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 THIS PAGE
INTENTIONALLY
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 KRYSTYNA PORAY GODDU

LERNER PUBLICATIONS MINNEAPOLIS

Copyright © 2016 by Lerner Publishing Group, Inc.

All rights reserved. International copyright secured. No part of this

book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise—without the prior written permission
of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc., except for the inclusion of brief
quotations in an acknowledged review.

Lerner Publications Company

A division of Lerner Publishing Group, Inc.
241 First Avenue North
Minneapolis, MN 55401 USA

For reading levels and more information, look up this title at

www.lernerbooks.com.

Main body text set in Caecilia LT Std 9.5/15.

Typeface provided by Adobe Systems.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Goddu, Krystyna Poray.

George Washington’s presidency / by Krystyna Poray Goddu.
pages cm. — (Presidential powerhouses)
Audience: Grades 7–8.
ISBN 978-1-4677-7924-1 (lb : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-1-4677-8598-3 (eb pdf)
 1. Washington, George, 1732-1799—Juvenile literature.
2. Presidents—United States—Biography—Juvenile literature.
3. Generals—United States—Biography—Juvenile literature.
4. Leadership—United States—Case studies—Juvenile literature.
I. Title.
E312.66.G65 2015
973.4'1092—dc23 [B] 2014045360

Manufactured in the United States of America

1 – VP – 12/31/15
 Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Chapter One
Before the Presidency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Chapter Two
Becoming President
and Setting Precedents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Chapter Three
Power Plays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Chapter Four
Uneasy Borders, Uneasy Relations . . . . . 42
Chapter Five
Neutrality Abroad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Chapter Six
Securing Peace and Trade Abroad . . . . . . 66
Chapter Seven
Deepening Divisions at Home . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Chapter Eight
Private Citizen, Public Legacy . . . . . . . . 86
Timeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Source Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Selected Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Further Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
 Introduction

A
s spring 1789 approached, George Washington was at his
beloved Mount Vernon home with his wife, Martha, and
two of their grandchildren. After years of war, Washington
was living the quiet life of a private citizen. But Washington
knew this wouldn’t last long. Members of the Electoral College
were meeting to choose the first president of the United States,
and Washington’s election was virtually certain. Leading
his fledgling nation would be an enormous, difficult job.
Washington was fifty-seven years old and had often said he
was tired of public service. On April 1, while awaiting word of
the election’s outcome, he wrote to his friend Henry Knox: “My
movements to the Chair of Government will be accompanied by
feelings not unlike those of a culprit who is going to the place of
his execution.”
A few weeks later, when Washington learned that he had been
unanimously elected, he accepted the position despite strong
reservations. On April 16, he wrote this in his diary: “With a mind
oppressed with more anxious and painful sensations than I have
words to express, [I] set out for New York.”
More than a year earlier, the Constitutional Convention had
met to form a new central government for the United States. One
of the big questions facing the convention had been whether the
country should be led by a single man or by a council of several.
Even as the delegates discussed this question, they all knew
that whichever option they chose, Washington would be their
leader. Historians agree, in fact, that the entire idea of the US

6
 George Washington sits with his wife, Martha (left), step-granddaughter
Nelly Custis (center), and step-grandson George Washington Custis
(right) at their Mount Vernon home.

presidency was based on Washington’s character. Pierce Butler, a

South Carolina delegate to the Constitutional Convention, noted
that the delegates had granted more powers to the president
than Butler considered appropriate, mainly because “many of
the members cast their eyes towards George Washington as
President, and shaped their Ideas of the Powers to be given a
President, by their opinions of his Virtue.”
Washington was unanimously elected because he was
widely beloved and respected by political leaders and ordinary
citizens. A celebrated military hero of the French and Indian War

7
(1754–1763), he had solidified Americans’ trust as commander
in chief during the American Revolution (1775–1783). When he
resigned his command at the end of the war—instead of seizing
power, as many generals throughout history had done—people’s
respect for him swelled. He was known for his integrity, his
physical prowess, and his calming public presence.
In April of 1789, the survival of the new nation depended
on him once again. The office Washington accepted with
such unease was still an experiment, as was the shaky young
democracy that Washington hoped to hold together. Throughout
his two terms as president of the United States, Washington

Washington (center) addresses members of Congress after being

elected president of the United States in April 1789.

8
carefully shaped the role. He saw it as one in which he should
serve, not rule, the public. He defined the boundaries between
the president and Congress and established some of the office’s
most crucial powers. By declining to run for a third term of
office, he created a precedent of two-term limits that lasted into
the twentieth century and eventually became law. Above all, he
guided the United States through its rocky early years and helped
lay the foundation for its future.

9
 CHAPTER ONE

BEFORE THE
PRESIDENCY
G
eorge Washington was born on February 22, 1732, on
his family’s tobacco plantation in the British colony
of Virginia. George was the first of four children born
to Augustine and Mary Ball Washington. He had two older
half brothers, Augustine Jr. and Lawrence, from his father’s
first marriage, as well as four younger siblings who survived
childhood. When George was eleven years old, his father died.
His half brothers inherited most of Augustine’s land, while
George and the other children continued to live with their
mother in a six-room farmhouse at the family’s plantation.
George received only the most basic education and never
attended college. Aware of his lack of formal schooling, he
studied on his own all his life.
Young George dreamed of a career in Great Britain’s Royal
Navy, but although he was accepted in 1746, his mother forbade
him from joining. Instead, in 1748, George began a career as a
surveyor. For three years, he measured land, marked property
boundaries, and drew maps.
In 1752 George’s half brother Lawrence died of tuberculosis.
George inherited Lawrence’s plantation, Mount Vernon. He
also took over some of his brother’s military duties. In addition

10
 This illustration shows young George Washington (center) working
as a surveyor, circa 1750. For three years, Washington explored
uncharted territory around the colony of Virginia.

to being a planter, Lawrence had been the commander of the

colony’s militia (private citizens who volunteered for military
duty in wartime). Lawrence’s father-in-law, Lord William Fairfax,
recommended George for the position, and Virginia’s governor
appointed him as one of Lawrence’s replacements. Fairfax
believed that despite George’s lack of military experience, he was
a natural leader. At 6 feet 3 inches (1.9 meters) tall, George cut an
impressive figure, standing a head taller than the average man
of the time. He was exceptionally strong, and most important, he
was eager to make his mark in the military. The opportunity to
do so arose sooner than anyone expected.

11
Military Leader
By the 1750s, France and Great Britain controlled large portions
of North America. While Washington was beginning his
military career, France and Britain fought over the area west
of the Appalachian Mountains. These hostilities escalated
into the French and Indian War, which pitted France and its
American Indian allies against Britain. Starting in the spring
of 1755, Washington fought in the Ohio Valley, serving as a
volunteer aide-de-camp, or assistant, to British major general
Edward Braddock. The young officer quickly learned that the
British army’s American Indian opponents did not follow the
European style of battle. They avoided large battles, preferring
instead surprise and stealth in small-scale attacks. Washington

Washington (on horseback) takes command of the regiment

after British major general Edward Braddock (center) is injured in the
Battle of Fort Duquesne on July 9, 1755.

12
encouraged Braddock to
use similar strategies, but
the general refused to
abandon the traditional
European rules of war.
His stance cost him his
life when the French
and American Indians
defeated the British in a
battle near Fort Duquesne.
After the general’s death,
Washington led Braddock’s
remaining troops out of
the Ohio Valley. He was
hailed as a hero for his
courage and was given
command of his own This painting shows Washington
in his uniform as part of the
regiment. In 1758 he was
Virginia Regiment during the
part of another attack French and Indian War.
on Fort Duquesne that
resulted in British victory.
Following this major military achievement, Washington
retired from military life. He returned to Mount Vernon, where,
in January 1759, he married Martha Dandridge Custis, a wealthy
widow with two children. With his marriage, George gained
control over—though not ownership of—Martha’s property,
including 18,000 acres (7,284 hectares) of Custis land. For sixteen
years, Washington lived a profitable life as a landowner. He grew
tobacco and other crops on his lands, and he owned more than
a hundred slaves to do the backbreaking work of tending those
crops. All his life, he would be an active manager of his estate and
would think of himself as a farmer above all else.

13
 Washington met Martha Dandridge Custis in March 1758. Martha
was a wealthy young widow with two children. The couple (center)
married on January 6, 1759.

Entry into Politics

Even as Washington took an avid interest in the expansion of his
plantation, a political career soon brought him back into public
service. He was elected to the Virginia legislature, also known as
the House of Burgesses, in 1758. One of his first challenges as a
lawmaker arose in 1764, when the British Parliament imposed
the first of a series of taxes on the colonists to help pay for
the costs of the French and Indian War. Many colonists were
outraged. Although they elected representatives to their own
colonial legislatures, which taxed them, they did not elect any
representatives to Parliament. Colonists felt that because they
had no voice in the British government, Parliament had no right
to force them to pay taxes. The Virginia House of Burgesses, along
with other colonial legislatures, sent a petition to Parliament
arguing against the taxes. Some colonists participated in public

14
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