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 Spanish
Verb Tenses
PREMIUM FOURTH EDITION

Dorothy Richmond

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 To Lily Richmond, who completes our family

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 Contents

Acknowledgments  ix
Introduction  xi

I THE PRESENT TENSE  1

1 Conjugation of regular verbs  3
The basics of verbs  3
Conjugating verbs  4
Regular -ar verbs  5
Negative sentences  7
Regular -er verbs  9
Regular -ir verbs  11
Asking questions  14

2 Ser and estar  19

Using ser  20
Using estar  25

3 Hay  31
4 Tener  35
Possession  35
Age  37
Idiomatic expressions with tener  37
Obligation  39

5 The personal a  43

6 Common irregular verbs  47
Phrases with two verbs—querer, poder, deber  49
Describing the weather—hacer, estar  50
Playing games—jugar  51
Expressing future action—ir + a + infinitive  52

FM.indd 5 17-01-2019 10:19:17

 7 Saber and conocer  57
Saber  57
Conocer  60

8 Stem-changing verbs  65
o > ue  65
e > ie  67
e > i  69

9 Irregular verb groups  73

Infinitives ending with -cer preceded by a vowel  73
Infinitives ending with -ucir  75
Infinitives ending with -cer or -cir preceded by a consonant  77
Infinitives ending with -ger or -gir  78
Infinitives ending with -aer  80
Infinitives ending with -uir not preceded by g  81
Infinitives ending with -guir  83

10 Reflexive verbs  87
11 Gustar and similarly formed verbs  93
12 The present progressive  99
Formation of the present progressive  99
Object pronouns with the present progressive  104

THE PAST TENSES, THE FUTURE TENSE,


II THE CONDITIONAL TENSE, AND THE PRESENT
AND PAST PERFECT TENSES  107
13 The preterite tense  109
Regular verbs in the preterite  110
Irregular verbs in the preterite  117
Verbs that change meaning in the preterite  132

14 The imperfect tense  135

Regular verbs in the imperfect  136
Irregular verbs in the imperfect  136
When to use the imperfect  137

15 The future tense  159

Regular verbs in the future  159
Irregular verbs in the future  164

vi Contents

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 16 The conditional tense  171
Regular verbs in the conditional  171
Irregular verbs in the conditional  174

17 The present perfect tense  179

Formation of the present perfect  179

18 The past perfect tense  187

Formation of the past perfect  187

THE IMPERATIVE, THE SUBJUNCTIVE,


III THE FUTURE AND CONDITIONAL PERFECT
TENSES, AND THE PASSIVE VOICE  195
19 The imperative  197
tú commands  197
usted commands  202
ustedes commands  204
vosotros commands  205
nosotros commands  207
Notable characteristics of commands  207

20 The present subjunctive  211

Formation of the present subjunctive  212
Uses of the present subjunctive  214

21 The imperfect subjunctive  233

Formation of the imperfect subjunctive  233
Uses of the imperfect subjunctive  234

22 The future perfect tense  245

Formation of the future perfect  245
Uses of the future perfect  245

23 The conditional perfect tense  251

Formation of the conditional perfect  251
Uses of the conditional perfect  252

24 The present perfect subjunctive  257

Formation of the present perfect subjunctive  257
Uses of the present perfect subjunctive  258

Contents vii

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 25 The pluperfect subjunctive  263
Formation of the pluperfect subjunctive  263
Uses of the pluperfect subjunctive  264

26 The passive voice  271

Incomplete passive voice  271
Complete passive voice  277

appendix a  Verb conjugation charts  281

appendix b  Verbs that take a preposition  285
Answer key  291
Spanish-English glossary  311
English-Spanish glossary  325

viii Contents

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 Acknowledgments

As this book goes into its fourth edition, nearly twenty-five years after its initial publi-
cation, the first person to acknowledge – then, now, and always – is Gilmore T. Schjel-
dahl, a former private student. His intelligence and endless curiosity, matched only by
his kind heart, inspired me to write a book on Spanish verbs that covers not just the
what and how, but also the why and when of verb usage. I will always be grateful to
Mr. Schjeldahl for all he taught me.
In the same spirit, I thank all the students who chose and worked through the
previous three editions of this book. Their curiosity, intelligence, and number were
great enough to generate another edition. This is a great honor.
I was fortunate to work once again with Christopher Brown, publisher, who over-
saw the production of this book at McGraw-Hill Education. For over twenty years
I have considered Christopher a great editor and friend.
Finally, and always, I thank my daughters, Daisy and Lily, who have grown to
become good and honorable women. The joy and pride they have brought to me is
beyond measure.

ix

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 Introduction

More than any other aspect of learning a foreign language, verbs challenge the learner.
Practice Makes Perfect: Spanish Verb Tenses is a systematic, logical approach to the study
of Spanish verbs, including their tenses, moods, and special uses. This information is
provided in workbook format, with clear explanations of each use of a verb. Each sec-
tion contains a variety of exercises that relate directly to the material just covered and
that also include previously covered material for constant review.
This second edition of Practice Makes Perfect: Spanish Verb Tenses retains the
structure and format of the first edition. The changes are mainly in its content: There
are many new paragraphs for translation, and cultural references have been brought
into the 21st century.
Practice Makes Perfect: Spanish Verb Tenses takes you far beyond the rote memo-
rization so commonly associated with studying verbs and tenses, and enables you to
fully grasp the important as well as the subtle role that verbs play in every sentence we
utter, write, read, or think.
The verb is the engine of the sentence. Without a verb, the sentence technically
and figuratively goes nowhere. Thus, a careful, systematic study of verbs in any lan-
guage is crucial to communication in any form.
Yet this careful study of the verbs need not be the drudge work so commonly as-
sociated with verbs, namely, memorizing a zillion conjugations. If you think of working
with verbs as creating a scaffold for the language, which is really what verbs provide, the
task at hand can seem far more meaningful and less daunting.
You may have seen several Spanish verb books already, and you may be wondering
what, if anything, another verb book on the market could add. What sets Practice Makes
Perfect: Spanish Verb Tenses apart from other Spanish verb books is its scope and its
intent to teach the full picture with regard to verbs.
Many books devoted to Spanish verbs provide you with conjugations and little
else. Sometimes exercises are provided, but the emphasis is nearly always on the me-
chanical aspect of conjugating the verb, rendering these books more verb dictionaries
than actual teaching or reviewing texts. While correctly conjugating a verb is an ex-
tremely important aspect of speaking and writing well, it is still pure mechanics unless
you understand the implications of the use of one verb form over another and why you
choose a particular use.
Practice Makes Perfect: Spanish Verb Tenses offers you not only hundreds of verbs
with their particular conjugations, but also lets you know both when and why a particu-
lar verb should be used: You are given social, philosophical, and linguistic reasons and
applications for the use of verbs.
The Spanish word for tense, in the grammatical sense, is tiempo, which is also the
Spanish word for “time.” The philosophical and psychological aspects of time, so cen-

xi

FM.indd 11 17-01-2019 10:19:18

 tral to working with the tenses, unfortunately are often overlooked. To take something
so rich as language—the vehicle of thought—and pare it down to its technical particu-
lars is to take something that is beautiful and diminish it.
My experience with students of Spanish has taught me that the difficulty of the
task before them is rarely what determines either the level of interest or the de­gree of
success. What I have learned is that a step-by-step, logical approach—one that includes
clear explanations and reasons for learning Spanish well—intrigues the learner. Interest
and secure understanding—not ease and surface performance—are the genuine guar-
antors of success.
There are three main parts to this book:
◆ Part I: The present tense The 12 chapters in Part I thoroughly cover verb usage in
the present tense: basic conjugation of regular verbs, formation of questions, detailed
information on the challenging verbs ser and estar (the verbs “to be”), use of the
personal a, reflexive verbs, a host of irregular verbs along with their uses and nu-
ances, and the present progressive mood.
◆ Part II: The past, future, conditional, and perfect tenses Part II covers the six
most basic indicative tenses (after the present): preterite, imperfect, future, condi-
tional, present perfect, and past perfect. Their conjugations and various applications
are discussed, and ample exercises are included.
◆ Part III: The imperative, the subjunctive, and the passive voice This final section
of the text begins with the imperative (command form), which establishes a founda-
tion for the next chapter, the present subjunctive. These are followed by the imper-
fect subjunctive, future perfect, conditional perfect, present perfect subjunctive, plu-
perfect subjunctive, and, finally, the passive voice, which covers all tenses in this
special use.
In the exercises in this text, you should assume that the English “you” is both sin-
gular and informal—translated by the Spanish tú—unless it carries the notation “[pl.]”
or “[formal].” English “you all” is translated by the informal plural form vosotros un-
less it carries the notation “[formal].” Exercise items with ambiguity of gender carry the
notation “[m.]” or “[f.]” as clarification.
Following the text are two appendixes: verb conjugation charts for all the tenses
except the present, and a helpful list of verbs that require a preposition before a follow-
ing word for specific usages. A complete answer key for all of the exercises follows the
appendixes. Also included are contextual glossaries, both Spanish-English and English-
Spanish.
Practice Makes Perfect: Spanish Verb Tenses will be helpful to motivated high school
and college students, as well as to adults who are either starting fresh or returning to
study Spanish. It is an excellent companion to any Spanish language basic text and is
a superb review workbook. Practice Makes Perfect: Spanish Verb Tenses is also a sound
reference source for both teachers and students of Spanish.
It is my sincere hope that this book will help those studying Spanish—at any
level—to achieve their goals of speaking, writing, and reading this beautiful language
with greater competence, confidence, and enjoyment.
Dorothy Richmond

xii Introduction

FM.indd 12 17-01-2019 10:19:18

 ·I·
THE PRESENT TENSE

tense Present
time  Refers to both the specific now (at this moment) and the general
now (these days, this time period)
key phrases 
“Now,” “today,” “these days”—any word group that expresses the
spe­­cific or general now
structure Simple tense: verb base + verb ending

The present tense is used to report what is happening and what is true now. The
present tense can be pin-point specific or it can cover vast amounts of time.
Whether the action expressed is true only at this very moment or includes a truth
that sweeps over eons, the key is that—at its core—it is true now. Consider four
kinds of “present” below.

The specific present—“right now”

It is 10:32:44 p.m.
At this very moment I see a shooting star.
I now pronounce you husband and wife.

The broader, yet enclosed present

I work out at the gym four times a week.
Every Friday, Mitch brings doughnuts to the office.
We go to Mexico three or four times a year.

The progressive present

I am eating a bagel.
You are studying.
He is reading a book.

The general, ongoing present

Nearly all countries have some form of organized government.
The president of the United States lives in Washington, D.C.
The pope is the head of the Catholic Church.

ch01.indd 1 17-01-2019 11:24:42

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ch01.indd 2 17-01-2019 11:24:42

 Conjugation
of regular verbs · 1·

The basics of verbs

As you begin your study of verb tenses in Spanish, it is important to understand
the basic terminology relating to verbs and their formation.
conjugation The word conjugation has two related meanings in Spanish gram-
mar: (1) one of the three groups of verbs classified by the infinitive ending (-ar, -er,
and -ir verbs); (2) the set of verb forms consisting of the verb base plus verb end-
ings that correspond to the subject pronouns.
infinitive The verb in its pure form—the idea of the verb, without any expres-
sion of action. In English, all infinitives include the word “to”: “to sing,” “to eat,” “to
live.” In Spanish, all infinitives belong to one of three conjugations, which is deter-
mined by the infinitive ending: -ar, -er, or -ir. The infinitive is like a hand grenade
before you pull the pin—no real action, but a lot of potential.
infinitive ending The -ar, -er, or -ir ending that identifies the verb conjugation
to which the verb belongs, for example, -ar: cantar (“to sing”), -er: comer (“to
eat”), -ir: vivir (“to live”).
verb base The unique part of the infinitive that distinguishes the meaning of the
verb. When the infinitive ending -ar, -er, or -ir is removed, what remains is the
verb base. The verb base of cantar is cant-, the base of comer is com-, and the base
of vivir is viv-. The verb base is also called the stem or root of the verb.
verb ending Specific endings added to the verb base in order to conjugate the
verb. The verb endings for -ar verbs, for example, are -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an,
and each ending corresponds to a subject pronoun.
conjugated verb form The verb form that consists of the verb base and an ap-
propriate verb ending to correspond to the subject of the verb. These conjugated
forms express action with reference to the subject, for example, Mary canta (“Mary
sings”). In this sentence, “sings” is a conjugated verb. When you conjugate a verb,
you pull the pin from the hand grenade and release its action.
regular verb A verb whose verb base remains intact, with regular -ar, -er, or -ir
endings attached to it when conjugated.
irregular verb A verb whose verb base does not remain intact, or one that when
conjugated does not take regular -ar, -er, or -ir endings.
subject The actor(s) in the sentence. For example, the sentences “Mary sings,”
“We eat,” and “I live” have as their subjects “Mary,” “We,” and “I,” respectively.

ch01.indd 3 17-01-2019 11:24:43

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