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Politics and History Talin Suciyan

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Talin Suciyan completed her PhD at Ludwig Maximilian University
in Munich where she is currently an assistant professor (Akademische
Raetin Auf Zeit) at the Institute of Near and Middle Eastern Studies.
‘This study fills a historiographical vacuum. The subjects broached in this
work until now constituted a white page, doubtless because the Turkish
academic environment was not interested in conducting a study of this
nature. The wealth and the originality of the sources is unique, and keeps a
good balance between the interventionism of the Turkish state and the
internal problems of Armenian society. Highly recommended.’
Raymond Kevorkian, author of The Armenian Genocide:
A Complete History (I.B.Tauris, 2011)
 THE
ARMENIANS
IN MODERN
TURKEY
Post-Genocide Society, Politics and History

TALIN SUCIYAN
 Published in 2016 by
I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd
London • New York
www.ibtauris.com

Copyright q 2016 Talin Suciyan

The right of Talin Suciyan to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted
by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part
thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Every attempt has been made to gain permission for the use of the images
in this book. Any omissions will be rectified in future editions.

References to websites were correct at the time of writing.

Library of Ottoman Studies 48

ISBN: 978 1 78453 171 3

eISBN: 978 0 85772 972 9
ePDF: 978 0 85772 773 2

A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
A full CIP record is available from the Library of Congress

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: available

Edited by Dr Burcu Gursel

Typeset in Garamond Three by OKS Prepress Services, Chennai, India

Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
Dedicated to the beloved memory of Varujan Köseyan
 CONTENTS

Acknowledgements ix
Preface xiii
Transliteration System xv
Note on Transliteration xvii
List of Abbreviations xix

Introduction 1

1. Social Conditions of Armenians Remaining in Istanbul

and in the Provinces 34
2. The Legal Context 91
3. State Surveillance and Anti-Armenian Campaigns 126
4. The Patriarchal Election Crisis: 1944 – 50 169

Conclusion 198

Notes 203
Bibliography 259
Index 273
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This book owes much to the support of various institutions. During the
first year of my study, I was awarded the Südosteuropa Gesellschaft
scholarship for conducting archival research in Yerevan – the first step
into my research. I thank Südosteuropa Gesellschaft for their support.
In 2012– 13, I was the recipient of a scholarship offered by the Armenian
General Benevolent Union (AGBU), which supported my research
during my six months on leave. I am grateful to AGBU for granting
me a scholarship for two consecutive years. This book is a revised and
extended version of my dissertation, Surviving the Ordinary: The Armenians
in Turkey, 1930s to 1950, which was submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of
Ottoman and Turkish Studies at Ludwig-Maximilian University, Institute
of Near and Middle Eastern Studies.
However, without financial and moral support from my parents,
Hasmik and Hamparsum Suciyan, this work would have taken far longer
to complete. I am grateful to them for having supported my decisions
even when we disagreed, and feel privileged to have such parents.
Having had restricted options in life, they always strive to give the best
and the most they can. I thank them for their love and support
throughout this intellectually and emotionally challenging period.
I dedicate this study to the memory of the late Varujan Köseyan, who
collected and stored Armenian newspapers and other publications at
Surp P‘rgich‘ Armenian Hospital, thus bequeathing a priceless source of
information to future generations, historians among them. This study
would not have been possible without that newspaper archive. I was
x THE ARMENIANS IN MODERN TURKEY

honoured by Köseyan’s friendship and trust during the last two years of
his life, and learned very much from him.
In addition to Varujan Köseyan, a group of friends and colleagues
supported my work both with their enthusiasm and by providing me
access to personal or institutional archives. I thank Meline Pehlivanian,
Christl Catanzaro, Varteni Mosditchian, Yeliz Soytemel, Ara Sanjian,
Ara Sarafian, Ari Sitas, Dimitri Theodoridis, Hacik Gazer, Helmut
Thiess, Hrach Bayadyan, Kevork Kirkoryan, Marc Mamigonian, Mihran
Dabag, Boğac Ergene, Aret Kantian, Martin Kühn, Sevan Değirmenciyan,
Taner Akcam, Vahé Tachjian, Wolfgang Schmitt-Garibian and Yavuz
Aykan. I owe special thanks to Vartan Matiossian, who proofread the
dissertation and made some very valuable comments and contributions,
and to Marc Mamigonian for his feedback on the book manuscript. I am
grateful to Tomasz Hoskins at I.B.Tauris for taking this project on and to
Sara Magness for seeing it through to its completion. I had the good
fortune to work with Burcu Gürsel, who edited this book and offered
substantial suggestions in my rethinking of ‘the habitus’. I thank her
wholeheartedly.
One of the most exciting parts of this work was the oral interviews I
conducted. My extended family in Canada supported me by contacting
Armenians from Istanbul and Asia Minor in Montreal, and facilitated my
meetings with them. I thank all the interviewees and cherish the grateful
memory of my late aunt Evdoksi Parseghyan (1926–2013), who was very
patient with me throughout our sessions. I feel beholden to everyone who
accepted my invitation to join my endeavour in oral history.
The main body of this work was written in Yeşilköy (Ayastefanos), in
a house that met its own share of the Republican destiny awaiting
residences whose owners and inhabitants had to leave Turkey in the
1950s. My cousin’s family had been the last tenants, of 30 years, of the
house where I spent the summer of 2012 with my cousin Setrak
Mendikyan, writing my thesis. The history of its handover, first to the
state and then to third persons, exemplifies a common practice that
continues to this day and deserves scholarly attention. Nonetheless, I had
the good fortune to enjoy its unique atmosphere, silence and tranquility,
all of which helped me better concentrate on my work. The writing
process involved multiple layers of difficulty, especially when it came to
the sections involving my own family on both sides. I thank Setrak for
his patience and support throughout those difficult times.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi

A group of women friends both in Istanbul and in Munich made my

life so much easier and helped me throughout the rather troubling
period toward the end this study, some by reading and commenting
on it, others by taking me out after long hours of work and never leaving
me in a state of burnout. I extend my heartfelt thanks to them all.
I am not sure whether I would have attempted to undertake this work
had Aret Gıcır not encouraged me in this decision and thus lit the first
spark for this project. Both my first advisor, Christoph K. Neumann, and
my second advisor Hans-Lukas Kieser from the University of Zurich
always made themselves available to read and comment on my work.
I thank them for their input, comments and support.
 PREFACE

One of the most difficult problems in working with Armenian sources is

their worldwide dispersion. In my first year of research, I worked for one
month at the Armenian National Library. I then discovered the storage
in the Surp P‘rgich‘ Armenian Hospital, where almost all Istanbul
newspapers published after 1927, as well as magazines, yearbooks and
other printed documents were deposited. This storage area was supposed
to become a library, the collection having been put together by Varujan
Köseyan, the author of a book devoted to the 150th anniversary of the
Armenian Surp P‘rgich‘ Hospital. According to Köseyan’s account, he
rescued the collection right before disposal or recycling and stored it in
a room; I was able to work there during my semester breaks for three
years. Without that collection, I could not have written this book.
I am very grateful to him, as all historians interested in the post-1923
period and Armenians all over the world should be, for saving this
collection. Moreover, I had the privilege of enjoying his friendship
and tried to record our talks as much as possible, since he was staying
at the hospital’s nursing home. I would like to pay my special and
heartfelt respects to Varujan Köseyan’s beloved memory. After his death
in 2011, Arsen Yarman allowed me to continue and finish my research
under what remained unfavourable working conditions. Because the
room was extremely dusty, I could not stay inside any longer than an
hour at a time during my last months of research. I am glad to see that
my research contributed to the restoration of that storage room and that
by now it has become a well-organised library with its own researchers.
The Armenian Teachers’ Association’s library in Istanbul also had some
valuable primary sources, such as the minutes of the General National
xiv THE ARMENIANS IN MODERN TURKEY

[Armenian] Assembly meetings and collections of private yearbooks,

as well a remarkably helpful staff. In addition, I was able to locate
the collection of Nor Or (which was missing in Surp P‘rgich‘) at the
Agos office.
During my two visits to the United States in 2011 and 2012,
I worked at the library of the National Association for Armenian Studies
and Research (NAASR) in Boston, at the Armenian Research Centre of
the University of Michigan-Dearborn, and at the Zohrab Centre in New
York. I am thankful to Ara Sanjian, Marc Mamigonian and colleagues in
Zohrab Centre and Agos for providing material and enabling me to
work in libraries and archives. The research and teaching fellows at the
Armenian Teachers’ Association and Surp P‘rgich‘ Armenian Hospital
were always ready to offer assistance. Last but not least, friends at Aras
Publications helped me with my research by sending books or scanning
material. I owe them special thanks.
In 2012, I discovered another important archive of Armenian
newspapers at the Istanbul University Library, but the fees would require
substantial financial means for a researcher to finish a work of this scope.
The Bavarian State Library is also an important source of some very
rare Armenian newspapers and yearbooks, as well as books. Wolfgang
Schmitt-Garibian and Helmut Thiess, two librarians at the Bavarian
State Library, were always ready to help with the Armenian language
sources of the Library and taught me a lot about sources that had
previously been unknown to me. I am thankful for their assistance.
Most of the material analysed in this book, including oral history
interviews, is in Armenian, and some in Turkish. I am responsible for all
possible shortcomings in their translation.
In the footnotes, I used the dates as well as the issue numbers of the
newspapers that I consulted, with the exception of some of the Nor Lur
issues after the 1930s, for which the dates are still noted.
 TRANSLITERATION SYSTEM1

Vernacular Romanization Vernacular Romanization

Upper case letters Lower case letters
Ա A ա a
Բ B [P] (see Note 1) բ b [p] (see Note 1)
Գ G [K] (see Note 1) գ g [k] (see Note 1)
Դ D [T] (see Note 1) դ d [t] (see Note 1)
E e
Ե { Y (see Note 2) ե { y (see Note 2)
Զ Z զ z
Է Ē է ē
Ը Ě ը ě
Թ T‘ թ t‘
Ժ Zh (see Note 3) ժ zh (see Note 3)
Ի I ի i
Լ L լ l
Խ Kh խ kh
Ծ Ts [Dz] (see Notes 1, 3) ծ ts [dz] (see Notes 1, 3)
Կ K [G] (see Note 1) կ k [g] (see Note 1)
Հ H հ h
Ձ Dz [Ts] (see Notes 1, 3) ձ dz [ts] (see Notes 1, 3)
Ղ Gh (see Note 3) ղ gh (see Note 3)
Ճ Ch [J] (see Note 1) ճ ch [j] (see Note 1)
Մ M մ m
Y y
Յ { H (see Note 4) յ { h (see Note 4)
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