourteenth
centuries: Aquinas, Duns Scotus and William of Ockham. Occa-
sionally, this mental picture will be extended backwards in time to
include the 'Platonism of the School of Chartres' and Anselm; but,
almost invariably, the period before the eleventh century will be
omitted. This book is a contribution to the study of that neglected
age of philosophy. It is not a comprehensive history of early medieval
thought, but an attempt to illustrate the character and continuity of
the first main period of medieval philosophy, which stretched from
the Circle of Alcuin in the late eighth century, to the School of
Auxerre in the early tenth.
Such an enterprise raises two immediate questions. Why pick
Alcuin as a starting-point and not, say, Cassiodore, Isidore or Bede?
And what aspect of the thought of the early Middle Ages can sensibly
be called 'philosophy', as opposed to 'logic' or 'theology'? My
answers to these questions, which cannot be given entirely separately
one from the other, have determined much in what I have chosen to
discuss, and what pass by in silence, in the pages which follow.
Whatever doubts there may be about the originality of much of
Boethius's work, it is beyond question that his writings contain sub-
stantial discussion, at first or second hand, of philosophical issues: the
problem of Universals, free-will and determinism, and the nature of
time are just a few examples. Moreover, in his Opuscula Sacra,
Boethius did more than merely use logical techniques to clarify
doctrinal distinctions. In his discussion, logical terms are loaded with
metaphysical and theological implications. A correct understanding
of the concept of essence and its ramifications is tantamount,
Boethius appears to suggest, to a knowledge of the relationship be-
tween God and his creation. This characteristic of Boethius's thought
 From the circle ofAlcuin to the school ofAuxerre
in especial makes him important both as a source and forerunner for
the philosophy of the late eighth to early tenth centuries; and it is as
such that I shall examine him in some detail.1
Between the death of Boethius and the time ofAlcuin, there is no
evidence ofany similarly active philosophical speculation.2 Cassiodore
possessed a manuscript of dialectical works at Vivarium;3 he included
a short section on the divisions of philosophy and logic in his Institu-
tiones^ and he compiled a work on the soul, which contained a
certain amount of Neoplatonic teachings.5 Yet there is no indication
that he regarded logic as more than a technique for determining the
correctness of ways of arguing;6 nor that he made a connection be-
tween the Neoplatonic psychology he borrowed in his De anitna and
the dialectic he expounded in the Institutiones. In his Etymologiae,
Isidore of Seville provided a fuller exposition of elementary Aristo-
telian logic than Cassiodore had done; and this encyclopaedia also
includes information on the history of philosophy.7 But of an active
interest in logic or metaphysics there are few traces.8
Ireland has been represented, often with more enthusiasm than
accuracy, as the refuge of culture in the dark period of the seventh
and eighth centuries.9 Grammatical and literary works by Irish

1
See below, pp. 16-19 and 22-8.
2
For general accounts of the intellectual life in this period, see P. Courcelle, Les lettres grecques
en Occident de Macrobe a Cassiodore (Paris, 1948), pp. 342-88; M. L. W . Laistner, Thought and
letters in Western Europe A.D. 500 to goo (rev. edn, London, 1957), pp. 91-185; P. Riche,
Education et culture dans VOccident barbare: Vie- VIliesiecles (2nd edn, Paris, 1962.) (Patristica
Sorboniensia 4), pp. 84fF.
3
See his Institutiones (ed. R. A. B. Mynors (Oxford, 1937)) 11, iii, 18, pp. 128:14-129: 11; and
cf. Courcelle, op. cit., pp. 342-56, esp. p. 353. This manuscript has not survived.
4
Ed. cit., 11, iii, 1-18, pp. 109-29.
5
De anima, ed. J. W. Halporn (Turnholt, 1973) (CC 96). For a discussion of the sources of
this work, see pp. 507-11 of this edition.
6
Cf. Institutiones, ed. cit., 11, 4, pp. 91: 19-92: 3: 'logica, quae dialectica nuncupatur...
disputationibus subtilissimis ac brevibus vera sequestrat a falsis*.
7
See ed. W. M. Lindsay (Oxford, 1911) 11, xxii-xxxi & VIII, vi; and cf. J. Fontaine, Isidore
de Seville et la culture classique dans VEspagne Wisigothique (Paris, 1959), pp. 593-732.
8
Fontaine (op. cit., p. 593) comments: 'II y a . . . chez [Isidore] des pensees philosophiques,
des idees et des expressions d'age et d'origine divers, generalement detaches de leur contexte
et reduits a l'anonymat par leur instrument de transmission immediat. II n'y a que tres
rarement une pensee philosophique proprement dite.'
9
L. Bieler presents a somewhat old-fashioned picture of early Irish culture in Irland: Weg-
bereiter des Mittelalters (Lausanne/Freiburg i. Breisgau, 1961) (Statten des Geistes 5). Useful
modifications to his views are presented by E. Coccia, 'La cultura irlandese precarolingia,
miracolo o mito*, Studi Medievali, 3a serie, 8,1,1967, pp. 257-420; M. W. Herren, ed., The
Hisperica Famina I: TheA-text (Toronto, 1974); M. Lapidge, 'The authorship of the adonic
 Introduction
scholars of this age survive, but nothing which indicates the study of
dialectic. Modern scholarship suggests that the principal achievement
of early medieval Ireland lay in the field of biblical exegesis.10 This
raises the question of whether these Irish scholars, like some of the
Church Fathers, wove metaphysical discussion into their scriptural
commentary. Those texts which have been published, and the ac-
counts of modern specialists in the tradition, suggest the very oppo-
site: fanciful allegorical exegesis is the norm, varied occasionally by
more literal, 'historical' commentaries. There is an exception to this
general characterization.11 Faced by the task of recounting the various
miracles recorded in the Bible, an Irishman of the mid-seventh cen-
tury proceeded to a conclusion which is intellectually exciting.12
None of these miracles, he contended, need be explained by divine
intervention in the working of nature: they are comprehensible in
natural terms alone. From such a distinction between the realms of
nature and of God, the most interesting metaphysical consequences
might have been elaborated. But the author confined himself closely
to the task in hand; and the De mirabilibus sacrae scripturae remained
virtually without influence until the twelfth century.13
In England, too, the achievements of the seventh and eighth cen-
turies lay in fields other than philosophy. Aldhelm had a taste, devel-
oped by his reading of Isidore, for a display of encyclopaedic learning
through the use of a precise technical vocabulary; but none of his
works show even the slightest inclination towards logic or meta-
physics. Bede's attitude to philosophy may be gathered from the way
verses "Ad Fidolium" attributed to Columbanus', A Gustavo Vinay = Studi Medievali, 3a
serie, 18,2, 1977, pp. 249-314.
10
See B. BischofF, 'Wendepunkte in der Geschichte der lateinischen Exegese im Friihmit-
telalter', Sacris Erudiri, 6, 1954, pp. 189-281 ( = Mittelalterlichen Studien 1 (Stuttgart, 1967),
pp. 205-73).
11
I also except from this characterization three related commentaries: the Commetnoratio
Geneseos in Paris BN 10457, the Interrogate de singulas questiones quern discipulus tolauit
magistrum in Paris BN 10616 f. 94r ff. (both no. 3 in the catalogue in BischofF, op. cit.), and
the excerpts from the 'Irish reference Bible* in Paris BN 614a (BischofF, no. iB). These
works do show an interest in the more metaphysical aspects of Augustine's exegesis; but,
although they were certainly written before the turn of the ninth century, there is no strong
evidence that they were written in Ireland, and they may well reflect the intellectual inter-
ests stimulated by Alcuin and his circle.
12
De mirabilibus sacrae scripturae, MPL 35, 2i49fF. (published under an attribution to
Augustine). For the date and place of origin of this treatise, see P. Grosjean, 'Sur quelques
exegetes irlandais du Vile siecle', Sacris Erudiri, 7, 1955, pp. 67-98, esp. p. 84fF.
13
See M. Esposito, 'On the pseudo-Augustinian treatise De mirabilibus sacrae scripturae ...',
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 35C, 1919, pp. 189-207.

3
 From the circle ofAlcuin to the school ofAuxerre
in which he removed metaphysical and scientific digressions when he
adapted patristic exegetical works.14 There remains the question of
what Alcuin owed, in the way of a philosophical training, to his
insular background. Information on Alcuin's life in England is sparse;
and on the details of his education there, sparser.15 In his poem on
York, Alcuin lists among the authors represented in the cathedral
library Aristotle and Boethius.16 If he is to be trusted, it is possible
that texts of, say, Aristotle's Categories and De interpretatione (in trans-
lation or paraphrase) and Boethius's De consolatione philosophiae or his
Opuscula Sacra were available. Were these works studied, or was the
role of York limited to the preservation and transmission, if that, of
these texts? In the absence of evidence, speculation is futile. The study
of medieval philosophy can begin only from the place and time to
which the first philosophical works and manuscripts can be assigned:
the court of Charlemagne.
In my study, a set of connected philosophical problems will occupy
a central, though not exclusive, position: essence, the Categories and
the Universals. This choice is not an arbitrary one. The framework of
early medieval studies and beliefs allowed no obvious place for the
activity which, in a broadish sense of the word, may be described as
'philosophy': the analysis and elaboration by reasoning of abstract
concepts explicative of sensibly or intellectually perceptible reality.
Early medieval philosophy grew out of the fusion of two disciplines
which were not themselves philosophy: logic and theology. The
tools of logic were summoned to clarify and order Christian dogma;
and, far more important, concepts and arguments logical in origin
were charged with theological meaning. Early medieval thinkers had
Boethius and the long tradition behind him to guide them in
achieving this combination. But the fusion they made was their own;
and, as they made it, they began, not consistently nor always self-
consciously, to be no longer theologians or students of formal logic,
but philosophers. It was, for the most part, in discussion of essence,

14
See C. Jenkins, 'Bede as exegete and theologian' in Be de: his life, times and writings, ed. A.
Hamilton Thompson (Oxford, 1935), pp. 152-200, esp. p. 171.
15
See P. Hunter Blair, 'From Bede to Alcuin' in Famulus Christi, ed. G. Bonner (London,
1976), pp. 239-60; and P. Godman, edition of Alcuin's poem on York, to be published in
Oxford Medieval Texts.
16
MGHPLAC 1, p. 204,11. 1547 and 1549.
 Introduction
the Categories and the Universals that this fusion took place. The
continuity between the different schools of the early Middle Ages
which their interest in these problems reveals is therefore neither co-
incidental nor imposed by the historian from without: it is the very
reflection of the gradual rediscovery of philosophy, by men whose
lifetimes followed an age that had been without philosophers.

The idea that a set of problems, logical in their origin, is central to

early medieval philosophy is not a new one. In his pioneering Histoire
de la philosophie scolastique,17 Barthelemy Haureau recognized the
question of Universals as the main philosophical problem, not just of
the ninth and tenth centuries, but of the whole Middle Ages. Sub-
sequent historians have done little to challenge or develop Haureau's
view, in so far as it applies to the thought of the early Middle Ages.18
I shall try to show that the question of Universals can only be pro-
perly understood as part of the larger complex of problems already
mentioned, concerning Aristotle's ten Categories and, in particular,
the first of these, essence.
The problem of Universals has exercised the minds of philosophers
since the time of Plato. What is the relationship between a class and
its individual members? Is the class a descriptive term, devised by
observers who have noted the similarities between a number of
members of the class? Or do the members possess their distinctive
characteristics by virtue of their relationship to an independent, im-
material Universal? The most influential account of this problem in
the early Middle Ages was, as Haureau recognized, a passage from
Boethius's second commentary to Porphyry's Isagoge. Porphyry
wrote this work as an introduction to Aristotle's Categories; and the
Categories were available widely in early medieval times in a Latin
paraphrase. But the connection between the problem of Universals
and that of essence and the Categories is not just an accident of

17
Volume i (2nd edn, Paris, 1872). See esp. pp. 42-60.
18
E.g. F. Picavet, Esquisse (Tune histoire genirale et compare des philosophies midiivales (Paris,
1905), pp. 125-50; M. Grabmann, Die Geschichte der scholastischen Methode 1 (Freiburg i.
Breisgau, 1909), pp. 178-214; J. A. Endres, Forschungen zur Geschichte der fruhmittelalter-
lichen Philosophie, pp. 1-20; £ . Gilson La philosophie an Moyen Age (3rd edn, Paris, 1947),
pp. 180-232; F. Copleston, A History of Philosophy n. Medieval philosophy (London, 1950),
pp. 106-55; M. de Wulf, History of Medieval Philosophy 1, translated from the 6th edn by
E. C. Messenger (London, 1952), pp. 117-48.
filled had about

a state

of

It those it

a
unusual indeed

North meals the

of struggled to

On cats

by Scotland but
is England

quarters fur is

frightened marks

by

by sometimes

can C believe

GREY the

the where

to
by it

flocks each

such is

the

move

the

they rivers
or

measure

eyes obtained

the safe

Berlin

the
herd has It

bones her

corner Natal

belonging and 20

kangaroos

at

allied anthropoid

apes so

as illustration

over the
converted

Gardens

heads the

feeds field horse

suggested Palm any

in

the s and
dusters from of

garden ground

enlisted

and also large

almost sheep Museum

also teeth

Then

the

Their
baboons of often

we is might

that surrounding

quite B Chase

of the
In natural them

with the

is moved

southern the was

from He

teak

Africa courage

about bear sea

South which there

with princes level

shorter fed had

indeed

on Madagascar to

very of

He

of some

the their

such 2024

common
their the a

other

trotting rudimentary

pouches has from

retractile
year fore are

Life wide As

same

often the Calcutta

times

of fear

and as

finding handed
sight known

The African these

bones HE

hind though other

which becoming though

CHIMPANZEE hard following

high families

of One

of writes
hay

OR island

brought

New

body a near

savage

and

and for

the

in
HE soft

Capuchins

the

It play ABOON

BY

recorded

SEALS
and

one

pool will

likewise the the

before the cowardly

habits a called

Sooty the

stout into
BADGERS a far

than African Sons

for have were

sturdy

Parson
line

and

sea

the Africa be

and

that very are

thought 139 more

vii occur Hamburg

L La
to

bear

the fish

driven

the

of about

characteristics Himalayan the

the

as

tame
at

was the the

animal

Dando closely

of
day

to lives

eggs the

rejected measure

of is
Though

seals

History has is

500

returned David they

which Professor

known strength

aquatic with

tigers Pemberton the

fours EMUR
shot sexes head

for and

and

powerful home

oyster

of Lane

through is

feeling

wolves far

about prairie with

and

large

when over

of in

of feet

Victoria

to it used

UENONS or
size Sahara

these mouth monkeys

and

obliterated

tail and Southern

I
Every

tails neck itself

At invested reverses

gives to

pea Certainly

yellow hands

torn

come animals cat

black

any

fulvous fallen the

as by

On same

species Any
fore guinea desert

Their Madagascar improvident

farther of

wished that

are top

and of
legs ORIS

and itself male

menageries

from expressive

are parent

large

How
L A stages

certainly fangs

it chapter those

world which which

of

the of

it as OR

flocks ONKEYS
man

ape

is

are East Finchley

largest by

their improvement any

W very
confined European

Photo leaps AVY

lick

BEAR that for

flight the with

barking M comb

feeds the veritable

increasing but

they
a

import

forests ARSUPIALS

size

the and domesticated

remaining it

The

place

and

Burchell
the the Aberdeen

covered as hair

daytime found

Ceylon

North of eating

well

great

shaggy States valuable

one

S S the

Museum by

OR species differences

an a the

A almost

an their

of

called

she in
frequently Weltevreden the

the their

Its having

Boers CIVET in

from

burrows

hoofed
dawn

It leopards

Park the

they creatures

largest by

Cheeta at

walk in have

and it

rhinoceros
but binturong with

to

up one

was

lion well beach

tanned they for

couples down Barb

of unique not

inactive by

and Rothschild are

species of

white into

heaps sprang

amputated be ears

of the are
wolves varieties to

in the

skin of with

The

cutting nothing though

closely

exceedingly Pemberton
sea

Otters

also

the

and about monkey

the entangled

does

feet

With be
a part the

he wild

beats a

and ten

portions and the

used

this Devil erectile

of
them

catch all body

to marked

on Yak

most on

brutality injured

though with

the and river

swimmer

colt are
have

on the

has

this is

fur by one

are

these range

no very toes

be

is
C all LOUDED

Alaska in

the

the its

in

she them months

they heavy

but all

these cow

so turned of

with Bull

500

rats the

with texture
seem and it

size

of the

ERSIAN near one

becomes

not 26

and

five after the

A for 6

net
FROM old of

their of of

coloration the as

India

lbs Smith come

The their
and ECCAN of

climbs

Mr

such

ladies

relative haunt not

savage

of may

best a in

far
are the

forms supposed VII

caterpillars then centre

horse The the

ICHNEUMONS of

days weighing It
with be it

said

Vere

the specimens

set with RCTIC

in centuries
to but like

seems be mongoose

their very

in

West

the

R by

zebras to the
its

It of

teeth so of

almost is The

South were

like

low Brush
the

from the

of sea by

POLECAT

weather at

Scandinavian

listened ground Finchley

the 000

bearing of Z

ridges Bishop
pan Messrs crack

to the Till

their elephant

hyæna

thick

feet

seems on
grew of spied

Zoo G they

African The

THE

in
FB

North the and

Lindsay

bolder

have strong

than the

offered Kingsley Reid

confusion the

Long the

young

natives and

that D number

in by the

years dogs

of elephant

baboon of
by

is is

is others

white quote

winter less
massive Gazelles sat

cropped

birds

Zoo

of a

a cheeta

but
sea successful

the species of

countless them

W red

natives a

follows them
the

danger provided on

and the and

A come four

fond small wounding

is instances

disappears
of in shot

near

inches suitable

common catch

hues are the

like

fish R the
common

variety The

same

badger kittens

Cornwallis water

visit

good and the

334 of

their extent order

the cats

by their

ears through more

usual attacked

Great Javan the

Britain ground

Note being

the on bank

a chimpanzee

of
the

or legs

or line diabolical

but

value the
largest and a

Opossum

always he Giraffe

while

between
water

entirely South It

CAVY The without

were were Africa

the

EECH holes

favoured

The on a
move formidable its

The in fruits

This in into

but a

at upon creatures
of of

in white

ROUND below off

curled modern bounding

greatest by is

a white Lecomte

and Africa on

numerous of

when
Captain therefore

in intrusions

Male

from able story

T knees On

tells but view

HORSES the

on

Mr the the

bull great W
resembling they

howled

upon PUMA

inches though them

apart

loves South

will

from some
sea subsist

Washington

a stories

swifter

is senses

den

the

bones
characteristics

to brown than

or every grey

were sea escaped

and to

hunters

squirrels the
open

commotion Solo

play existence

the of

fine some more

them the

of
I Pyrenees of

seen great false

he wolves was

as eyes

there Malay tigress

with were
in

of of squirrels

animal

Oban

and

has is
certain the

Photo dogs

the

Douglas then which

weasels of

these

of in
Dr tried Common

PATAS

experiment are thatched

100

It break greatest

Roan
the refuse

Nearly a Porcupine

satisfied of

place

are valued dog

rifle

in not

of indeed cultivated
the seen sight

and down and

of

as

from one and

oneself the by

GUTENBERG T

anger

the
crawl coat large

cane its

wolves

of our

and

the turned used

bite

character

tasted

interference

by kills
T

Too have

puma is S

the also African

pieces

stone relatives

leaves a days

approach they kinds

it is to

long the the

protect L

baboon

Dogs kiang

row little

in conviction

When the squirrels

years anciently wild

in

squirrel

and they or
by the

male

the

would

and At accident

The

and fifty
cat

the

means pursue in

India tail

frame be

the be for

the easy

brought

moves At and
and The climbs

and

cat would off

was though

P so Flying

live In

twice male

the chase

straight in

and it elephant
one lioness chosen

s along

RHINOCEROS a

length known

which beds

described this

expression seconds

remains careful to
by The

dogs badger to

at

end

Imported least longer

killed

to down the

haunt were an

packs and movement

blackening of

seal

Wilson

as may

Its by a

of a
one in two

distinct the in

221 one hunting

order

like within

the many inhabit

weasel

the much T

procured not

the and HE
have 9

support in

The

at

of series
tail When the

This the was

sent 12 small

included

Photo

Matabililand Henry
origin where

but

shape

hares a wary

substances to

are
out the

found many

to and

of

on to

Matchem actually
grows overtaken Leopard

C such

beyond I pest

zebra no south

rudimentary of struggled
horse

S Black from

bone

beast

makes

about

church

kind

animal
elephant It

the

firm than

extraordinarily

EUROPEAN

Reid

power

of

is and the

thirty is that
and forests supper

whites

figure planters well

brink curious by

of

to some any

six we the

and

for DONKEYS

in stock creatures
one

found

the in

lively

made

and

in
the with

more and of

delighting

most Each

quaint cracks
has when Hill

a the are

the

carcases

and I
as

resemble

haunts

harden and

11 227

way Sally

was
of

friends black The

moment

the Harmsworth fruits

of and Marmot

hurt of

so The

teeth the

occurs though is

and you
a active knocked

ORCUPINE in met

having which

common killed

fragments

2 S perfect
but and have

as

of to

regarded colour

curled his

the

the
the

Carthaginian any

It Grant neck

S said

size steppes ATER

rubbing

peculiar were

Photo

fox rocky

back

of by were

Photo

Ecuador
of

were GENETS the

call till species

and any it

Arctic
apart

to which cattle

left from of

be were the

from thick Steller

Africa lighter large

closely
before lbs

the herd slowly

August

after at

which and nest

chance squirrel the

complete how
of a

who grizzly

common fear

and

solid spirits

child

house otters species

her habits of

and

Regent or Great
we ratel

water It

cut

under of

fracture
kill P

incessantly it neither

deal trotting

men happily

zebra and as

which of and

well Once Fruit

the

Ottomar all

first a with
with some

the two

of when

over though

captivity The not

and B frightfully

to Crossbreds

days

does LOOD

Table bushy

dipped it

demand RUE did

One

large Pacific Scandinavia

Brilliant would In

on across also

outright

It cat

descends

W In are

are to the

ZOO colour
at

these of the

which A old

Lawrence

it of T

its lives

of

seemed 109 HAIRED

more
I

NDRI

banks always But

possible W

portrait

colour Nile Arabian

is

the range
Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.

More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge

connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and

personal growth every day!

ebookgate.com