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Intelligent Manufacturing Reviving U S Manufacturing
Including Lessons Learned from Delphi Packard Electric
and General Motors 1st Edition R. Bick Lesser (Author)
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): R. Bick Lesser (Author)
ISBN(s): 9781466564053, 1466564059
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 15.58 MB
Year: 2014
Language: english
INTELLIGENT
MANUFACTURING
Reviving U.S. Manufacturing Including
Lessons Learned from Delphi Packard
Electric and General Motors

Improving Productivity
Proper Organization
& Motivation
Appropriate Systems
& Controls
Beneficial Tools
Standardization
Right Sizing
Leadership vs. Management

R. Bick Lesser
INTELLIGENT
MANUFACTURING
Reviving U.S. Manufacturing Including
Lessons Learned from Delphi Packard
Electric and General Motors
INTELLIGENT
MANUFACTURING
Reviving U.S. Manufacturing Including
Lessons Learned from Delphi Packard
Electric and General Motors

R. Bick Lesser

Boca Raton London New York

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Contents

Introduction...................................................................................... ix

1 What Would You Expect with a Parent Like GM?.........................1

Interview Process.........................................................................................2
Packard Electric Is Born..............................................................................3
How Could GM (Packard’s Parents) Make So Many Dumb Decisions?.....7
So, How Are Things Working Out for GM Today?...................................12
How Does GM Compete with Toyota and the Vaunted
Toyota Production System?........................................................................ 15
2 We Have to Do Something, Even if It’s Wrong............................19
Packard Does a Really Smart Thing Next.................................................21
Where Did the Packard Training Program Originate?..............................23
Good News and Bad News about Packard’s Management......................27
A Move to the Warm South.......................................................................29
What We Need Are Suppliers....................................................................30
Mexico, Here We Come.............................................................................33
Black Friday................................................................................................33
Something Had to Change for GM............................................................36
Packard Goes International in a Big Way.................................................37
We Are Not Ready for This.......................................................................38
We Are in Real Trouble Here....................................................................40
Industrial Engineering (IE) Training Program...........................................43
The Industrial Engineering Training Program..................................44
3 How Does a Company with So Many Smart People Do So
Many Dumb Things?...................................................................49
Automation Can Save Us...........................................................................51
That Worked So Well, Let’s Try Something a Little Tougher....................53
That Lead Prep Startup Surely Didn’t Work Out Like We Had Planned..... 56

v
vi ◾ Contents

Integrated Production System (IPS) to the Rescue (or Not)......................59

If IPS Didn’t Get It Done, IPS II Surely Would......................................... 67
Remote Lead Prep: Yeah, That’s the Answer!...........................................70
How about Just Getting Rid of Our Productivity Control System............74
So Just How Are IDCs Going to Help Us with the 3% Give Back?.........77
How about Let’s Just Get into a New Business........................................79
Let’s Sum Things Up..................................................................................80
4 Let’s Get Lean … Not..................................................................83
Just What Is the TPS?.................................................................................85
Toyota Production System Rules...............................................................98
Packard Develops the PPS.......................................................................100
What We Need Is Vista....................................................................100
Benchmarking: To Do or Not to Do............................................... 102
Kitting Looks Like a Cool Thing to Do...........................................105
Let’s Do the Team Concept Like Toyota..........................................109
How about a Nice Quality Circle?................................................... 110
Did QS9000 Implementation Really Help?...................................... 112
Say Zero Defects and Mean It......................................................... 114
The Good News Is That We Saved $25 Million in Inventory, but ….... 115
Just-in-Time Manufacturing?..................................................................... 118
U-Cells Gain Great Prominence..............................................................120
Somebody Finally Got One-Piece Flow Right … Really?.......................122
Wrap-Up...................................................................................................128
5 Proper Manufacturing Organization Is Critical
(or You Will Get the Performance You Motivate)......................131
Plant Priority Meetings.............................................................................132
Let’s Just Change Reporting Lines to Get Better Support.......................133
Warren Got Some Things Right..............................................................139
Understanding Human Nature................................................................139
So We Transferred Our Manufacturing Successes to Mexico, Right?..... 143
What’s the Fix?......................................................................................... 147
Manufacturing Supervision Is Tough....................................................... 150
Providing Proper Manufacturing Support........................................ 150
Why Worry about Improved Productivity, Mexican Labor
Is Cheap (and Philippine)......................................................... 151
Wiring Harness Departmental Organization Basics....................... 152
Level 1 Operators..................................................................... 153
Level 2 Operators..................................................................... 153
 Contents ◾ vii

Level 3 Operators..................................................................... 154

Level 4 Operators..................................................................... 155
Foreman’s Responsibilities and Support Required.................. 156
Job Responsibilities................................................................... 156
Time Breakdown...................................................................... 157
Assistant Foremen/Group Leaders........................................... 158
Additional Advice..................................................................... 158
6 When You Measure Performance, Performance Improves....... 161
From Routings to Direct Labor Bibles (DLBs)......................................... 162
Production Efficiency...............................................................................164
Process and Operator Efficiencies...........................................................166
Wouldn’t One Efficiency Number Be Sufficient?....................................168
The Warren Bottom Line......................................................................... 169
So, What Did We Do in Mexico?............................................................. 170
I Finally Got a Chance to Do It Right in South Korea........................... 171
How Much Could the Mexican Operations Have Saved?....................... 177
When You Measure Performance............................................................182
Packard Productivity Nose Dives............................................................184
Are We Really Controlling Productivity in Our Plants?...................184
Direct Labor Bibles (DLBs).............................................................. 185
Efficiencies from a Budget Routing.................................................186
Plant Productivity Information Available Based on Labor
Estimates (Budget DLBs) Only.........................................................186
Plant Productivity Information Available with an Automated
Productivity System Based on Production DLBs.............................188
Terms and Definitions Used with the Computerized
Productivity System..........................................................................190
Simple DLB Example....................................................................... 192
Metal Cutting............................................................................. 193
Component Subassembly......................................................... 195
Final Assembly of a Widget..................................................... 195
7 Preplanning: The Perfect Tool to Accomplish Toyota’s
Rule #1......................................................................................199
What Is the Common Industry Practice?.................................................200
But, Is It Worth It?....................................................................................202
Packard Evolves, but Not for the Better..................................................205
The Critical Four M Relationship.............................................................207
Wiring Harness Preplanning...................................................................208
viii ◾ Contents

8 The Computer Is a Moron......................................................... 219

A Rare Opportunity.................................................................................222
Controlling Absenteeism, Turnover, and Overtime Is a Must................226
Material Availability Is Critical................................................................. 231
Summary..................................................................................................235
9 How to Drive Down Total Process Cycle Time (TPCT)
without Wasting a Lot of Time (and Money).............................237
Critical Value Streams..............................................................................239
Packard “Attacks” the TPCT for Engineering Change Implementation..... 240
Key Activity Control Is Born...................................................................242
Others Benefit from the System..............................................................248
This System/Concept Will Work Anywhere........................................... 255
The Bottom Line......................................................................................258
10 What Size Should the Cycle Quantity (Lot Size) Be?.................259
Portugal Will Show the Way....................................................................263
Cost Bucket One..............................................................................264
Cost Bucket Two..............................................................................266
Some People Don’t Want to Be Confused with Facts............................ 267
Free Rein in South Korea.........................................................................270
Determining Optimum Cut Quantity (or Optimum
Process Quantity)................................................................................. 272
Summary..................................................................................................279
Optimum Cut Quantity Subsystem..................................................280
Optimum Cutter Loading and Sequencing Subsystem
(OCLASS)...................................................................................... 286
11 Wrap-Up: How about “Intelligent Manufacturing” for
Real Change in Which We Can Believe.....................................291

Index...............................................................................................301
About the Author.............................................................................309
Introduction

Why Is U.S. Manufacturing in Such Bad Shape?

During most of the past century the United States has been revered as
the world’s great industrial giant, and it hasn’t been close. Not only has
the United States been the country in which the most new products have
been invented, but also it has been the country in which a large part of
the world’s m ­ anufacturing capacity existed. The United States is still the
world’s largest manufacturer, but China has dramatically closed the gap, and,
undoubtedly, will continue to do so until it overtakes this country, unless
something drastic is done.
It becomes harder and harder to find U.S. manufactured goods,
­especially in consumer electronics and other consumer items, even when
you look for them because you want to be patriotic and buy American.
Just go into any big box store and try to purchase all of the items you
need to run your household with products manufactured in this country.
I remember that 30 years ago it wasn’t a problem; today, it is practically
impossible.
It’s not because these retailers are anti-American, quite the contrary. They
have generally shown themselves to be very responsible and g ­ enerous in all
of the communities in which they serve the public. The problem is that, in
so many product lines, U.S. manufactured goods are just not available or, if
available, are not competitive from a cost and/or quality standpoint.
Alexander Hamilton, who became the first Treasury Secretary and who
had served as an aide to General George Washington during the British
blockades, resolved that the United States would never again have its inde-
pendence, freedom, and survival dependent on imported goods, such as
French muskets and ships.
In 1791, after becoming Treasury Secretary, Hamilton wrote, “Not only
the wealth, but the independence and security of a country, appear to be

ix
x ◾ Introduction

­ aterially connected with the prosperity of manufactures. Every nation …

m
ought to endeavor to possess within itself all the essentials of a national
supply. These comprise the means of subsistence, habitation, clothing, and
defense.”
Under his leadership, the United States created a national free trade zone
and implemented the tariff system for all imported goods. These duties gave
the national government all of the revenue necessary to build the country’s
infrastructure, provide for the national defense, and create a manufacturing
base that would become the envy of the world. By 1890, the United States
had overtaken Great Britain as the world’s leading manufacturer. A few years
later, on the brink of World War I, the United States manufactured more
than the combined outputs of Britain, France, and Germany.
Those of you familiar with World War I and World War II know that
the manufacturing might of the United States was likely the deciding f­actor
in the Allied victories. The world would be a very different place had this
country not been in a position to come to the aid of its friends with the
weapons of war in all varieties.
Pat Buchanan wrote an article entitled “Death of Manufacturing,” which
was published in the August 11, 2003 issue of The American Conservative.
In this article, he laments the state of U.S. manufacturing (which has gotten
nothing but worse since then) because he understands the importance of
manufacturing to a country’s national interests. He said, “Manufacturing is
the key to national power. Not only does it pay more than service industries,
but the rates of productivity growth are higher and the potential of new
industries arising is far greater. From radio came television, VCRs, and flat-
panel screens. From adding machines came calculators and computers. From
the electric typewriter came the word processor. Research and development
follow manufacturing.”
Undoubtedly this is true, so the data provided by Pat Choate, author of
Agents of Influence (Simon & Schuster, 1990), should be of great concern
to each of us. He gives the following levels of U.S. dependency on foreign
­suppliers for critical goods:

Medicines and pharmaceuticals: 72%

Metal working machinery: 51%
Engines and power equipment: 56%
Computer equipment: 70%
Communications equipment: 67%
Semiconductors and electronics: 64%
 Introduction ◾ xi

And, these numbers were from 2003. Undoubtedly, they are worse today.
Buchanan also points out in “Death of Manufacturing” that one third
of our labor force in 1950 was engaged in manufacturing. By 2003, that
­number had dropped to 12.5%. Now it is less than 10%. This is not
­comparable to the fact that only 2% of today’s workers are engaged in
­agriculture as compared to over 90% 150 years ago. Our a­ gricultural
­practices are the best in the world, and it only takes a very small
­percentage of our workforce to feed this entire country as well as much
of the rest of the world. In the case of manufacturing, we have been ­losing
thousands of good jobs every month for decades, not because they are
no longer necessary, but because they have gone to other countries that
are more competitive, and then these products are sold back to us, further
deepening the U.S. trade imbalance.
Speaking of trade imbalances, there was a time that the United States ran
a trade surplus and was also energy independent. Now this country is the
world’s largest debtor nation and the trade imbalances are growing exponen-
tially. A few short years ago, this country was running trade deficits of about
$30 billion per month, and that sounded to me like a lot of money then.
Until the recession hit U.S. consumers hard, America was running
monthly trade deficits twice that. Data shows that our 2008 trade deficit
(of something over $700 billion) was about equal to the sum of all of the
trade deficits of all other deficit nations combined (Britain had the sec-
ond biggest trade deficit, which was about a third of this country’s). China
had the largest trade ­surplus (something over $300 billion), followed by
Germany and Japan. The ­situation has not gotten any better, judging by
2011 data. The U.S. deficit was $785 ­billion followed by Great Britain with
a $163 billion deficit. Saudi Arabia took over the top spot as the world’s
leading creditor nation with a trade surplus of $253 billion (thanks to our
purchases of its oil). Germany came in second with a $220 billion surplus.
Russia was third with a surplus of $199 billion and China slipped to fourth
with a $155 billion surplus.
The good news, as Pat Buchanan points out, is that we do have a trade
surplus with China on a few things—most notably soybeans, corn, wheat,
animal feeds, meat, cotton, metal ores, scrap, hides and skins, pulp and
waste paper, cigarettes, gold, coal, natural gas, mineral fuels, rice, tobacco,
fertilizers, and glass.
Does anyone truly believe that running a trade deficit of more than a
half trillion dollars per year (created largely by America borrowing money
from China to buy goods made in China) is a sustainable scenario? I’m no
xii ◾ Introduction

economist, but it doesn’t make sense to me, and I’ll bet it doesn’t to you
either. Just what is going to change the situation? A very appropriate quote,
which has been attributed to Einstein, is as follows: “Definition of ­insanity:
Doing the same things you have always done, the same way you have
always done them, and expecting that the results are going to be different.”

Competitive Position
I mentioned earlier that we continue to hemorrhage manufacturing jobs (in
2003, Buchanan says, 80,000 per month, and it has gotten continually worse)
to countries whose competitive position is stronger than ours. This competi-
tive position is comprised of several different factors, some of which are
fairly earned, but many of which are not.
Buchanan’s position is that we have lost our once superior place in the
world of manufacturing through unfair trade practices, namely, free trade.
In commenting about the unfairness of the current trade policy, ­especially
as it pertains to China, Buchanan writes, “Hamilton, Clay, Lincoln,
and Teddy Roosevelt would recognize China’s policy for what it is and
­counter it. But, this generation of free traders does not have a clue as to
what is going on, or does not care. Either way, the consequences will be
the same: deindustrialization of America, declining of the dollar, a deep-
ening dependency on foreign countries for the necessities of our national
life, diminished sovereignty, and eventual loss of our ­independence.
If you disbelieve this, look at the once sovereign and independent nations
of Europe.”
I disagree with Buchanan on some issues, but it is pretty hard to argue
with his point that “free trade does not work if you are the only one prac-
ticing it fairly.” At least it doesn’t work for you in the long run, even though
consumers may benefit in the short term. I think most people, me included,
believe that trade is good and isolationism, especially for the United States,
is not possible or practical to practice in today’s world. However, we are past
the time where we can be benevolent and give every other country advan-
tages in trade policy.
Having worked in Mexico for a dozen years, in Portugal for three, and in
South Korea for four, as well as having spent quite a bit of time in Europe,
South America, and Southeast Asia, I can say that our goods do not have the
same opportunities in their markets that theirs do in ours. For Buchanan,
this is virtually all due to unfair trade practices with which the United States
 Introduction ◾ xiii

has to contend. This is certainly part of the problem, but, as I see it, based
on my international experience, there are four primary factors why our trade
imbalance in manufactured goods is so out of control:

1. Unfair trade practices

2. Taxes
3. National preferences and attitudes
4. Quality, desirability, and cost of products

When these four factors are combined with the so-called U.S. energy
policy (one which refuses to exploit our own energy sources in favor of
expensive imports), we end up with the world’s largest trade deficit.
I don’t claim to be a trade expert, but some of the problems we are expe-
riencing with our trade imbalance seem pretty straightforward. Having lived
and worked and spent a good deal of time outside the United States, I think
I have some additional insight that might be helpful.

Unfair Trade Practices

In his article, Buchanan points out that free trade is not fair trade, and we
have certainly gotten the short end of the stick in our dealings with just
about every other country on Earth. We have about as much chance of
­getting a fair ruling in the World Trade Organization (WTO), where Europe
outvotes us 15 to 1, as we do of getting a favorable ruling in the United
Nations, of which I believe the United States should no longer belong.
I believe our politicians sometimes tend to make things much too compli-
cated. Free trade does not work, but fair trade would certainly help level
the playing field.
The United States should implement a trade policy that I call
“The Platinum Rule.” It’s not quite the Golden Rule, which would say that we
should treat our trading partners as we would wish to be treated. It would
be nice if that would work, but it won’t. I totally agree with the Golden
Rule when it comes to treating our family, friends, and neighbors, but it is
very naïve to think this should be the basis of our trade policy with other
nations.
The Platinum Rule would state that we should treat our trading ­partners
as they deserve to be treated, and I believe this could be done in an
­objective and understandable manner. It probably wouldn’t be received too
xiv ◾ Introduction

favorable by some of our trading partners, but, then, most of them don’t
think too highly of us as it is.
I believe the right answer is to develop a Trade Factor for each of our
trading partners that would take into account several factors pertinent to
achieving fair trade. This factor would include such things as the open-
ness of their markets, the level of tariffs they place on the goods we export
to them, whether or not they float their currency, their valiance in the
­protection of intellectual property rights, their level of government ­subsidies,
whether or not they practice dumping, their human rights record (child labor
laws, workers rights, etc.), their record regarding industrial espionage, their
trade relations with rogue nations, their level of pollution, and maybe
another factor or two.
In other words, a country should have to earn a good trading ­relationship
with the United States based on its performance. One of the themes that
I will be using throughout this book is that people (or countries, for that
­matter) will do what they are motivated to do, or, maybe better said: You
will get the performance that you motivate. If we want to motivate fair
trade practices on the part of our trading partners, our trade policy better
motivate that behavior.
I think each of us should be very concerned about some of the trad-
ing relationships we have made over the years, most especially the current
relationship we have with China. China falls far short of the ideal on just
about every factor listed above (which I think should be of grave concern
to each of us). However, they are given favored nation status as a trading
partner, when, in my opinion, the United States should be placing very high
duties on all of the products imported from them. Can someone please
explain this to me so that it makes sense? Have we considered the long-term
consequences of the current policy and what the ultimate outcome is likely
to be if we don’t make a change regarding our relationship with China?
Have we considered the probable long-term impact on our children and
grandchildren?

Taxes
Regarding tax policy and its impact on trade, the United States is its own
worst enemy, according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation
and Development’s 2011 data. Only Japan has a higher combined cor-
porate tax rate. Does it make any sense at all that we have the second
 Introduction ◾ xv

highest corporate tax rate of all industrialized nations, second only to

Japan? It’s good to be No. 1 in a lot of things (like the Olympics or the
standard of living), but the corporate tax rate is not one of them.
I know it makes for good sound bites when the politicians chastise big
business for not paying its fair share. I guess it is supposed to make the little
guy feel better knowing the big guys are getting hammered. There is only
one little problem: Corporations do not pay taxes. To corporations, all taxes
(embedded, income, property, etc.) are a cost of doing business. All compa-
nies must make a return on investment that is acceptable to the owners; that
is why all taxes get factored into pricing. Consumers are the ones who
pay all of a corporation’s taxes. If a corporation cannot pass on all taxes
to the consumer in the form of higher prices and still earn a reasonable
return for its owners, that corporation goes out of business.
It also is true that a company that pays higher taxes, embedded or other-
wise, is in a less competitive position than a company that pays lower taxes,
and it will have a decided disadvantage in international trade. If we really want
to grow our economy and protect American manufacturing jobs, shouldn’t
our tax rate be zero for corporations? This would lead to lower prices for the
American consumer and increased industrial exports (see below).

While we are on the subject of taxes, here would be a good place to inject that the
abolishment of the income tax in favor of the Fair Tax would be a great way to eliminate
all corporate income taxes as well as our own. Among the problems with the current
system are that we are disincentivizing productivity, savings, and investment (three of the
most critical things needed to support a growing and vibrant economy); not taxing a large
part of the country’s economic activity; creating an unbelievably expensive and powerful
bureaucracy; giving the government a tool to control our behavior; requiring Americans
and companies to spend billions on nonvalue-added recordkeeping and tax preparation;
allowing a large percentage of Americans to escape any financial accountability for being
citizens of this great country; putting our companies at a significant disadvantage to other
companies around the world; and these are just a few of our current tax system problems.

National Preferences
The issue of national preferences becomes a little more difficult hurdle to
overcome. Most Americans are patriotic and love their country and want
America to be successful, not only for their own future, but for that of all
Americans and their descendents. Most of us also believe in our system of
capitalism, which has produced one of the highest levels of prosperity and
freedom in the history of the world.
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• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 5: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 2: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 12: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 19: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 20: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Appendix 3: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 27: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 4: Historical development and evolution
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 31: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 32: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 37: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 38: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Module 5: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 41: Practical applications and examples
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 43: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 44: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 47: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Unit 6: Practical applications and examples
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 52: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 55: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 55: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 58: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Module 7: Ethical considerations and implications
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 62: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 65: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 69: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 8: Practical applications and examples
Example 70: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 72: Experimental procedures and results
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 73: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 74: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 75: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 75: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 77: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 78: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 9: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 81: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 85: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 87: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 90: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Module 10: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 91: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 98: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 99: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 11: Critical analysis and evaluation
Practice Problem 100: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 105: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 106: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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