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406 Appalachian set theory, J. CUMMINGS & E. SCHIMMERLING (eds)
407 The maximal subgroups of the low-dimensional finite classical groups, J.N. BRAY, D.F. HOLT &
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408 Complexity science: the Warwick master’s course, R. BALL, V. KOLOKOLTSOV & R.S. MACKAY (eds)
409 Surveys in combinatorics 2013, S.R. BLACKBURN, S. GERKE & M. WILDON (eds)
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414 Automorphic forms and Galois representations I, F. DIAMOND, P L. KASSAEI & M. KIM (eds)
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416 Reversibility in dynamics and group theory, A.G. O’FARRELL & I. SHORT
417 Recent advances in algebraic geometry, C.D. HACON, M. MUSTAŢĂ & M. POPA (eds)
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423 Inequalities for graph eigenvalues, Z. STANIC
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 Contents

List of Participants vi

Preface ix

José Burillo, Sean Cleary and Claas E. Röver

Obstructions for subgroups of Thompson’s group V 1

Ioannis Emmanouil
Groups of homological dimension one 5

Daniel S. Farley and Bruce Hughes

Braided diagram groups and local similarity groups 15

Ross Geoghegan and Marco Varisco

On Thompson’s group T and algebraic K-theory 34

Robert P. Kropholler
Special cube complexes (based on lectures of Piotr Przytycki) 46

Yash Lodha
A hyperbolic group with a finitely presented subgroup
that is not of type F P3 67

Jon McCammond
The structure of Euclidean Artin groups 82

Volodymyr Nekrasheyvych
Finitely presented groups associated with expanding maps 115

Olympia Talelli
On characteristic modules of groups 172

Mark Ullmann
Controlled algebra for simplicial rings and algebraic K-theory 182

v
 List of Participants

Azer Akhmedov NDSU

James Belk Bard
Robert Bieri Frankfurt
Collin Bleak St Andrews
Brian Bowditch Warwick
Martin Bridson Oxford
Jeff Burdges St Andrews
José Burillo Barcelona
Kai-Uwe Bux Bielefeld
Montserrat Casals-Ruiz Oxford
Yu-Yen Chien University of Southampton
Ian Chiswell Queen Mary, London
Sean Cleary CUNY
Ged Corob Cook Royal Holloway
Michael Davis Ohio State
Matthew Day University of Arkansas
Dieter Degrijse KU Leuven, Kortrijk
Dennis Dreesen Southampton
Andrew Duncan Newcastle
Martin Dunwoody Southampton
Jan Dymara Wroclaw
Ioannis Emmanouil University of Athens
Daniel Farley Miami University, Oxford, Ohio
Michal Ferov Southampton
Ariadna Fossas Tenas EPFL Lausanne
With affiliations at time of the Symposium.

vi
 vii

Giovanni Gandini Bonn

L
 ukasz Garncarek Wroclaw
Alejandra Garrido Oxford
Ross Geoghegan Binghamton
Anne Giralt Jussieu, Paris
Tadeusz Januszkiewicz Inst. Math., Polish Academy of Sciences
Aditi Kar Oxford
Martin Kassabov Cornell
Ilya Kazachkov Oxford
Dessislava Kochloukova UNICAMP
Peter Kropholler Southampton
Robert Kropholler Oxford
Benno Kuckuck Oxford
Ian Leary Southampton
Yash Lodha Cornell
Eric López Platón UPC
John Mackay Oxford
Conchita Martı́nez-Pérez Zaragosa
Armando Martino Southampton
Francesco Matucci Paris-Sud 11
Jon McCammond UC Santa Barbara
Sebastian Meinert FU Berlin
Ashot Minasyan Southampton
Justin Moore Cornell
Volodymyr Nekrashevych Texas A&M
Brita Nucinkis Royal Holloway, London
Nansen Petrosyan KU Leuven
Steve Pride Glasgow
Piotr Przytycki Warsaw
Sarah Rees Newcastle
Holger Reich FU Berlin
Claas Röver NUI Galway
Colva Roney-Dougal St Andrews
Mark Sapir Vanderbilt
Dirk Schuetz Durham
Marco Schwandt Bielefeld
Wolfgang Steimle Bonn
Melanie Stein Trinity
Simon St.John-Green Southampton
Zoran S̆unić Texas A&M
Jacek S̆wia̧tkowski Wroclaw
Olympia Talelli Athens
Robert Tang University of Warwick
Mark Ullmann FU Berlin
viii

Marco Varisco University of Albany, SUNY

Alina Vdovina Newcastle
Karen Vogtmann Cornell
Kun Wang Ohio State University
Christian Wegner Bonn
John Wilson Oxford
Henry Wilton UC London
Stefan Witzel Muenster
Daniel Woodhouse McGill University
Xiaolei Wu SUNY Binghamton
Pavel Zalesskii Brasilia
 Preface

This proceedings volume results from the fourth London Mathematical Soci-
ety Durham Symposium of an influential series that belongs to the mathemat-
ical territory that we now see as part of Geometric Group Theory. Notably it
was also the 100th in the entire series of LMS Durham Symposia. The first of
these four meetings was held in 1976 organised by Scott and Wall, the second
in 1994 organised by Kropholler and Stöhr (with Niblo as an additional edi-
tor for the proceedings volume), and the third in 2003 organised by Bridson,
Kropholler and Leary. Proceedings volumes for these three meetings appeared
in the London Mathematical Society Lecture Notes series as volumes 36, 252
and 358, and we are pleased to be able to continue this tradition.
This fourth meeting drew together some 80 mathematicians from around
the world. It shared with the earlier meetings the high standards and signifi-
cance of its main lecture series. These lecture series were delivered by Kai-Uwe
Bux, Desi Kochloukova, Jon McCammond, Justin Moore, Piotr Przytycki,
and Holger Reich. There was also room in the schedule for individual invited
lectures from Azer Akhmedov, Collin Bleak, Brian Bowditch, Martin Brid-
son, Michael Davis, Ioannis Emmanouil, Dan Farley, Ross Geoghegan, Martin
Kassabov, Conchita Martı́nez-Pérez, Volodymyr Nekrashevych, Nansen Pet-
rosyan, Colva Roney-Dougal, Mark Sapir, Karen Vogtmann, Christian Weg-
ner, John Wilson, Henry Wilton, and Stefan Witzel.
The titles of the four proceedings volumes that have flowed from these
symposia have evolved in a way that mirrors the evolution of the subject:
over a period of almost four decades, the role of geometry in group theory
has grown hugely. This change was evident at the symposium and can also
be seen in the present volume.
We thank all the authors who have contributed to this volume. We thank
the London Mathematical Society and the Engineering and Physical Sciences
Research Council for their support both in terms of advice and financially. The
organisational burden that has in the past fallen on the scientific committee
associated with an LMS Durham Symposium has now largely been replaced
by the very supportive and tireless work of the administrative staff in the
Mathematics Department of Durham University and we gratefully acknowl-
edge this contribution, which has gone a long way to making these symposia
run smoothly and ensuring that the focus is on the important science at the
heart of our work.

ix
x

The warm and friendly atmosphere of the meeting itself led to many useful
interactions and a flow of ideas. We hope that the reader will find some of
this excitement is reflected in the present volume.

Peter Kropholler, University of Southampton

Ian Leary, University of Southampton
Conchita Martı́nez-Pérez, University of Zaragoza
Brita Nucinkis, Royal Holloway, University of London
 Obstructions for subgroups of Thompson’s
group V
José Burillo∗ Sean Cleary∗ Claas E. Röver∗

Abstract

Thompson’s group V has a rich variety of subgroups, containing all

finite groups, all finitely generated free groups and all finitely generated
abelian groups, the finitary permutation group of a countable set, as
well as many wreath products and other families of groups. Here, we
describe some obstructions for a given group to be a subgroup of V .

1 Introduction
Thompson constructed a finitely presented group now known as V as an early
example of a finitely presented infinite simple group. The group V contains
a remarkable variety of subgroups, such as the finitary infinite permutation
group S∞ , and hence all (countable locally) finite groups, finitely generated
free groups, finitely generated abelian groups, Houghton’s groups, copies of
Thompson’s groups F , T and V , and many of their generalizations, such as
the groups Gn,r constructed by Higman [9]. Moreover, the class of subgroups
of V is closed under direct products and restricted wreath products with finite
or infinite cyclic top group.
In this short survey, we summarize the development of properties of V
focusing on those which prohibit various groups from occurring as subgroups
of V .
Thompson’s group V has many descriptions. Here, we simply recall that
V is the group of right-continuous bijections from the unit interval [0, 1] to
itself, which map dyadic rational numbers to dyadic rational numbers, which
are differentiable except at finitely many dyadic rational numbers, and with
slopes, when defined, integer powers of 2. The elements of this group can
∗ The authors are grateful for the hospitality of Durham University during the Sym-

posium on Cohomological and Geometric Group Theory. The first author acknowledges
support from MEC grant MTM2011–25955. The second author acknowledges support from
the National Science Foundation and that this work was partially supported by a grant
from the Simons Foundation (#234548 to Sean Cleary).

1
2 J. Burillo, S. Cleary and C. E. Röver

be described by reduced tree pair diagrams of the type (S, T, π) where π is a

bijection between the leaves of the two finite rooted binary trees S and T .
Higman [9] gave a different description of V , which he denoted as G2,1 in
a family of groups generalizing V .

2 Obstructions
Higman [9] described several important properties of V which can serve as
obstructions to subgroups occurring in V .
Theorem 2.1 ([9]) An element of infinite order in V has only finitely many
roots.
This prevents all Baumslag-Solitar groups Bm,n = a, b | an b = bam  from
occurring as subgroups of V , if m properly divides n; see [13].
Theorem 2.2 ([9]) Torsion free abelian subgroups of V are free abelian, and
their centralizers have finite index in their normalizers in V.
This prevents GLn (Z) from occurring as a subgroup of V for n ≥ 2.
A group is torsion locally finite if every torsion subgroup is locally finite.
That is, if every finitely generated torsion subgroup is finite. Röver [12] showed
Theorem 2.3 ([12]) Thompson’s group V is torsion locally finite.
This rules out many branch groups from occurring as subgroups of V ,
including the Grigorchuk groups of intermediate growth [7] and the Gupta-
Sidki groups [8]. It also rules out Burnside groups.
Holt and Röver [10] showed that V has indexed co-word problem.
Theorem 2.4 ([10]) The set of words (over an arbitrary but fixed finite gen-
erating set) which do not represent the identity in V is an indexed language,
and hence can be recognized by a nested-stack automaton.
This property is not easy to verify, however. But it is inherited by finitely
generated subgroups (see [10]), and hence groups which do not have an in-
dexed co-word problem cannot occur as a subgroup of V .
Lehnert and Schweitzer [11] improved this result.
Theorem 2.5 ([11]) The set of words (over an arbitrary but fixed finite gen-
erating set) which do not represent the identity in V is a context-free language,
and hence can be recognized by a pushdown automaton.
Again, this property is inherited by finitely generated subgroups, but the
condition is still not easy to verify.
More recently, Bleak and Salaza-Dı́az [4] and subsequently Corwin [6],
using similar techniques showed
Obstructions for subgroups of Thompson’s group V 3

Theorem 2.6 ([4, 6]) Neither the free product Z ∗ Z2 nor the standard re-
stricted wreath product Z  Z2 with Z2 as top group are subgroups of V .

One theorem of Higman [9] together with a metric estimate of Birget [1]
gives another obstruction.

Theorem 2.7 ([9]) For any element v of infinite order in V , there is a power
v n such that for the reduced tree pair diagram (S, T, π) for v n , there is a leaf
i in the source tree S which is paired with a leaf j in the target tree T so that
j is a child of of i.

Theorem 2.8 ([1]) For any finite generating set of V , There are constants
C and C  such that word length |v| of an element of V with respect to that
generating set satisfies Cn ≤ |v| ≤ C  n log n where n is the size of the reduced
tree pair diagram representing v.

Since the powers of v n will have length thus growing linearly, these two
theorems give as a consequence the following.

Theorem 2.9 Cyclic subgroups of V are undistorted.

We note that this argument applies as well to generalizations of V where

there is a linear lower bound on word length in terms of the number of carets,
such as braided versions of V [5].
This last theorem has an obvious corollary.

Corollary 2.10 If a group embeds in V , its cyclic subgroups must be undis-

torted.

The reason for this is that in a chain of subgroups G ⊃ H ⊃ K the

distortion of K in H cannot be larger than the distortion of K in G.
We note that Bleak, Bowman, Gordon, Graham, Hughes, Matucci and J.
Sapir [3] used Brin’s methods of revealing pairs for elements of V to show
that cyclic subgroups of V are undistorted.
This result excludes all Baumslag-Solitar groups with |n| = |m|, as these
have distorted cyclic subgroups. It also rules out nilpotent groups which
are not virtually abelian. An alternative argument excluding the Baumslag-
Solitar groups is due to Bleak, Matucci and Neunhöffer [2].

References
[1] Jean-Camille Birget. The groups of Richard Thompson and complexity.
Internat. J. Algebra Comput., 14(5-6):569–626, 2004. International Con-
ference on Semigroups and Groups in honor of the 65th birthday of Prof.
John Rhodes.
4 J. Burillo, S. Cleary and C. E. Röver

[2] C. Bleak, F. Matucci, and M. Neunhöffer. Embeddings into Thompson’s

group V and coCF groups. arXiv e-prints, December 2013.
[3] Collin Bleak, Hannah Bowman, Alison Gordon Lynch, Garrett Graham,
Jacob Hughes, Francesco Matucci, and Eugenia Sapir. Centralizers in
the R. Thompson group Vn . Groups Geom. Dyn., 7(4):821–865, 2013.
[4] Collin Bleak and Olga Salazar-Dı́az. Free products in R. Thompson’s
group V . Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 365(11):5967–5997, 2013.
[5] José Burillo and Sean Cleary. Metric properties of braided Thompson’s
groups. Indiana Univ. Math. J., 58(2):605–615, 2009.
[6] Nathan Corwin. Embedding and non embedding results for R. Thompsons
group V and related groups. PhD thesis, University of Nebraska – Lincoln,
2013.

[7] R. I. Grigorčuk. On Burnside’s problem on periodic groups. Funktsional.

Anal. i Prilozhen., 14(1):53–54, 1980.

[8] Narain Gupta and Saı̈d Sidki. On the Burnside problem for periodic
groups. Math. Z., 182(3):385–388, 1983.
[9] Graham Higman. Finitely presented infinite simple groups. Department
of Pure Mathematics, Department of Mathematics, I.A.S. Australian Na-
tional University, Canberra, 1974. Notes on Pure Mathematics, No. 8
(1974).

[10] Derek F. Holt and Claas E. Röver. Groups with indexed co-word problem.
Internat. J. Algebra Comput., 16(5):985–1014, 2006.
[11] J. Lehnert and P. Schweitzer. The co-word problem for the Higman-
Thompson group is context-free. Bull. Lond. Math. Soc., 39(2):235–241,
2007.
[12] Claas E. Röver. Constructing finitely presented simple groups that con-
tain Grigorchuk groups. J. Algebra, 220(1):284–313, 1999.

[13] Claas E. Röver. Subgroups of finitely presented simple groups. PhD thesis,
University of Oxford, 1999.
 Groups of homological dimension one
Ioannis Emmanouil∗

Abstract
We report on recent work concerning groups of homological dimen-
sion one and detail some methods that may be used in order to deter-
mine whether these groups are locally free.

0 Introduction
Stallings has established in [20] a characterization of finitely generated free
groups, as those groups whose cohomological dimension is one. It is very
easy to show that a free group has cohomological dimension one. Indeed, if
G is a free group then the augmentation ideal IG is a free ZG-module; in
fact, if G is freely generated by a subset S, then IG is a free ZG-module
on the set {s − 1 : s ∈ S}. The essence of Stallings’ theorem is that the
converse implication is also true, namely that any finitely generated group of
cohomological dimension one is free. Bieri asked in [2] whether a (stronger)
homological version of the latter result holds:
Is any finitely generated group of homological dimension one free?
Shortly after the publication of the proof of Stallings’ theorem, Swan showed
that the finite generation hypothesis is redundant therein, by proving that a
(not necessarily finitely generated) group G is free if and only if cd G = 1
(cf. [21]). In that direction, we note that Bieri’s question may be equivalently
formulated as follows:
Is any group of homological dimension one locally free?
Some interesting results concerning that problem have been obtained in [5]
and [11], by embedding the integral group ring ZG of the group G into the
associated von Neumann algebra N G and the algebra UG of unbounded op-
erators which are affiliated to N G.
We note that a group G is known to be finitely generated if and only if
the augmentation ideal IG is a finitely generated ZG-module, whereas G has
∗ Research supported by a GSRT/Greece excellence grant, cofunded by the ESF/EU and

National Resources.

5
6 I. Emmanouil

homological dimension one if and only if IG is a flat ZG-module. In view of the

above mentioned result of Stallings and Swan, the freeness of G is equivalent
to the projectivity of IG as a ZG-module. Therefore, Bieri’s question turns
out to be equivalent to the following one:
If the augmentation ideal IG is a finitely generated flat ZG-module,
then is it true that IG is a projective ZG-module?
If G is any countable group, then the augmentation ideal IG is countably
presented as a ZG-module. It follows from a result of Lazard [12] that, in this
case, the flatness of IG implies that its projective dimension is ≤ 1 (and hence
that cd G ≤ 2). The point is to show that if we strengthen the assumption on
the group G and assume that it is finitely generated (and not just countable),
then the flatness of IG implies its projectivity. In this direction, we note that
if G is the additive group of rational numbers, then the ZG-module IG is flat
but not projective (i.e. hd G = 1 but cd G = 2); even though this countable
group has homological dimension one, it isn’t free.
In the present note, we shall follow [6] and elaborate on two methods that
may be used in order to study this problem.

1 Projectivity of finitely generated flat mod-

ules
Let G be a group and consider the augmentation ideal IG . As mentioned in the
Introduction, we wish to prove that the ZG-module IG is projective, provided
that we know it to be finitely generated and flat. We are only interested in
the very particular ZG-module IG , but it may be the case that our group G
is such that any finitely generated flat ZG-module is projective. Even though
it seems that we make the problem unnecessarily harder1 , we introduce the
following class of groups:
Definition 1.1. Let S be the class consisting of those groups G, which are
such that any finitely generated flat ZG-module is projective.
We shall begin by listing a couple of elementary properties of this class:

(i) S contains all finite groups.

Proof. If G is a finite group, then the group ring ZG is (left) Noetherian and
hence any finitely generated ZG-module is finitely presented. In particular,
any finitely generated flat ZG-module is (finitely presented and flat and hence)
projective. 2

(ii) S is subgroup-closed.
1 See Remark 1.8(ii) below.
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