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 B. III. 999-^1031. LUCRETIUS. 141 they be able to find,
through infinite time, any thing to devour^ of however vast an
extent of body he may be, even though it be such as may cover,
with its limbs outspread, not merely nine acres, but the orb of the
whole earth ; nor yet would he be able to endure eternal pain, or to
supply food incessantly from his own body ; but he is a Tityus
among us, whom, lying under the influence of love, the vultures of
passion tear, and anxious disquietude devours; or whom cares, with
any other unbecoming-feeling, lacerate. A Sisyphus, likewise, is
before our eyes in life, who sets his heart ^ to solicit from the
people the fasces and sharp axes, and always retires repulsed and
disappointed. For to seek power, which is empty, nor is ever granted,
and constantly to endure hard labour in the pursuit of it, this is to
push with effort the stone up the hill, which yet is rolled down again
from the summit, and impetuously seeks the level of the open plain.
• To feed perpetually, moreover, an ungrateful nature, and to fill it
with good things, and never to satisfy it; a kindness which the
seasons of the year do to us, as they come round in their course,
and bring their fruits and various charms ; whilst we,
notwithstanding, are never satisfied with the blessings of life ; this
is, I think, that which they relate of the damsels -in the flower of
their youth, that they pour water into a punctured vessel, which,
however, can by no means be filled. But also Cerberus and the
Furies are mentioned, and privation of light, and Tartarus, casting
forth fires from it» jaws, objects which are no where, nor indeed can
be ; but there is, in life, an eminent dread of punishment for
enormous crimes ; there is the prison, the reward of guilt, and the
terrible precipitation, of those who are condemned, from the rock ;
there are stripes, executioners, the wooden-horse,* pitch, hot iron,
fire-brands ; and though these may be absent, yet the mind, magna
scrutentur pectore. Observe that the quid is for qvaniumcunqitey or
utcunqtie, » Sets his heart.] Ver. 1010. Imbibit, " Imbibit petere is
induxit in animitm petere. ' ' Lambinus, * Stripes, executioners, the
wooden^horse, S^J] Ver. 1030. Verberat camijicea, robur, pix,
lamina, tmdm. By rt^r is meant the machine called equtdeiu. or little
horse, on which slaves were placed to be tortured, fiy tak<8 is
signified either firebrands, or lighted torches, applied to the person,
or wood to which the sufferer was fixed, and to which Juvenal, i.
155, alludes.
 142 LUCRETIUS. b. hi. 1032—1059. conscious of evil
deeds, feeling dread in anticipation, applies to itself stings, and
tortures itself ynth. scourges, nor sees, in the mean time, what end
there can be of its sufferings, nor whilt can be the limit of its
punishment, and fears rather lest these same tortures should
become heavier at death. Hence, in fine, the life of foold becomes,
as it were, an existence in Tartarus. / This reflection, likewise, you
may at times address to yourself. " Even the good Ancus," as Ennius
expresses it, " has deserted the light with his eyes," ^ who was
much better in many things than thou, worthless man I Besides,
many other kings, and rulers of affairs, who swayed mighty nations,
have yielded up the ghost. And what am I better than they ? He,
even, himself, who formerly paved a road over the vast sea, and
afforded a way to his legions to pass through the deep, and taught
them to walk on loot through salt gulfs, and despised the murmurs
of the ocean, trampling on it with his cavidry ; even he, I say, the
light of life being withdrawn from him, poured forth his soul from lus
dying body. Scipio, the thunderbolt of war, the dread of Carthage,
gave his bones to the earth, just as if he had been the meanest
slave. Add to these, the inventors of the sciences and the graces ;
add the associates of the muses ; over whom the unrivalled Homer
having obtained the supremacy, has been laid to rest in the same
sleep with others. When mature old age, too,' gave Democritus
warning that the mindful motions^ of his intellect were languishing,
he himself, of his own accord, offered his head to death. Epicurus
himself, having run through his light of life,^ is dead ; Epicurus, who
excelled the human race in genius, and threw all into the shade, as
the ethereal sun, when rising, obscures the stars. Wilt thou, then,
hesitate, and grudge to die, in whom, even while living and seeing,
life is almost dead? T%ou, who * Even the good Ancus has deserted
the light with his eyes.] Ver. 1038. Lumina sis octUis, Sfc, These
words were taken by Lucretius from Ennius, and are given by Festus
under sas. * Mindful motions.] Ver. 1053. Memores mottts. * Having
run throuffh his light of life.] Ver. 1055. Deourso lumine vita. " A
metaphor from the sun, says Wakefield, ** who runs his daily course
of light."
 B. III. 106(^^1094. LUCRETIUS. 143 wastest the greater
part of existence in sleep, and snorest waking, nor ceasest to see
dreamfl, and bearest a mind disturbed with empty terror; nor canst
thou, frequently, discover what evil lUSects thee, when, stupified
and wretched, thou art oppressed with numerous cares on all sides,
and, fluctuating with uncertain thought, wanderest in error ?/ If men
could feel, as they seem to feel, that there is an oppression on their
minds, which wearies them with its weight, and could also perceive
&om what causes it arises, and whence so great a mass, as it were,
of evil exists in their breasts, they would not live in the manner in
which we generally see them living; for we observe them uncertain
what they would have, and always inquiringybr something new ; and
changing their place, as if bi/ the change they could lay aside a load.
He, who has grown weary of remaining at home, often goes forth
from his vast mansion, and suddenly returns, inasmuch as he
perceives that he is nothing bettered by being abroad. He runs
precipitately, hurrying on his horses, to his villa, as if he were eager
to carry succour to an edifice on fire; but, as soon as he has touched
the threshold of the building, he yawns, or falls heavily to sleep, and
seeks forgetfulness of himself, or even with equal haste goes back
and revisits thje city. In this way each man fiees from himself; but
himself, as it always happens, whom he cannot escape, and whom
he stiU hates, adheres to him in spite qfhis efforts; and for this
reason, that the sick man does not know the cause of his disease,
which if every one could understand, he would, in the first place,
having Laid aside all other pursuits, study to learn the NATURE OF
THINGS ; siucc in such inquiries the state of eternity, not of one
hour merely, is concerned ; a state in which the whole age of
mortals, whatever remains after death, must continue. Besides, why
does so pernicious and so strong desire of existence compel us to
remain anxious in uncertain perils ? A certain bound of life is fixed to
mortals ; nor can death be avoided, or can we exempt ourselves
from undergoing it. Moreover, we are continually engaged and fixed
in the same occupations; nor, by the prolongation of life, is any new
pleasure discovered. Yet that which we desire, seems,
 144 LUCRETIUS. b. hi. 1096-1107. while it is distant in the
future^ to excel all other objects ; hu afterwards, when it has fallen
to our lot, we covet something else ; and thus a uniform thirst of life
occupies us, longing earnestly for that which is to come ; while what
fate the last period may bring us, or what chance may throw in our
way, or what death awaits us, still remains in uncertainty. Nor, by
protracting life, do we deduct a single moment from the duration of
death ; we cannot diminish aught ^ from its reiguj or caiise that we
may be for a less period sunk in non-existence. How many
generations soever, therefore, we may pass in life, nevertheless that
same eternal death will still await us. Nor will he be less long out of
being,^ who terminated his 4ife under this day^s sun, than he who
died many months and years ago. * We cannot diminish aught.] Ver.
1101. Nee delibrare valemus. *' Delibrare " is, to strip bark from a
tree. * Nor will he be less long out of being,^^c.j Ver. 1105. Nee
minus Hie diu jam non eritf et ule. It is requisite to translate et (like
oc or atque) by than.
 BOOK IV. ▲BOUMBNT. After an ezordiimi, (rer. 1—26,) in
which LncretLns speaks of his suliject, and his mode of
recommending it, he proceeds to treat of the images of Epicoms, by
which the senses are excited, rer. 26 — 45. He shows that images,
of exquisite subtlety, are .emitted from the surfaces of objects,
which are for the most part unseen, but which are observed when
reflected from a mirror, or any smooth surface, rer. 46—106. Besides
these images detached from bodies, there are others spontaneously
generated in the air, ▼er. 109 — 216. He demonstnites that vision is
produced by the impact of images on the eyes, ver. 217 — 239. He
then scdves various questions relating to images in mirrors, and to
light and shade, ver. 240 — 379. He ahows that the senses may be
trusted, though some would question their evidence; and that false
opinions arise from false reasoning about the testimony of the
senses, ver. 380 — 469. Pursues the sul^ect more fully, refuting the
Academic^, ver. 470 — 523. Proceeding to the other senses, he
asserts that voice and sounda are of a corporeal substance, and
discourses on the nature and formation of the voice, ver. 524 — 565.
Speaks of jthe diffusion, reverberation, and penetration of sounds,
ver. 566 — 617. Treats of taate and odour ^ and their diversities,
ver. 616—724. Shows that imagination and thought are produced by
means of images, which penetrate the body tiirough the senses, ver.
725—759. Explains the nature of dreams, and why a man thinks of
that on which he wishes to .think, ver. 760—808. Shows how we are
often deceived by images, ver. 809 — 823. Proceeds to prove that
the organs of the body were produced before the use of them was
discovered ; that they were not dengned for use, but that it was
found out, after they were formed, that they cotUd be used, ver. 824
—878. That motion in animals arose firom the motions of images,
ver. 879—908. He then speaks more fiiUy of sleep and dreams, of
which he suggests various causes, ver. 908—1035. Of love, desire,
and their influence, ver. 1036— 1283.
 146 LUCRETIUS. b. iy. 1—26. I RANGE over the trackless
regions^ of the Muses, trodden before by the foot of no poeU It
delights me to approach the untasted fountains, and to drink; and it
transports me to pluck the fresh flowers, and to obtain a
distinguished chaplet for my head from those groves whence the
Muses have hitherto veiled the temples of no one. In the first place,
because I give instruction concerning mighty things, and proceed to
free the mind from the closely-confining shackles of religion ; in the
next place, because I compose such lucid verses concerning so
obscure a subject, affecting every thing with the grace of poetry.
Since such ornament^ also, seems not unjustifiable or without
reason. But as physicians, when they attempt to give bitter
wormwood to children, first tinge the rim round the cup with the
sweet and yellow liquid of honey, that the age of childhood, as yet
unsuspicious, may find the lips deluded, and may in the mean time
drink of the bitter juice of the wormwood, and, though deceived,
may not be injured, but rather, recruited by such a process, may
recover strength : so now I, since this argument seems, in general,
too severe and forbidding to those by whom it has not been
handled, and since the multitude shrink back from it, was desirous to
set forth my chain-of-reasoning to thee, O Memmius^ in
sweetlyspeaking Pierian verse, and, as it were, to tinge it with the
honey of the Muses ; if perchance, by such a method, I might detain
thy attention upon my strains, until thou gainest a knowledge of the
whole nature of things, and perceivest the utility of that knowledge.
But since I have demonstrated^ of what nature the primor* I range
over the trackless regions, 4f^.] Ver. 1. Avia Pieridum peragfo loca^
&c. The first twenty-five verses of this book are taken from book i.
925. At the end of tne paragraph, ver. 25, 1 have given " utility of
that knowledge,'* with Creech, who has " istiusque cognitionis
utilitatem." ' But since I have demonstrated, iscj] Ver. 2(5. Having in
the preceding books discoursed of atoms, the generation of things
from them, and the nature of thie soul, he now proceeds to treat of
rerum simulacra, the images of things, which the Epicureans
supposed to be perpetually flying off* from the surfaces of bodies. If
these images presented themselves to us entire and undistorted, we
beheld true representations of the objects from which they came ; if
they w€re broken, or inverted, or mixed one with another, we then
saw monsters, such as Centaurs or Chimaeras. See ver. 736, acq. of
this
 B. IV. 27—60. LUCRETIUS. 147 dial-atoms of all things are,
and with how different figures distinguished they fij spontaneously^
through spcuse, actuated by motion from aU eternity, and in what
manner all things may severally be produced from them ; and since I
have shown what is the nature of the soul, and from what
substances it derives its vigour in-its-connexion with the body, and in
what way, being separated from t^ it returns to its original elements,
I shall now begin to treat of another subject, which is of the greatest
concern to these inquiries, namely, that there exist those shapes
which we call images of things ; shapes which, being separated, like
membranes, from the surface of the bodies of objects, flit hither and
thither through the air ; and which same shapes, not only occurring
to us when awake, startle our minds, htU also alarm us in sleep,
when we often seem to behold strange forms and spectres of the
dead, that frequently, when we are torpid in slumber, rouse us with
horror : / say that these are images thrown off the bodies of objects,
that we may not, by any possibility, suppose that souls escape from
Acheron, or that shades of the dead hover about among the living,
or that any portion of us can be left after death, when, after the
body, and substance of the soul, have , been disunited, they have
suffered dissolution into their respective elements. • I affirm, then,
that thin shapes and figures of objects are detached from those
objects ; from the surface, / mean, of their bodies ; shapes which
are to be designated, as it were, their pellicle or bark, because
ea>ch image bears the likeness and form of that object, whatsoever
it be, from whose surface it is detached and seems to wander^
through the air, hook. As to the spectres of the dead* Epicurus a^d
Lucretius supposed them to be pellicles thrown off from corpses,
which were so tnin as
The text on this page is estimated to be only 17.50%
accurate

148 LDCEETIUS. b. iv. 51-77. TbiB/act aaj oae, witli

however dull an intellect, ma; undetetand &om what follows. In the
first place, since many bodies, among objects manifest before our
eyet, send off, when disunited, vartout partides/nHN thar lubttance,
partly diffused mid nbtie, as wood discharges smoke and fire heat,
and partly more dose ^d condensed, as wbenerer grassboppers in
sommer lay aside their thin coats, and when calves, at their birth,
oast the membrane ' ikim the surface of their bodies, and, likewise,
when the stippny snake pats off bis garment among the thorns, (for
we frequMitly see the briers gifted with their spoils) : since these
things, I joy, take place, a thin image may naturally be detached '
from bodies ; Aal it ta my, irom the extreme surface of bodies. For
why those tubuanees which are mart dense, should more readify fall
away and recede from bodies, than these t&apet which are liffht and
subtle, it is quite impossible to teU ; especially when there are
numberless minute partidee on the surface of objects, which may be
thrown off in the order in which they have lain, and keep the outline
of their figure ; and Mii m> much the more easily, as, being
cengMratweljf few, and placed on the outmost saperficies, they are
less liable to be obstructed. For, assuredly, we not only see many
partklet discbarge &emselvet, and' become detached, as we said
before, from the middle and inward partt ofbodiet,* but we o&terve
also colour itself frequently _fiy off from their surfaces ; and this
effect yelloW) red, and purple curtains* publicly exhibit, when,
stretched across the vast theatres, displayed over the poles and
beams, they fluctuate with a tremulous motion ; tm: they then tinge
the assembly on the benches, and the whole face of the scene
beneath, the persons of senators, matrons, and gods, and ' Calves,
St their birth, cast the membrane, fe.] Ver. ST. " The alanlois, formed
for the purpose of containing the urine of the ftctus prior to its
birth." Good. * May naturally he detached."] Ver. 61. D^etmitti. Com
p. v, 83. » Fromthemiddleand inward parts o/iorfiej.] Ver. 71. ExaUo
P&nitmqua. Lil«rBll]',./ri>BE ike deplA and (from) within. ' Yellow,
red, and purple curtains.] Ver. 73, lej. LiUea, rwia. et/errugina. "
Displayed over the poke and beams," Permalotvulgata trabeijiie.
Malut here aignifiea a pole for siipporlinp a curtain : "' ■" ' ■■■ '- ',
Ludi« Romanis malua in eirco instabilis ir irocidit "■■ " ■ . . ...._, ^ in
thin p( turally send off," (ver. 83,] d,
 B. IV. 78-106. LUCRETIUS. 149 vary them with their own
colour ; and the more the walls of the theatre are shut in around, so
much the more all these objects within, suffused with the hue of the
curtcdnsj (the light of day being affected with it,) smile and look gay.
When the cnrtainsy therefore, send off* colour from their surface, all
otiher objects may naturally send off subtle images ; iotit is from the
superficies that both emit. There are therefore, we must beHeve,
certain outlines of figures, which, formed of a subtle texture, fly
abroad, and which nevertheless cannot, at the time that they are
separated /rom bodies, be individually discen^ hy the eye* Besides,
t^all odour, smoke, vapour, and other similar substances, fly off from
bodies in a scattered manner, U is because, while rising from within,
they are, as they issue fdrth, broken by winding passages ; nor are
there any direct openings of the orifices, by which they strive, as
they spring up, to fly out.* But, on the other hand, when a thin coat
of colour from the surface is thrown off, there is nothing that can
scat-^ ter it, since, being placed on the very superficies^ it lies in
readiness to fall off unbroken. Moreover, whatever images appear to
us in mirrors, in the water, and in any bright object, their substance,
since they are distinguished by a form similar to their objects, must
necessarily consist ^ in forms thrown of^ from those objects. For
why those grosser consistences, as smoke and vapour, which many
bodies obviously send forth from, their substance, should more
readily detach themselves, and recede from objects, than those
which are thin and subde^ there is no possibility of telling. There
are, therefore, we may beUeve, thin images of the forms of bodies,
and unlike those of, a grosser nature, which, though no one can see
them severally throvm off, yet, being thrown off, and repelled by
successive and frequent reflections' from the flat surface of mirrors,
strike the eye, and pro- . * By which they strive to fly out] Ver. 92.
Qu^ cofrUentkmt ixire coortm. In f'orbiger q*M is misprinted for
^u^. * Their substance — must necessarily consist.] Ver. 99. Esse
eorum. Esse is xnit substantively for ouffia, or essence. ' Repelled by
successive and frequent reflections.] Ver. 105. Assiduo crebroque
repulsu Rejects, reddunt speculorum ex sequote yisiun. '* The
representation of himself, which a man sees in a glass, is not,
 150 - LUCRETIUS. b. i v. 107— 125. duce sight. Nor can
shapes of bodies be imagined, by any other means, to be so
accurately preserved, as that forms corresponding to each should be
represented to us. < Give me now your attention further, and learn
of how subtle a nature or substance an image consists. You may
imagine this subtlety^ in the first place, inasmuch as the primordial-
atoms of ^A^« are so far below our senses, and so exceedingly less
than those smallest objects which our eyes first begin to be unable
to distinguish.^ But that I may make plain to you how exquisitely
diminutive the primary-particles of all bodies are, listen to what I
shall state in these few observations. First, there are some animals
so exceedingly minute, that the third part of them can by no
possibility be seen.^ Of what size can any internal part of these
crecUures be imagined to be ? What is the globule of their heart, or
of their eye ? What are their members and joints ? How extremely
diminutive must they be ! What, moreover, is the size of the several
atoms of which their vital-principle, and the substance of their soul,
must necessarily consist ? Do you not conceive how subtle and
minute they must be ? Contemplate, besides, whatever bodies
exhale from their substance a powerful odour, as panacea, bitter
wormwood, strong-smelling southernwood, and pungent centaury,
any one of which if you shall happen to shake gently, and imagine
how small must be the atoms that affect your nostrils, you may
opinion of Epicurus, one^ but many : produced hy a quick don of
images passing ofi^nrom the body, and striking against in the
succession the glass, whence^they are reflected to the eye ; the
rapidity of the process making the many appear as one." Lambintu,
This will be seen more clearly as the reader proceeds. Epicurus's
doctrine of images is one of the weakest points in his philosophy. ^
Our ejres first begin to be unable to distinguish.] Ver. 112. QtuB
primum oculi captant non posse ttteri. He means tne extreme points,
summa cacuminaf of small objects, which our sight cannot
command. See i. 698. — "Make plain to you," (ver. 113,)
conformem; a word of Wakefield's selection, from two or three
manuscripts, for conjirmem, the reading of Lambinus. Wakefield
interprets it, to make manifest, as if by forms. ^ That the third part
of them can hy no possibility be seen.] Ver. 116. Ut horum Tertia
pars nulld possit ratione videri. " That is, any considerable part, as in
Rev. viii. 7, The third part of the trees, the sea, &c." Priigerust
 B. IV. 126—148. LUCRETIUS. > 151 then the, better
understand that numeroud images of bodied, composed qfstHl
smaller atofns, may flit about in various ways^ without force or
weighty and without impression on the senses.^ [Of which bodies
how fine a part the image is, there is no one can express, or give
the due estimation of it in words.] But lest perchance you should
think, that those images of objects alone wander abroad, which fly
oflf from the objects themselvesy there are others^ also, which are
produced spontaneously, and are combined of themselves in this sky
which is called the air ; those images, namely , which, fashioned in
various shapes, are borne along on high, and, being soft in their
contexture, never cease to change their figure, and to
metamorphose themselves into the outlines of forms of every sort*
This we sometimes see the clouds do, when we observe them
thicken on high, and dim the serene face of the firmament, yet
soothing the air, as it were, with their motion ; ^ as, frequently, the
faces of giants seem to ^j over the heaven, and to spread their
shadows far and wide ; sometimes huge mountains, and rocks
apparently torn from those mountains, seem now to go before the
sun, now to follow close behind him; then soTne monster seems to
drag forward, and to ob-' trade, other stormy clouds. Understand,
now, with how easy and expeditious a process these images are
formed, and perpetually flow off, and pass away from objects. For
there is always on the surface of bodies something redundant, which
they may throw ofl^; and this redundancy, or outside form, when it
comes in contact with certain objects, as, for example, a thin
garment,^ passes ^ Without force — and without impression on the
senses.] Ver. 127. NuUd vi, caasctque 8ensu» " Which move with so
small a force that they cannot affect the organs or senses." Creech,
Between ver. 125 (ending with eiebiSf ^ich is Lambinus's conjecture
for dw^bus'^ and ver. 126, Lachmann very reasonably considers
that there is a hiattta. The passage in crotchets is thought spurious
by Wakefield. • Soothing the air — with their motion.1 Ver. 139. Aera
rmUcentee motu. y B^ the variety of their shapes exhilarating the
air^s it were, and difinsing over it a certain pleasantness.*'
Wakejield, The reader will remember the passage in Hamlet, " Very
like a whale/' &c. ' As, for example, a thin garment.] Ver. H8. Ut in
primia veatem. "As ^^17, avTuta, jam, ^
 152 LUCRETIUS. B. IV. 149—180. through it ; but^ when it
strikes against rough rocks, or the substanoe of wood, is at once
broken into fragments, so that it can present no image. But when
objects wMch are bright and dense have stood in its waj, as, above
all, a looking-glass, neither of these effects happens ; for neither can
images pass through it like a garment, nor be divided into parts
before the smoo& surface has succeeded in securing its entireness.^
From this cause it happens that images abound among us; and,
however suddenly, at anj time whatsoever, you may place a mirror
opposite an object^ the image ofii appears ; so that you may
conclude that filmy textures of objects, and subtle shapes, are
perpetually flying off from the superficies of every body. Many
images are therefore carried off in a short space, so that. the
production of these forms must naturally be thought rapid.^ And as
the sun must send forth many rays in a short time, that all places
may be constantly full of light, so, by a like process, many different
images of bodies must necessarily be carried off from those bodies
in a moment of time in all directions round about ; since, whatsoever
way we turn the mirror to the figures of (Ejects, the objects are
represented in it of a correspondent form and colour. Besides, at
times when the state of the sky has just before been clear as
possible, it becomes, with extreme suddenness, so frightfully
overclouded on all sides, that you might think that all the darkness
had left Acheron, and filled the immense vault of heaven ; eo
formidably^ when such a gloomy night of clouds has arisen, does
the face of black terror hang over the earth from above. Of which
clouds^ thin as they are, how thin a portion their image must be, as
viewed in a reflecting surface^ there is no man that can express, or
give in words such an estimation as would be conceivable. And now
attend further^ and with how swift a motion images are borne
along, and what activity is given to them as they swim across the air,
so that, to whatever part they move, each with its several tendency,
a short time only is spent in a ^ Has succeeded in securing its
entireness.] Ver. 154. Meminit Uevor praatare adlutem. More literally,
haa remember^ to secttre its safety. As to praatare, corny , iii. 215,
221. ^ So that the production of these forms must naturally be
thought rapid.] Ver. 161. ' Ut meriib celer his rebus duxUur origo. "
May jusUy be called rapid." This, like the lines on the activity of
thought, (iii. 183,) seems very tame.
 b ». IV. 181-202. LUCEETIUS. 153 long distance, I will
proceed to explain, though rather, if pos^ sUflCf in agreeably-
sounding verses than in many ; ^ as the short melody of the swan is
better than the croak of cranes sweptafar among the ethereal clouds
driven hy the south-wind. In the first place, we have constant means
of observing how swift in their motion those bodies which are light,
and which consist of minute particles, are. Of which kind is the son's
light, and his heat ; for this reason, that they are composed of
minute primary-atoms, which are, as it were, struck out, and make
no difficulty to pass through the interval of air, driven on by a
succeeding stroke ; for the place of light passing on is instantly
supplied by other light, and brightness is, as it were, propelled by
successive brightness.^ Wherefore images must, in like manner, be
able to pass through an inexpressible space in a moment of time ; in
the first place, because there is always some slight impulse' at a
distance behind them, which may carry them forward and urge them
on ; and secondly, because they are sent forth formed with so subtle
a texture, that they
 154 LUCEETItJS. B. IV. 503-227. air, to diffuse themselves
abroad in a moment of time, and to fly through sea and land, and to
flood the heaven which is above, where they are borne along with
such rapid lightness, what shall we say of those particles, then,
which lie ready on the outmost surface of bodies ? Do you tio^
conceive how much quicker and farther they ought to go, when they
are once thrown off, and when nothing deisms their progress ? And
do you not feel certain that they should fly over a much greater
distance of space in the same time in which the light of the sun
traverses the heaven ? This also seems to be an eminently fitting
example to show with how swift a motion the images of things are
borne along, namely, that as soon as a bright-surface of water is
placed in the open air, when the clear heaven is shining with stars,
the radiant constellations of the sky immediately correspond in the
water* Do you now understand, then, in what a moment of time this
image descends from the regions of the air to the regions of the
earth? From which cause, however wonderful,^ you must
necessarily admit, again and again, the existence of bodies which
strike the eyes and excite our vision, and flow with a perpetual issue
from certain substances ; as cold from rivers, heat from the sun,
spray from the waves of the sea, which is the consumer of walls
round the shore ; nor do various voices cease to fly through the air
;^ moreover the moisture, so to speak, of a salt taste, comes often
into the mouth, when we are walking near the sea ; and, again,
when we look at diluted wormwood being mixed, a bitterness affects
our palate. So evidently a certain substance is borne rapidly away
from all bodies, and is dispersed in all directions * From which
cause, hxiwever wonderful, ^c.] Ver. 217. Qu& re etiam atque etiam
mir& fateare necesse est Corpora, quae feriant oculos visumque
lacessant, Perpetuoque fluant certis ah rebus obortu — This is
Wakefield's reading, which Forhiger retains. Lambimu and Creech,
instead of mird, have mitti; whicn verb, or one similar, is sadly
wanted. But' Wakefield had the hardihood to say that it mignt well
be dispensed with, and that we may sa,yfateri corpora as fateri
peccata ! * Voices cease to fly through the air.] Ver. 222. Nee varies
cesaant voces volitareper auras, Faber observes that this is said in
reference to the cases of those who have thought they heard words
spoken when nobody was near them.
 fe. IV. 228—255. LTJCEETITJS. 155 around ; nor is there
any delay or interruption allowed to the efflux ; since we perpetually
perceive it with our senses, and may see all objects at all times, and
smell them, and hear them sound. Further, since any figure felt with
the hands in the dark is known to be the same which is seen by day
and in clear light, it necessarily follows that touch and sight are
excited by a like cause. If, therefore, we handle a square object, and
that object affects m% as a square in the dark, what object, in the
light, will be able to answer to the shape of it, except its
quadrangular image ? For which reason the faculty of discerning
forms is found to depend upon images, and it seems that no object
can be distinguished by the eye without them. Now those images of
objects, of which I am speaking, are carried in every Erection, and
are thrown off so as to be distributed on all sides ; but, because we
can see only with our eyes, it therefore happens, that whatsoever
way we turn our sight, all objects on that quarter strike on it with
their shape and colour. And the image causes us to see, and gives-
usmeans to distinguish, how far each object is distant from us. For
when it is sent forth /rom the object, it immediately strikes and
drives forward that portion of air, which is situated between itself
and our eyes ; and the whole of that air thus glides through our
eyes,^ and, as it were, brushes the pupils gently, and so passes on.
Hence it comes to pass that we see how far distant each object is ;
and the more air is driven before the image, and the longer the
stream of it that brushes through our eyes, the farther each object
seems to be removed /rom us. These efiects, you may be sure, are
produced with an ex* The whole of that air thus glides through our
eyes. J Ver. 249. Isque ita per nostras acies, perlabitur omnis, £t
quasi pertergit pupillas, atque ita transit. " Per oculos nostros
perlabitur." Creech. " Permanat per nostras pupillas oculorum." Ed,
DeJph, ** Se faisant passage le Ions des prunelles." Coutures, This
is very well, but what shall we make of atqtie ita transit f If it enters
the pupils of the eyes, to what part does it pass off? Good makes it
very conveniently, " Strikes on the sentient pupil, and retires." But
this was suggested. I suppose, by Wakefield's note^ vrho^ finding a
difiiculty, proposed to read aub instead of per. This notion about the
stream of air making known the distance, is repeated in ver. 280,
»eg.
 156 LUCRETIUS. B. IV. 256— 284. quisitely rapid process,
so that we see what the chject is, and, at the same time, how far it
is distant. In these matters it is by no means to be accounted
wonderful, whj, when those images which strike the eyes cannot be
severally discerned, the objects themselves, from which they
proceed «re perceived. For, in Uke manner, when the wind Strikes
upon us by degrees, and when sharp cold spreads over us, we are
not wont to perceive each first and siiccessive particle of that wind
and cold, but rather the whole together ; and we then perceive, as it
were, blows infiicted upon our body, as if some substance were
striking us, and producing in our frame a sense of its force which is
without us, , Besides, when we strike a stone with our finger, we
touch the very extreme superficies of the stone, and the outside
colour ; and yet we do not ^el that colour with our touch, but rather
perceive the hardness of the stone deeply seated within its
substance. And now learn in addition to this, why the image of an
object in a mirror is seen beyond the mirror ; for certainly it seems
extremely remote from us. ^ The case is the same as with those
objects which are plainly seen'out of doors, when a door, standing
open, affords an unobstructed prospect through it, and allows many
objects out of the house to be contemplated. For this view, also, as
well as that in the mirror, takes place, if I may so express it, with a
double and twofold tide of air. For first is perceived the air on this
side of the door-posts; then follow the door-posts themselves on the
right hand and on the left ; next the external light strikes the eyes,
and the second portion ofm, and aU those objects which are clearly
seen abroad. So, when the image from the glass has first thrown
itself forward, and whilst it is coming to our sight, it strikes and
drives forward the air which is situate between itself and the eyes,
and causes us to perceive all this air before we see the mirror ; but
when we have looked on the mirror itself, ^ the image which is
thrown * But when we have looked on the mirror itself, 4^.] Ver.
284. Sed^ ubi in speculum quoque sensimus ipsum, Continuo h,
nobis in eum, quae fertur, imago Pervenit. Thus stands the passage
in Wakefield and Forhiger. Wakefield would join vMensimtu^ and this
is perhaps the best thing that can he done. As for the eum in the
next line, he makes it agree with
 B. IV. 286-306. LTJCBBTIUa . 157 off from us, reaches it,
and, being reflected, returns to our eyes, and 90y propelling another
porHon of air before it, rolls it aUy and causes us to perceive this air
before we see itself; and on that account seems to be distant, and
to be so much removed from or behind the mirror. For which reason,
again and again 1 say^ it is by no means right for those who study
1ke$e matters, to wonder at the effects which attribute vision from
the surface of mirrors to the influence of two portions of air ; since
the appearance is produced by means of both. Now that which is in
reality the right side ^ of our bodies, is made to appear on the left
side in mirrors, for this reason, that when the image, which proceeds
from our person, strikes upon the plane of the mirror, it is not
reflected without a change, but, being turned back, it is so struck
ontqf its former state, as would be the case with a mask of plaster,
i^ before it were dry, any one should dash its face against a pillar or
a beam ; when, if it should preserve, at that instant, its true figure
as in front, or as when its front was presented to you, and should
exhibit itself, or its exact features, driven back through the hinder
part of the head, it will happen that the eye which before was the
right, is now become the left, and that which was on the lef^
correspondently, is made the right. It is contrived, also, that an
image may be transmitted from mirror to mirror ; so that five, and
even six images, have been often produced. For whatsoever (deject
in a house shall be hid, as lying back in the interior part of it, it will
yet be possible that every such object, however removed out of
sight by crooked turnings and recesses, may, (being drawn out, by
First comes to us the inuujfo specidi, propelling a certain portion of
air ; then comes our own image from the speculum, striking upon
that same air. But Lachmann judiciously changes in eum into iterum,
and omits the tn in the preceding verse. At tne end of the paragraph
**by means of both" answers XxiutraquB, which Wakefield, from
Kon. Marc. ii. 882, says is for vtriinque or ynJtroqM; other eaitions
have ittroqw. It is well for us, as Wakefield observes, that we are
only the interpreters of Lucretius 's language, and not the patrons of
his philosophy. ^ Now that which is in reality the right side, i^.] Ver.
293. The reader of this paragpraph in Forbiger, will observe that
ksvd^ ver. 294, is for in Uevd; other editions have in — Recta, ver.
296, is the participle of rego, — Oculot, ver. 301, is for ocuhu.
 158 LUCRETIUS.- B. IV. 307-324. means of several glasses,
through the winding passages,) be seen ,to be in the building. So
exactly is an image reflected from glass to glass ; and, when it has
been presented to tis onthe-left-hand, it happens afterwards that it
is produced on-theright ; and thence it returns again, and changes
to the same position as before. Moreover, whatever small sides or
plates there are of glasses, formed with a round flexure similar to
that of our own side, they, on that account, reflect to us images in
the right posi^ turn; ^ either because the image is transferred from
glass to glass, and thence, being twice reflected, flies forward to us ;
or, again, because the image, when it comes forth, is turned about,
inasmuch as the curved shape of the glass causes it to wheel itself
round to us. Further, you would suppose that our images in a mirror
advance together with us, ^d place their foot tjoith ours, and imitate
our gesture ; which appearance happens from this cause, that from
whatever part of the mirror you recede, the images, after that
moment, cannot be reflected from that part, since nature obliges all
images to be reflected from mirrors, (as well as to fly off from
objects,) according to the corresponding gestures of the person
whom they represent^ ^ They, on that account, reflect to us images
in the right position,'^ Ver. 314. Dextera ed propter nobis simulacra
remittunt, I have translated dextera according to the notion of
Lambinus : quorum dextrm partes nostris dextris respondent. But
what sort of glasses are intended, or in what position we must
conceive them placed, is very far from clear. I was inclined at one
time to thii^k that the columnarconcave mirror was meant, so that
de speculo in speculum, ver. 315, might signify from side to side of
the glass; and there is nothing in the text to contradict this
supposition, unless it be said that de speculo in speculum will not
beisir this signification; but this I may be allowed to doubt.
Lambinus, however, explains it, teres speculifigura instar columna,
evidently thinking the shape convex. Other commentators say
nothing to the purpose. The notion of concavity seems rather to be
favoured by ver. 318. Flexa Jigura docet speculi convortier ad nos :
sc, imaginem. And Gassendi, De Physiologid Epicuri, vol. ii. p. 260,