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 HISTORY, ARCHAEOLOGY
AND THE BIBLE FORTY YEARS
AFTER “HISTORICITY”

In History, Archaeology and the Bible Forty Years after “Historicity”, Hjelm and
Thompson argue that a ‘crisis’ broke in the 1970s, when several new studies of biblical
history and archaeology were published, questioning the historical-critical method of bibli-
cal scholarship. The crisis formed the discourse of the Copenhagen School’s challenge of
standing positions, which—together with new achievements in archaeological research—
demand that the regional history of ancient Israel, Judaea and Palestine be reconsidered
in all its detail. This volume examines the major changes that have taken place within the
field of Old Testament studies since the groundbreaking works of Thomas Thompson and
John van Seters in 1974 and 1975 (both republished in 2014). The book is divided in three
sections: changing perspectives in biblical studies, history and cult, and ideology and his-
tory, presenting new articles from some of the field’s best scholars with comprehensive
discussion of historical, archaeological, anthropological, cultural and literary approaches
to the Hebrew Bible and Palestine’s history. The chapters question: “How does biblical
history relate to the archaeological history of Israel and Palestine?” and “Can we view the
history of the region independently of a biblical perspective?” by looking at the problem
from alternative angles and questioning long-held interpretations.
Unafraid to break new ground, History, Archaeology and the Bible Forty Years after
“Historicity” is a vital resource to students in the field of Biblical and East Mediterranean
Studies, and anyone with an interest in the archaeology, history and religious development
in Palestine and the ancient Near East.

Ingrid Hjelm is Associate Professor at the University of Copenhagen and Director of the
Palestine History and Heritage Project. She is the author of The Samaritans and Early
Judaism (2000) and Jerusalem’s Rise to Sovereignty (2004) in addition to a considerable
number of articles within the field of Samaritan studies, the history of ancient Israel and the
Hebrew Bible. Her latest book, co-edited with Anne Katrine de Hemmer Gudme is Myths
of Exile (2015).

Thomas L. Thompson is Professor Emeritus at the University of Copenhagen and

author of some 130 articles and ca. 20 books, including The Historicity of the Patriarchal
Narratives (1974), The Early History of the Israelite People (1992), The Bible in History:
How Writers Create a Past (1999) and Biblical Narrative and Palestine’s History (2013),
currently working as Project Developer on the Palestine History and Heritage Project.
COPENHAGEN INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR

General Editors: Ingrid Hjelm and Thomas L. Thompson

both at the University of Copenhagen
Editors: Niels Peter Lemche and Mogens Müller,
both at the University of Copenhagen
Language Revision Editor: James West at the Quartz
Hill School of Theology
Available:

JAPHETH BEN ALI’S BOOK OF JEREMIAH

Joshua A. Sabih

THE EMERGENCE OF ISRAEL IN ANCIENT

PALESTINE
Emanuel Pfoh

ORIGIN MYTHS AND HOLY PLACES IN

THE OLD TESTAMENT
Lukasz Niesiolowski-Spanò

CHANGING PERSPECTIVES I
John Van Seters

ARGONAUTS OF THE DESERT

Philippe Wajdenbaum

THE EXPRESSION ‘SON OF MAN’ AND

THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRISTOLOGY
Mogens Müller

BIBLICAL STUDIES AND THE FAILURE

OF HISTORY
Niels Peter Lemche

BIBLICAL NARRATIVE AND PALESTINE’S HISTORY

Thomas L. Thompson
 ‘IS THIS NOT THE CARPENTER?’
Edited by Thomas L. Thompson and Thomas S. Verenna

THE BIBLE AND HELLENISM

Edited by Thomas L. Thompson and Philippe Wajdenbaum

RETHINKING BIBLICAL SCHOLARSHIP

Philip R. Davies

REPRESENTING ZION
Frederik Poulsen

MYTHS OF EXILE
Edited by Anne Katrine De Hemmer Gudme and Ingrid Hjelm

REWRITING PETER AS AN INTERTEXTUAL CHARACTER

IN THE CANONICAL GOSPELS
Finn Damgaard

HISTORY, ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE BIBLE

FORTY YEARS AFTER “HISTORICITY”
Edited by Ingrid Hjelm and Thomas L. Thompson

BIBLICAL INTERPRETATION BEYOND HISTORICITY

Edited by Ingrid Hjelm and Thomas L. Thompson

Forthcoming:

SYRIA-PALESTINE IN THE LATE BRONZE AGE

Emanuel Pfoh

THE JUDAEO-KARAITE RECEPTION

OF THE HEBREW BIBLE
Joshua A. Sabih

PLATO AND THE CREATION OF THE HEBREW BIBLE

Russel E. Gmirkin
This Page is Intentionally Left Blank
 HISTORY,
ARCHAEOLOGY
AND THE BIBLE
FORTY YEARS AFTER
“HISTORICITY”
Changing Perspectives 6

Edited by Ingrid Hjelm and

Thomas L. Thompson
First published 2016
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2016 Ingrid Hjelm and Thomas L. Thompson
The right of the editors to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and
of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with
sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to
infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Hjelm, Ingrid, editor.
Title: History, archaeology and the Bible forty years after historicity / edited by
Ingrid Hjelm and Thomas L. Thompson.
Description: New York, NY : Routledge, 2016. | Series: Changing perspectives ;
6 | Series: Copenhagen international seminar | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015028476| ISBN 9781138889514 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781315690780 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Bible—Criticism, interpretation, etc. | Bible. Old Testament—
History of Biblical events. | Bible. Old Testament—Antiquities. | Palestine—
History—To 70 A.D.
Classification: LCC BS511.3 .H57 2016 | DDC 220.609/04—dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015028476

ISBN: 978-1-138-88951-4 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-315-69078-0 (ebk)

Typeset in Times New Roman

by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon, UK
In memory of a colleague and friend
Frederick H. Cryer
1947–2002
This Page is Intentionally Left Blank
 CONTENTS

List of figures xi
Notes on contributors xii
Acknowledgements xv
List of abbreviations xvi

Introduction 1
INGRID HJELM AND THOMAS L. THOMPSON

PART I
Changing perspectives in biblical studies 15

1 Old and new in Scandinavian interpretation of the

Hebrew Bible 17
DOUGLAS A. KNIGHT

2 Myth and history: reflections on the relationship between

biblical history and the history of Israel 35
REINHARD G. KRATZ

3 Out of the wilderness? Some suggestions for the future

of Pentateuchal research 47
THOMAS M. BOLIN

4 The contemporary debate over linguistic dating of

biblical texts 60
MARTIN EHRENSVÄRD

ix
 C ontents

PART II
Archaeology, cult and history 69

5 From Jerusalem with love 71

MARGREET L. STEINER

6 Gender marking, overlapping and the identity of the

Bes-like figures at Kuntillet Ajrud 85
BRIAN B. SCHMIDT

7 Lost and found? A non-Jewish Israel from the Merneptah

stele to the Byzantine period 112
INGRID HJELM

8 Antiochus IV Epiphanes and the Jews: a reassessment 130

ŁUKASZ NIESIOŁOWSKI-SPANÒ

PART III
Ideology and history 141

9 From the search for ancient Israel to the history of

ancient Palestine 143
EMANUEL PFOH

10 Ethnicity and a regional history of Palestine 159

THOMAS L. THOMPSON

11 “The destruction that can be studied”: Israeli archaeology

and the deserted Palestinian villages 174
RAZ KLETTER AND GIDEON SULIMANI

12 The Bible in the service of Zionism: “we do not believe

in God, but he nonetheless promised us Palestine” 205
ILAN PAPPE

13 Arab scholars’ contribution to biblical studies 218

ZIAD MUNA

Index of sources 223

Index of authors 225

x
 FIGURES

6.1 Pithos A: YHWH-Asherah as Bes-Beset scene with overlapping

graffito 86
6.2 Pithos A: tree-ibexes-lion scene 89
6.3 Pithos B: worshipper scene and overhead caption 91
6.4 Pithos B: complete projection drawing 93
6.5 Pithos A: complete projection drawings 96
11.1 Khartiyah, c. November 1948, photo Y. Ory. IAA
archive i143 175
11.2 Kunayissah/Kh. Neches (near Modi‘in), 2012, photo R. Kletter 176
11.3 Traditional architecture and ancient stones at Selbit/Sha‘alabim
1949; unknown photographer. IAA archive i320 178
11.4 Letter by Yadin, 26.5.1964 182
11.5 Yalu 2014, photo R. Kletter 188
11.6 Sataf, 2005, photo R. Kletter 193
11.7 The opening page of Eitan’s research proposal 203
11.8 The last page of Eitan’s research proposal 204

xi
 CONTRIBUTORS

Thomas M. Bolin is Professor of Theology and Religious Studies at St. Norbert

College in De Pere, Wisconsin (USA). Author of Freedom Beyond Forgiveness:
The Book of Jonah Re-Examined (1997). His latest book, Ecclesiastes and the
Riddle of Authorship, will be published in 2016.
Martin Ehrensvärd is Associate Professor at the University of Copenhagen,
Faculty of Theology, where he teaches a number of different Semitic languages.
He has published mainly on the syntax and on the linguistic dating of biblical
Hebrew.
Ingrid Hjelm, is Associate Professor at the University of Copenhagen and
Director of the Palestine History and Heritage Project. She is the author of The
Samaritans and Early Judaism (2000) and Jerusalem’s Rise to Sovereignty
(2004) in addition to a considerable number of articles within the field of
Samaritan studies, the history of ancient Israel and the Hebrew Bible. Her latest
book, co-edited with Anne Katrine de Hemmer Gudme is Myths of Exile (2015).
Raz Kletter is an archaeologist (PhD) who worked in various positions (including
Head of SPR Unit) at the Israel Antiquities Authority (1990–2007), conducting
and participating in many excavations. He has taught in several universities and
is currently Docent at the University of Helsinki. His main fields of study are
economy, figurines, and history of archaeology. Among his many publications
is a monograph on the history of Israeli archaeology, Just Past? The Making of
Israeli Archaeology (2006).
Douglas A. Knight is Drucilla Moore Buffington Professor of Hebrew Bible
Emeritus and Professor of Jewish Studies at Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee. He is the author of Rediscovering the Traditions of Israel (3rd ed.,
2006) and Law, Power, and Justice in Ancient Israel (2011), and co-author
of The Meaning of the Bible (2011). He serves as general editor of the series
Library of Ancient Israel.
Reinhard G. Kratz is Professor of the Old Testament at the Theological Faculty
of Georg-August-University Göttingen. He is the author of The Composition

xii
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

of the Narrative Books of the Old Testament (2005; German original 2000);
Die Propheten Israels (2003; English version The Prophets of Israel, 2015);
Historisches und biblisches Israel (2013, English version forthcoming 2015
with Oxford University Press).
Ziad Muna, born in 1950 in Palestine, obtained his PhD in Philosophy at the Karl
Marx University in ex GDR. He began writing his Dissertation B on Kamal
Salibi’s thesis of a western-Arabian origin of the Bible, at the department of
Theology of Humboldt University. He is the author of Egypt and the Israelites
in South-western Arabia (1994, in Arabic), and since 2000 editor and director
of Qadmus Press, Beirut and Damascus.
Łukasz Niesiołowski-Spanò, Dr. Hab., works at the Institute of History, University
of Warsaw, where he specialises in the history of ancient Palestine. Recently he
has focused his work on the history of the Philistines and their influence on
the Hebrews. Author of Origin Myths and Holy Places in the Old Testament
(2011); Goliath’s Legacy (2015).
Ilan Pappe is Director of the European Centre for Palestine Studies and a sen-
ior fellow in the Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, both at the University
of Exeter. He is the author of fifteen books and many articles on the history
of the Middle East in general and the Israel/Palestine conflict in particular:
The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (2007), The Modern Middle East (third edi-
tion 2010), The Idea of Israel (2014), The Husaynis: The Rise and Fall of a
Palestinian Dynasty (2010). His latest book is On Palestine (2015) written
jointly with Noam Chomsky.
Emanuel Pfoh is a researcher at the National Research Council (CONICET)
and teaches in the Department of History of the National University of La
Plata, Argentina. His publications include The Emergence of Israel in Ancient
Palestine: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives (2009), Anthropology
and the Bible: Critical Perspectives (2010) and The Politics of Israel’s Past:
The Bible, Archaeology and Nation Building (co-edited with K.W. Whitelam,
2013).
Brian B. Schmidt (D.Phil., Oxon.), Associate Professor, Near Eastern Studies,
University of Michigan, is author of Israel’s Beneficent Dead (1994) and The
Materiality of Power (forthcoming 2015, Mohr-Siebeck). Editor of The Quest
for Historical Israel, Contextualizing Israel’s Sacred Writings and Kuntillet
’Ajrud (2015), and he has published numerous articles on various aspects of
ancient Levantine cultures.
Margreet L. Steiner is an independent researcher, specialised in the archaeol-
ogy of the Levant. She has published a large part of Kenyon’s excavations in
Jerusalem and has recently edited (with Ann Killebrew), The Oxford Handbook
of the Archaeology of the Levant (ca. 8000–332 BCE).

xiii
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Gideon Sulimani is an archaeologist (BA, Tel-Aviv University, 1984) who par-

ticipated in excavations of Tel Lachish, Tel Rumeiydah, Yoqneam, and Hazor.
In 1990–2008 he worked in the Jerusalem District of the Israel Antiquities
Authority, also directing salvage excavations (Mamila, Ramat Rahel), and sur-
veys (Nes Harim Map). Since 2008 he is a member and employee of the “Emek
Shaveh” association, which deals with the place of archaeology in Israeli soci-
ety and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Thomas L. Thompson is Professor Emeritus at the University of Copenhagen and
author of some 130 articles and ca. 20 books, including The Historicity of the
Patriarchal Narratives (1974), The Early History of the Israelite People (1992),
The Bible in History: How Writers Create a Past (1999) and Biblical Narrative
and Palestine’s History (2013), currently working as Project Developer on the
Palestine History and Heritage Project.

xiv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Anne Katrine de Hemmer Gudme and Jesper Høgenhaven, both from the
University of Copenhagen, are to be thanked for joining us in organizing the con-
ference on Changing Perspectives, which was held on October 9–12, 2013 at the
Faculty of Theology, University of Copenhagen. Also to be thanked are the dean
of the faculty, Professor Kirsten Busch Nielsen and the faculty for housing the
conference and for their support. Gratitude is also due to the H.P. Hjerl Hansen
Memorial Fund for Danish Research on Palestine and The Carlsberg Foundation
for funding the conference. Thanks to authors and participants of the conference.
We are also grateful to Philippe Wajdenbaum for his generous help in proofread-
ing the manuscript.

xv
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