Cultural Anthropology Tribes States and the Global

System 5th Edition Edition John H. Bodley direct

download

Sold on ebookfinal.com
https://ebookfinal.com/download/cultural-anthropology-tribes-states-
and-the-global-system-5th-edition-edition-john-h-bodley/

★★★★★
4.6 out of 5.0 (78 reviews )

Download PDF Now

 Cultural Anthropology Tribes States and the Global System
5th Edition Edition John H. Bodley Pdf Download

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library

Here are some recommended products for you. Click the link to
download, or explore more at ebookfinal

Cultural anthropology a global perspective Raymond Scupin

https://ebookfinal.com/download/cultural-anthropology-a-global-
perspective-raymond-scupin/

Research Methods in Anthropology 5th Edition Edition H.

Russell Bernard

https://ebookfinal.com/download/research-methods-in-anthropology-5th-
edition-edition-h-russell-bernard/

Science Fiction And The Mass Cultural Genre System 1st

Edition Edition John Rieder

https://ebookfinal.com/download/science-fiction-and-the-mass-cultural-
genre-system-1st-edition-edition-john-rieder/

Global Tourism Cultural Heritage and Economic Encounters

Society for Economic Anthropology Monograph Series 1st
Edition Sarah M. Lyon (Editor)
https://ebookfinal.com/download/global-tourism-cultural-heritage-and-
economic-encounters-society-for-economic-anthropology-monograph-
series-1st-edition-sarah-m-lyon-editor/
Cultural anthropology the human challenge 13th
International ed Edition Haviland

https://ebookfinal.com/download/cultural-anthropology-the-human-
challenge-13th-international-ed-edition-haviland/

The Global Positioning System and ArcGIS Third Edition

Kennedy

https://ebookfinal.com/download/the-global-positioning-system-and-
arcgis-third-edition-kennedy/

The Global Political System 2011th Edition Fulvio Attina

https://ebookfinal.com/download/the-global-political-system-2011th-
edition-fulvio-attina/

The Great Powers and the European States System 1814 1914
2nd Edition F.R. Bridge

https://ebookfinal.com/download/the-great-powers-and-the-european-
states-system-1814-1914-2nd-edition-f-r-bridge/

The Tapestry of Culture An Introduction to Cultural

Anthropology Ninth Edition Abraham Rosman

https://ebookfinal.com/download/the-tapestry-of-culture-an-
introduction-to-cultural-anthropology-ninth-edition-abraham-rosman/
Cultural Anthropology Tribes States and the Global
System 5th Edition Edition John H. Bodley Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): John H. Bodley
ISBN(s): 9780759118652, 0759118655
Edition: 5th Edition
File Details: PDF, 58.63 MB
Year: 2011
Language: english
Cultural Anthropology
Cultural Anthropology
Tribes, States, and the Global System
Fifth Edition

JOHN H. BODLEY

A Di v i s i on of
ROWMAN & LIT T LE FIE LD P UBLIS HE R S , INC.
Lanham • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK
Published by AltaMira Press
A division of Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
http://www.altamirapress.com

Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom

Copyright © 2011 by AltaMira Press

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or
mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written
permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bodley, John H.
Cultural anthropology : tribes, states, and the global system / John H. Bodley. — 5th ed.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-7591-1865-2 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-7591-1866-9 (pbk. : alk.
paper) — ISBN 978-0-7591-1867-6 (electronic)
1. Ethnology. I. Title.
GN316.B63 2011
305.8—dc22
2010048588
™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of
American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for
Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.

Printed in the United States of America

 Contents

Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv

PART ONE: THE TRIBAL WORLD: THE WORLD BEFORE THE STATE 1

1 Culture: A Scale and Power Perspective 3

Doing Anthropology 4
Adventures in the Field 4
Anthropological Research in Amazonia 8
Culture: A Powerful Human Tool 10
The Humanization Process: Producing People and Culture 10
Machiavellian Intelligence, Self-Interest, and Human Society 11
Culture: What People Think, Make, and Do 12
Social Power: How People Get What They Want 13
Cultural Illusions, Delusions, and Reality 13
Out of Africa: Human Biological and Cultural Diversity 14
The Descendants of Eve: The DNA Family Tree 14
Cultural Construction of Race 14
Ethnologue: Cataloging World Languages 15
Linguistic Relativity and the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 15
Understanding Sociocultural Systems 16
Ethnocentrism: The Problem of Observer Bias 16
Insiders and Outsiders: Emics and Etics 16
Three Cultural Worlds 17
The Functional Organization of Sociocultural Systems 17
Evaluating Sociocultural Systems 18
The Delusion of Progress 19
The Summum Bonum: Human Well-Being, Freedom, and Happiness 20
Summary 21
2 Native Amazonians: Villagers of the Rain Forest 25
Living in the Tropical Rain Forest: Why Amazonia Matters 26
The Fragile Abundance of the Rain Forest 26
Tropical Forest Cultural Diversity: Tribes and Chiefdoms 27
Asháninka and Matsigenka Ethnoecological Knowledge 28
Rain Forest Gardening and Manioc 30
Village Size Limits: Gardens, Game, or Autonomy? 32
Box 2.1. Carrying Capacity Calculations: Manioc Starch versus Wild Game 34
Asháninka Wealth, Affluence, and Ecological Footprint 35
Village Life in Amazonia 38
The Asháninka: A Forest People 39
The Basics of Asháninka Family and Society 39
Box 2.2. Domestic Residence and Descent Groups 43

v
 Box 2.3. Building a Model Asháninka Society 43
Asháninka Bigmen: Leaders Not Rulers 43
The Shipibo-Conibo: Matrilocal River People 46
The Shipibo Big Drinking Ceremony 51
Men and Women in the Mundurucú Village 52
Raiding and Feuding in the Tribal World 53
Amazonian Cosmology 54
Sexual Symbols and Forest Demons 56
Box 2.4. An Anaconda Myth 58
Box 2.5. Mythic Jaguars and Anaconda Rainbows 59
The Asháninka Jaguar Shaman 59
Summary 60
3 Australian Aborigines: Mobile Foragers for 50,000 Years 67
Constructing a Sustainable Desert Culture 68
The Earliest Australians 69
Aboriginal Sociocultural System Resilience 70
The Dreaming and Aboriginal Social Structure 71
Box 3.1. An Aboriginal Woman Talks about the Dreaming 75
Sacred Sites and Dreamtime Pathways at Uluru 75
Aboriginal Band, Clan, and Tribe: Equality and Flexibility 76
Aboriginal Cognitive and Perceptual Systems 79
Box 3.2. An Aboriginal Color System 79
Making a Living with Foraging Technology 80
Lizards and Grass Seeds: Aboriginal Food Resources 80
Aboriginal Tools: Digging Stick, Firestick, and Spear 82
The Forager Way of Life: Aboriginal Affluence as Mode of Thought 84
Box 3.3. A Day in the Life of the Fish Creek Band 87
Daily Life in Forager Society: Kinship, Age, and Gender 87
A Kinship-Based Society 87
Box 3.4. Cross-Cousins and Marriage Sections 89
Box 3.5. Kinship and Mother-in-Law Avoidance 89
Polygyny, Gerontocracy, and Social Equality 91
Box 3.6. Male Initiation: The Terrible Rite 93
Summary 94
4 African Cattle Peoples: Tribal Pastoralists 99
Making a Living with Cows 100
Cattle Herding and Tropical Grasslands 100
Box 4.1. Cattle Carrying Capacity 102
The Prehistory and History of African Pastoralism 103
The Cattle Complex: Obsession or Resilient Adaptation? 105
Pastoral Subsistence: Meat, Blood, and Milk 107
Daily Life in East Africa 108
Nuer Society: Bride-Wealth, Lovers, and Ghosts 109
Box 4.2. How Do Nuer Men View Women? 111
Box 4.3. Cattle and Maasai Kinship Terminology 112
The Status of Women in East African Pastoral Society: Ideology versus Reality 112
Understanding Nuer Descent Groups 113
Politics in Headless Societies: Leopard-Skin Chiefs and Stock Associates 115
Box 4.4. Tribal Ethnic Identity: Who Are the Nuer and the Maasai? 116
Bigman Wealth and Power in Herding Societies 116

vi CONTENTS
 Nuer Spirits, Symbolism, and Sacrifice 117
Box 4.5. Turkana Household Symbolism and Cosmology 118
The Maasai Age-Class System 119
Box 4.6. Maasai Women 124
Summary 124
5 Cross-Cultural Perspectives on the Tribal World 129
Sociocultural Growth and the Scale of Culture 130
Social Power and Growth Trajectories 130
Politicization and Commercialization versus the Tribal World 131
Tribal Cultural Diversity 131
HRAF and the Ethnographic Atlas 134
Explanatory Models: Diffusion, Adaptation, and Migration 134
The Tribal World in Prehistory and the Ethnographic Atlas 136
Measuring Complexity 137
South American Cultural Complexity: Asháninka, Shipibo, and Inca 140
Rank and Hierarchy in Amazonia: Comparing Forty-Eight Tribes 144
Tribal World Subsistence Systems 144
Diversity of Marriage, Family, and Kinship 148
The Trobriand Islanders: Threshold of the Imperial World 154
Tribal Religious Beliefs and Practices 158
The Mental Abilities of Tribal Peoples 159
Box 5.1. An Ethnocentric Look at Australian Aborigines 162
Collective Representations, Primitive Mentality, and Structuralism 163
Shamanism and Psychopathology 165
Aboriginal Voodoo Death and Culture-Bound Syndromes 166
The Healing Power of Myth and Symbols 167
Diverse Beliefs about God, Morality, and Sex 168
Health and Nutrition in Tribal Societies 168
Myth and Reality of the “Noble Savage” 169
Box 5.2. Health Report on the Waorani 170
Dental Health and Tribal Diets 170
Tribal Life Expectancy and Quality of Life 171
Summary 173

PART TWO: THE IMPERIAL WORLD: THE END OF EQUALITY 179

6 Pacific Islanders: From Leaders to Rulers 181

Oceania: Living in the Island World 182
Searching for Paradise: From High Islands to Low Coral Atolls 182
Box 6.1. The Origin of the Pacific Islanders 185
Glottochronology: Word Tracks across the Pacific 186
Islander Survival Skills: Outrigger Canoes and Navigation 187
Fishing and Gardening: The Island Technological Base 189
Box 6.2. Taro 193
Pacific Island Societies: Living with Inequality 193
Elite-Directed Cultural Transformation in Polynesia 194
Box 6.3. A Matter of Scale: The Transformation of Tribes into Chiefdoms 195
Chiefdoms and the Politicization Process 196
The Polynesian Chiefdoms: Elementary Aristocracies 197
Tikopia: A Traditional Small Polynesian Chiefdom 199

Contents vii
 Hawaii: From Kinship to Kingship 203
High Chiefs, Gods, and Sacrifice 205
Hawaiian Daily Life: Commoner Men and Women 208
Two-Headed Children and Hawaiian Kinship 210
Summary 211
7 Ancient Empires in Two Worlds: Mesopotamia and the Andes 217
Ancient Civilizations and the Triumph of Elite Power 218
State Bureaucracy and the Structures of Elite Power 219
Explaining State Origins: Natural Growth or Quest for Power? 223
The Vulnerability of Inequality and Political Hierarchy 225
The Mesopotamian World of Two Rivers 225
Box 7.1. Before Civilization: Abu Hureyra, 4,000 Years of Tribal Village Autonomy 230
Box 7.2. The Mesopotamian Elite and the Rewards of Leadership 231
Making a Living in the Mesopotamian City-State and Empire 231
Barley Rations, Cylinder Seals, and Social Power in Ur III 232
Box 7.3. The Mesopotamian Ration System 236
Cuneiform Writing, Law, and Justice 236
Mesopotamian Religion in the Service of the Ruler 237
Mesopotamia: The End of a Great Tradition 239
The Inca Empire in the Land of Four Quarters 240
Andean Environment and Prehistory 241
Box 7.4. Before the Inca: Mochica and Chimú Lords 244
Potatoes, Maize, and Gold: Foundations of The Empire 245
Royal Lineages and Chosen Women 247
Box 7.5. The Quipu: An Andean Information Storage System 251
Inca Cosmology: The Universe Is Order and Sharing 252
Huanaco Pampa: An Inca City 253
Summary 255
8 The Chinese Great Tradition 263
Imperial China and the Mandate of Heaven 264
The Nature of Early Chinese Civilization 265
High Shamanism: The Emergence of the Shang Dynasty 268
Box 8.1. The Prehistoric Origins of Chinese Civilization 271
Box 8.2. Early Chinese Scapulimancy 271
Shang Society 272
Box 8.3. The Law and the State 273
Confucianism and Liturgical Government 273
The Li Chi, “Book of Rites” 276
Taoism and Buddhism 277
Daily Life in Village China 277
Farmers of Forty Centuries 277
Immiseration, Overpopulation, and Exploitation 278
The Chinese Village System 280
Village Cosmology and the Little Tradition 281
Domestic Life and the Role of Women 283
Box 8.4. The Meaning of Chinese Kinship Terms 285
The House of Lim: Chinese Marriage, Family, and Kinship 285
Summary 288

viii CONTENTS
 9 Hinduism and Islam in South Asia 293
The South Asian Culture Area 294
Languages, Geography, and Prehistory of South Asia 294
Early Hindu Civilization 297
Origin of the Hindu Kingdom 297
Box 9.1. Harappan Civilization: The Earliest South Asian State 299
Kautilya’s Hindu Kingdom: An Emic Political Model, 250 BC 299
Law in the Hindu Kingdom 303
Power and Scale in the Thai Kingdom and the Mughal Empire 305
Hindu Ideology, Society, and Culture 306
Caste and Orthodox Hinduism: The Brahman View of Dharma 306
Box 9.2. The Purusha Myth: A Mythic Charter for Varna and Caste 311
Food, Eating, and Caste in Hindu Culture 312
Village-Level Caste and Exploitation 314
Hindu Aesthetics: Divine Image and the Religious Power of Art 315
Box 9.3. Siva Iconography 318
Controversy over the Sacred Cow 318
The Buddhist Alternative 320
Women in South Asia 321
The Islamic Great Tradition 321
Women in Islamic Society 322
Female Seclusion: The Purdah System 323
Box 9.4. The Ramayana: A Hindu Mythic Charter for Feminine Virture 325
Bride Burning: Dowry Deaths in Modern Hindu India 325
Summary 326

PART THREE: THE COMMERCIAL WORLD: GLOBAL CAPITALISM 331

10 The Capitalist World System 333

The Paradox of Growth 335
What is Growth?: What Economists Measure and Why It Matters 336
Two Thousand Years of World Economic Growth to AD 2001 337
Discovering the Economy 338
Energy, Materials, and Growth 339
Human Needs and Culture Scale: Flipping the Social Pyramid 343
The Culture of Capitalism 344
Anthropological Economics: Production and Exchange 344
Western Cosmology and the Industrial Revolution 345
Immanuel Wallerstein on the Inequality and Instability of Capitalism 348
The European Origins of Capitalism 349
Modernity and Postmodernity 349
Why Commercial Imperialism?: Guns, Germs, and Steel or Elite Direction 351
Commercialization under the Feudal Monarchs 352
Box 10.1. The Open-Field System 353
Box 10.2. Richard Fitzalan: Medieval England’s Richest Lord 354
The Financial Revolution and the Fiscal-Military State 354
Box 10.3. Fuggers and Rothschilds: Business Family Success Stories 356
European Marriage and Family 357
Growth and Poverty under the British Empire 358
The Industrial Revolution and the Culture of Consumption 358
Sugar, Slavery, and the World System 359
Poverty and the Invisible Hand of the Market 362

Contents ix
 The London Poor 363
Box 10.4. Mud-Larks, Bone-Grubbers, and a Coster Lad’s Story 365
Box 10.5. Marx and Engels: The Communist Manifesto 365
The British Commercial Imperial Order 366
Organization of the Twenty-First-Century Global Market 368
The Commercial World as Empire 368
New Global Institutions: United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World
Trade Organization 370
Directing the Global 500: Elite Networks at the Top 370
Summary 375
11 The United States: An American Plutocracy 381
American Cultural Ideals versus Reality 382
An American Profile: Patchwork Nation 382
Utopian Capitalism: An American Cosmology 383
America from a Chinese Perspective 385
A Mythic Framework: Founders and Sacred Texts 386
Box 11.1 Robert Morris: Prince of Merchants, Patriot Financier 387
The Construction of Corporate America 387
The Founding Fathers on the Business of Politics 387
Corporate America, 1790–1920 388
Rockdale: An American Industrial Village, 1825–1865 390
The Rise of Factory Farming 392
Wheat for Topsoil: Erosion and Plenty in Whitman County 394
The American Cattle Complex: Good to Sell 397
The Cultural Construction of Consumption 400
Growth, Scale, and Power in America 402
Growth in America: Wealth and Opportunity, 1776–1997 402
Economic Elites and Urban Poverty, New York City, 1863–1914 404
Box 11.2. Machine Politics in New York City, 1845–1873 407
Social Power, Personal Imperia, and Family in the United States, 1980–2003 407
Box 11.3. Property, Growth, and Power in the Palouse, 1997 411
The Rockefeller Dynasty 411
Summary 413
12 An Unsustainable Global System 419
Limits to Growth 420
The Anthropocene: Humanity’s Global Footprint 421
Discovering the Anthropocene 421
Anthropogenic Biomes: Transformed Nature 422
Anthropogenic Climate Change 423
Collapse of Marine Fisheries and Ecosystems 425
Sustainability or Collapse? Perspectives on Humanity and Nature 427
Poverty and Power in a World of Failing Societies 429
Economic Ranks and the Human Development Index 429
Scale Subsidies versus Human Well-Being 431
The Failed Promise of Growth, 1960–2000 434
Wealth versus Income: How Maldistribution Impoverished the World 436
Global Plutonomy and the Stock Market Backbone 438
Daily Reality in the Impoverished World: Infant Mortality in Brazil 441
Land and Food in Impoverished Bangladesh 444
Bangladesh and the Green Revolution 447

x CONTENTS
 Beyond the Threshold: Specters of Sociocultural Collapse 448
Global Warming: Impacts, Adaptations, and Vulnerability 448
Lights Out: Peak Oil and the Olduvai Hypothesis 452
Summary 454

PART FOUR: BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE WORLD: LOCAL TO GLOBAL 461

13 Tribes to Nations: Progress of the Victims 463

Indigenous Peoples and the Global System 464
Identity Politics and the Politics of Labels 464
Ethnocide, Genocide, and Ecocide and the Humanitarian Response 465
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 471
Amazonia: Resilient Tribes 474
The Asháninka versus Global Development: Local to Global Struggle 475
The Cultural Autonomy Alternative 477
Peoples in Voluntary Isolation 482
Australian Aborigines 484
Reserves, Assimilation, and Land Rights 485
The Political Economy of the Northern Territory 487
Caring for Country: Natural Protected Areas and the WALFA Project 490
The Northern Land Council and the Mining Industry 491
Bawinanga Aboriginal Corporation: Growth Hubs or Outstations? 493
The Noongar Nation 495
Summary 496
14 Small Nations Solving Global Problems 503
Dominica: Nature Island of the Caribbean 504
Dominica’s Successful Small Economy and Small Government 504
Dominica and Kauai Comparisons 507
Small-Nation World: Cross-National Perspectives 509
Small Nations as a Cultural Type 509
Growth Limits and Social Justice: The U.K. Overseas Territory of Saint Helena 514
Small to Nano: Small Nations Maximizing Well-Being 518
Managing the Environment and Natural Resources 521
Population Growth and Economy 522
Small Nations Ending Poverty and Meeting Climate Change Goals 523
Decentralized Power and Perpetual Peace 524
Small Island Nations and Sustainability 528
Small Island Developing States and Rising Sea Levels 528
Pacific Islander Small Nations 531
Pacific Islander Mini-Nation: Republic of the Fiji Islands 531
Fiji: Managing Waste for Sustainability 534
Fiji’s Energy Infrastructure 535
Fiji Water and Fiji Sugar 536
Summary 537
15 Envisioning a Sustainable World 543
Toward a Sustainable World 544
Global Crises and Cultural Response, 12,000 BC–AD 2050 544
Power and Scale Solutions 545
Toward a Multiscale Cultural World 547
Box 15.1. The Mondragon Cooperatives 548
Wealth Redistribution as Development in India 548

Contents xi
 Andean Development: The Vicos Experiment 550
Transforming the Developed World 552
Norway, Norden, and the Successful Nordic Model 552
Alternative Forms of Business Organization 557
The Great Transition to a Planetary Society 559
How the Great Transition Might Happen 561
Summary 563
Glossary 567
Bibliography 575
Index 609
About the Author 631

xii CONTENTS
 Preface

GIVEN THE INTERCONNECTIONS AMONG CULTURAL GROUPS viewpoint. It offers a radical anthropological critique
on the current world stage (and the rapidity with of firmly held cultural beliefs and practices about
which those dynamics change), it is imperative that we growth and progress that threaten the well-being and
learn as much as we can about world culture, history, continued survival of humanity in the twenty-first
and geography in order to lead informed, productive century. I invite students to explore the relationship
lives. What better way to start than by applying the between growth, scale, and power throughout human
traditional methods of anthropology to a modern history and prehistory. I suggest that our most serious
view of the world? With this as my underlying goal, human problems are caused by a collective social fail-
I’ve presented the basic concepts of cultural anthro- ure to restrain the natural individual drive to increase
pology in this introductory text by comparing cultures personal social power at the expense of others. Given
of increasing scale and focusing on universal human the opportunity, unrestrained aggrandizing individu-
concerns. The end result, I hope, is a stimulating, cul- als will use culture to transform society to benefit
turally integrated approach to the discipline. themselves and their direct descendants. Elites will al-
Throughout the text, I’ve challenged students to ter people’s perceptions of reality. They will manipu-
consider the big questions about the nature of cultural late cosmologies and technologies to create the belief
systems: How are cultures structured to satisfy basic that elite-directed growth is natural and inevitable,
human needs? What is it like to be human under dif- even though it disproportionately concentrates social
ferent cultural conditions? Are race, language, and power and makes everyone else pay the costs.
environment determinants of culture? Are materialist Throughout history, growth has intensified hu-
explanations more useful than ideological ones? What man problems. These are problems of growth in scale,
are the major turning points in human history? power, and complexity. Growth first became a prob-
The culture-scale perspective highlights the unique lem 7,000 years ago when a few aggrandizing indi-
problems of the present world system. Roughly one- viduals took advantage of local crises created by global
third of the text is devoted to issues of current con- climate change at the end of the Ice Age and were able
cern, especially the problem of inequality and how to to centralize social power in the first chiefdoms. Power
make our world sustainable. A wide range of global elites then promoted growth to increase their power,
humanitarian issues such as ethnocide, genocide, and setting off cycles of growth, cultural transformation,
ecocide also are considered, along with a variety of and crises, culminating in the creation of a global com-
more narrow theoretical and methodological issues. mercial world dominated by U.S. elites. It is possible
My hope is that understanding how tribes, states, and that further growth beyond the present threshold may
global systems work and how they differ might help prove unsustainable. The global evidence of cultural
citizens design a more secure and equitable world. crisis is overwhelming: billions of people are impov-
erished, malnourished, and unhealthy; economic and
PERSONAL PROLOGUE: political systems are in turmoil; nature is under siege;
A CHALLENGE TO THE READER and human activities are changing global climate in
I intend this book to be a provocative alternative to ways that could be catastrophic. Millions of people
bland, topically arranged, encyclopedic texts. Anthro- are immigrants and refugees fleeing intolerable condi-
pology is a subversive science. This book provides tions. Even the richest and most powerful nation is un-
students with anthropological tools to question the able to guarantee employment, education, basic health
status quo and its representation of the world. Readers care, and keep the lights on. We all need to question
are invited to ask what’s going on and who’s in charge how this state of human affairs came to be and to con-
in the world and in their own culture. This book has a centrate our efforts on creating a better future.

xiii
ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK cultural? Is population growth natural or cultural? Is
To demonstrate the vitality of fieldwork and to gen- economic growth natural or cultural? What are the
erate enthusiasm for the discipline, chapter 1 begins human costs and benefits of socioeconomic growth?
with a personal account of my fieldwork with the The ethnographic material will focus on the influence
Asháninka of Amazonia. Not only does it explain of culture scale and the distribution of social power
why I was inspired to approach anthropology from on such basic matters as quality of life, domestic or-
a humanistic, culture-scale perspective, but it also ganization, intergroup relations, and relationship to
introduces the field methods employed by cultural an- the environment. The causes and consequences of
thropologists. Ensuing chapters examine a representa- changes in culture scale and the role of elite decision
tive sample of cultures in sufficient depth to maintain makers are central themes.
cultural context and to provide students with a sound Ethnographic case studies are used to describe the
understanding of the world’s major cultural areas and functional interconnections between the material
dominant civilizations. bases and the social and ideological systems of repre-
The book is designed to provide balanced coverage sentative cultures in each of the three cultural worlds.
of three dramatically different cultural worlds. After The cultures selected as case studies are those that are
its introduction to doing fieldwork, part I examines best described in ethnographic films and monographs,
domestic-scale, autonomous cultures in the tribal and they are the subject of abundant analytical materi-
world. Part II presents politically organized, class- als. Australian Aborigines, Amazonian villagers, and
based civilizations and ancient empires in the imperial East African pastoralists represent tribal cultures and
world, and part III surveys global, industrial, market- are treated in separate chapters. Politically centralized
based civilizations in the commercial world. Scale is cultures are represented by Pacific Island chiefdoms
used as an organizing principle to provide a basis for and the ancient and modern great civilizations of Mes-
comparison; however, I’ve avoided the implicit value opotamia, the Inca, China, Islam, and Hindu India.
judgments that are part of popular ideas about evolu- The commercial cultures of the United States, the Brit-
tionary progress. The following universal issues about ish empire, contemporary indigenous peoples, and the
the human conditions are explored from a compara- rural peasantry are examined as part of the global com-
tive, anthropological perspective: What is “natural” mercial system. The text shows cultures in depth—as
about humans? What is “cultural” about humans? adapting, integrated systems—and as part of regional,
Which human inequalities are natural? Which are continental, and global systems, as appropriate.

xiv PREFACE
 Acknowledgments

THE FIFTH EDITION OF THIS BOOK WAS A TWO-YEAR PROJECT Jr., Frank Myka, John Patton, Mark Pubols, Margaret
that began in spring 2008 at the suggestion of the late Reed, Vanessa Ross, Allan Smith, Linda Stone, Matt
Alan McClare, who was then executive editor of Row- Wanamaker, Brad Wazaney, and Troy Wilson. Special
man & Littlefield. I was pleased to move to AltaMira thanks also to Shila Baksi for help with Sanskrit pro-
Press because it is in line with my preferences for nunciation and Xianghong Feng for help with Chinese
smaller publishers, and I regret that Alan was not able pronunciation.
to see the project through to completion. I am grate- At the risk of omitting someone, I also want to
ful to executive editor Wendi Schnaufer and Marissa thank those who provided me with materials that
Parks for taking over with this project. Special thanks found their way into the book: Mary Abascal-Hil-
also to those who kindly provided illustrations for this debrand, Clifford Behrens, Diane Bell, Gerald D. Ber-
edition, especially Victor Bloomfield at the University reman, Jean-Pierre Bocquet-Appel, Cecil H. Brown,
of Minnesota, Christopher B. Donnan at the Uni- Stephen B. Brush, John W. Burton, Gudren Dahl,
versity of California at Los Angeles, Gregory A. Ke- Shelton H. Davis, Paul L. Doughty, Nancy M. Flowers,
oleian at the University of Michigan, and my brother Richard A. Gould, Brian Hayden, Thomas Headland,
Thomas M. Bodley in Singapore. Howard M. Hecker, L. R. Hiatt, Arthur Hippler, Betty
This book began as a one-page outline in the spring Meehan, Peter G. Roe, Nicholas Thomas, Norman B.
of 1981, and over the years it has benefited greatly Tindale, and Gerald Weiss.
from discussions with my colleagues and suggestions For the second edition, I owe special thanks to Bill
from numerous readers. I’m very grateful to all who Lipe and Linda Stone in my department for directing
offered me advice and support. me to new material on the global culture. Also thanks
I’d like to thank especially Jan Beatty, Gerald Ber- to Barry Hicks of the Health Research and Education
reman, Geoffrey Gamble, and Thomas Headland, who Center, Washington State University, Spokane, for
wrote in support of my sabbatical leave from Wash- assistance with my state- and county-level research.
ington State University in 1990, which enabled me to Kevin Norris in the Information Systems Depart-
complete much of the primary research and writing ment of Spokane County, Washington, provided me
in one concentrated effort. In July 1991, I made the with data on Spokane County land ownership. Zoltan
first public presentation of the culture-scale approach Porga, system analyst, and Gilbert A. Pierson, Infor-
in a paper titled “Indigenous Peoples vs. the State: A mation Technology, at Washington State University,
Culture Scale Approach,” which I gave at a confer- guided me through the intricacies of SAS. The staff
ence called “Indigenous People in Remote Regions: in my department, especially LeAnn Couch and Joan
A Global Perspective,” organized by historian Ken Pubols, provided important support as I served as de-
Coates at the University of Victoria, British Columbia. partment chair while preparing this revision.
My students and colleagues at Washington State Special thanks to Kevin Witt, sponsoring editor
University who listened to my ideas and offered sug- for anthropology at McGraw-Hill Higher Education,
gestions and materials were particularly helpful; I’d for directing the fourth edition, and to my devel-
like to thank Robert Ackerman, Diana Ames-Mar- opment editor, Gabrielle Goodman White, for her
shall, Michael Blair, Brenda Bowser, Mark Collard, painstaking help in making the text more useful for
Ben Colombi, Mark Fleisher, Lee Freese, Chris Harris, students. Thanks also to the rest of the book team at
Fekri Hassan, Christa Herrygers, Barry Hewlett, Barry McGraw-Hill who contributed to this edition: mar-
Hicks, Michael Kemery, Tim Kohler, Grover Krantz, keting manager Dan Loch, editorial coordinator Kath-
William Lipe, Robert Littlewood, William Lyons, leen Cowan, project manager Roger Geissler, designer
Jeannette Mageo, Nancy McKee, Peter J. Mehringer Susan Breitbard, cover designer Violeta Diaz, media

xv
Other documents randomly have
different content
 Medicine - Mind Map
Spring 2023 - Research Center

Prepared by: Dr. Williams

Date: August 12, 2025

Practice 1: Theoretical framework and methodology

Learning Objective 1: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 2: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 3: Experimental procedures and results
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 5: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 5: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 9: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Appendix 2: Current trends and future directions
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 14: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 16: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 18: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 19: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Topic 3: Best practices and recommendations
Practice Problem 20: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 21: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 22: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 22: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 23: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 25: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 26: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 4: Study tips and learning strategies
Practice Problem 30: Ethical considerations and implications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 34: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 39: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Discussion 5: Literature review and discussion
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 45: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookfinal.com