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 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 6/5/2015, SPi

Use-Conditional Meaning
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 6/5/2015, SPi

OXFORD STUDIES IN SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS

general editors: Chris Barker, New York University, and Chris Kennedy,
University of Chicago

published
1 Definite Descriptions
Paul Elbourne
2 Logic in Grammar: Polarity, Free Choice, and Intervention
Gennaro Chierchia
3 Weak Island Semantics
Márta Abrusán
4 Reliability in Pragmatics
Eric McCready
5 Numerically Qualified Expressions
Christopher Cummins
6 Use-Conditional Meaning: Studies in Multidimensional Semantics
Daniel Gutzmann

in preparation
Gradability in Natural Language
Heather Burnett
Subjectivity and Perspective in Truth-Theoretic Semantics
Peter N. Lasersohn
Measurement and Modality
Daniel Lassiter
Plural Reference
Friederike Moltmann
The Semantics of Evidentials
Sarah E. Murray
A History of Formal Semantics
Barbara Partee
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 6/5/2015, SPi

Use-Conditional
Meaning
Studies in Multidimensional
Semantics

DANIEL GUTZMANN

1
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 6/5/2015, SPi

3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6dp,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Daniel Gutzmann 2015
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
First Edition published in 2015
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014956591
ISBN 978–0–19–872382–0 (Hbk)
ISBN 978–0–19–872383–7 (Pbk)
Printed and bound by
CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, cr0 4yy
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 6/5/2015, SPi

“This damn book is for you!”

OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 6/5/2015, SPi
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 6/5/2015, SPi

Contents

General preface xi
Acknowledgments xii
List of abbreviations, symbols, and typographic conventions xv

 Introduction 
. Pragmatics and the scope of semantics 
. Use-conditional meaning 
. Hybrid semantics 
. Goals for the book 
. Notes on terminology 
. Overview of the individual chapters 
 The case for use-conditional meaning 
. Use-conditional semantics 
.. Denotations for use-conditional content 
.. Hybrid semantics 
.. Reasoning in hybrid semantics 
. Varieties of UCIs 
.. Expressives in the narrow sense 
.. Particles 
.. Non-lexical UCIs 
.. Types of UCIs 
. Chapter summary 
 Previous approaches to multidimensional meaning 
. Introduction 
. LCI —The logic of conventional implicatures 
.. Types for LCI 
.. Modes of composition 
.. Interpretation 
. Assessment of LCI 
.. Types of UCIs in LCI 
.. Use-conditional modifiers 
.. Abstraction problem 
.. Summary of the assessment of LCI 
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 6/5/2015, SPi

viii contents

. L+CI —Accounting for mixed content 

.. From trees to proofs 
.. New types in L+CI 
.. New rules of proof in L+CI 
.. Omitting mixed types from L+CI 
. Assessment of L+CI 
.. Types of UCIs in L+CI 
.. Use-conditional modifiers 
.. Abstraction problems in L+CI 
.. Quantification problems in L+CI 
.. Summary of the assessment of L+CI 
. Compositionality issues with LCI* 
 A multidimensional logic for hybrid semantics 
. Introduction 
. Use-conditional types 
. Towards true multidimensionality 
.. Compositional LCI 
.. Compositional L+CI 
. The new logic LTU 
.. Extension and generalization 
.. Lexical extension rules 
.. Abbreviation conventions 
.. The architecture of LTU 
. Assessment of LTU 
.. Types of UCIs in LTU 
.. Further cases 
. Chapter summary 
 Sentence mood 
. Introduction 
. Kinds of approaches to sentence mood 
.. An integrative approach 
.. An implicit approach 
.. A multidimensional approach 
. A compositional approach to sentence mood 
.. Epistemic interpretation 
.. Movement and visibility 
.. Deontic interpretation 
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 6/5/2015, SPi

contents ix

.. Hearer knowledge 

.. Imperatives 
. From integration to multidimensionality 
.. Presuppositions? 
.. Truth conditions? 
. Use conditions and sentence mood 
. Formalization of a use-conditional approach
to sentence mood 
.. Deontic attitude 
.. Epistemic attitude 
.. Hearer knowledge 
. Chapter summary 
 Modal particles 
. Introduction 
. Properties of modal particles 
.. The syntax of modal particles 
.. The semantics of modal particles 
.. Modal particles and sentence mood 
.. Interim summary 
. Hybrid semantics for modal particles 
.. Modal particles as use-conditional items 
.. Non-truth-conditionality 
.. Negation 
.. Scope 
. Deriving syntax from semantics 
.. Projectional behavior 
.. Coordination 
.. Focus 
.. Questions 
.. Fronting 
. Modal particles and sentence mood 
.. Selectional restrictions due to types 
.. Selectional restrictions due to meaning 
. Chapter summary 
 Uncharted dimensions 
. Introduction 
. Use-conditional and non-at-issue meaning 
. Meaning dimensions and discourse updates 
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 6/5/2015, SPi

x contents

. Hybrid semantics and language change 

. Typology of use-conditional meaning 

Appendix: The logic LTU 

References 
Author index 
Subject index 
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 6/5/2015, SPi

General preface

Oxford Studies in Semantics and Pragmatics publishes original research

on meaning in natural language within contemporary semantics and
pragmatics. Authors present their work in the context of past and
present lines of inquiry and in a manner accessible to both to scholars
whose core areas of expertise are in linguistic semantics and pragmatics,
and to researchers in related and allied fields such as syntax, lexico-
logy, philosophy, and cognitive science. The series emphasizes rigorous
theoretical analysis grounded in detailed empirical investigation of
particular languages.
This is a companion series to Oxford Surveys in Semantics and
Pragmatics. The Surveys series provides critical overviews of the major
approaches to core semantic and pragmatic phenomena, a discussion
of their relative value, and an assessment of the degree of consensus
that exists about any one of them. The Studies series equally seeks to
put empirical complexity and theoretical debate into comprehensible
perspective, but with a narrower focus and correspondingly greater
depth. In both series, authors develop and defend the approach and line
of argument which they find most convincing and productive.
In this monograph, Daniel Gutzmann draws a bright line between
semantics (conditions on truth) and pragmatics (conditions on use, as
in Kaplan’s “Ouch!”). Adapting traditional tools of formal semantics, he
builds this distinction into a grammar that allows expressions to impose
grammatical constraints on both kinds of meaning simultaneously.
Unlike the pathbreaking work of Potts on expressives such as “damn”,
Gutzmann’s multidimensional fragment is strictly compositional.
Gutzmann tests his proposal with two main in-depth case studies: gram-
matical constraints on sentence mood (whether an utterance serves as
a statement or a question or some other kind of speech act); and modal
particles in German, which have notoriously elusive discourse effects,
including doch, ja, wohl, and others. The result is a carefully worked-
out, innovative, and fully compositional approach to multidimensional
meaning.
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 6/5/2015, SPi

Acknowledgments

The first time I came into contact with formal semantics was when
one of my earliest teachers in linguistics, Markus Steinbach, handed
me Chris Potts’s The Logic of Conventional Implicatures. Even though all
those formulas and symbols it contains were completely cryptic to me
back then, they held a great fascination. With some virtual help from
Horst Lohnstein in the form of a well-worn second-hand copy of his
introduction to semantics, I somehow managed to get to a point where
I could grasp those formulas and worked my way through that book. At
that point, I was completely hooked on linguistics, and formal semantics
in particular. But even then, I would not have thought that six years
later, I would hold a dissertation on semantics in my hand. Fittingly,
the dissertation continued the path initially set out by my first contact
with semantics. And now, turning a revised version of that dissertation
into a book published by the same publisher as published the book that
got me started with semantics somehow feels as if I have finally come
full circle.
There are many people who influenced me and my linguistic thinking
during the time of my first encounter with linguistics up to the sub-
mission of the final manuscript of this book and who thereby, directly
or indirectly, contributed to its final form. Jörg Meibauer and Markus
Steinbach were the first to spark my interest in linguistics and they
went on to support me during my time in Mainz. Also at Mainz, Elke
Brendel taught me a lot about the logical foundations on which all
semantics rests. Erik Stei became a friend and regular discussant for all
things philosophical. When I moved on to become a PhD student at
the Graduiertenkolleg “Sentence Types” at Frankfurt, Elena Castroviejo
Miró was “my postdoc” and helped me to dig even deeper into issues of
multidimensionality. When I finally got a position at the University of
Frankfurt, my part-time office-room-mates Viola Schmitt and Katha-
rina Hartmann kept me both entertained and thinking about other
linguistic phenomena unrelated to my thesis.
Eric McCready, whose work I started to follow eagerly when I was
still a student, had a huge influence on me as a linguist. Never would I
have thought back then when I was checking the semantics archive for
more of his work that he would become one of my supervisors. But he
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 6/5/2015, SPi

acknowledgments xiii

did and I think his influence, though never intrusive, shows throughout
this book. Besides being a great semanticist and philosopher, he is also
one of the coolest guys to hang out with.
Hans-Martin Gärtner, who acted as my third supervisor, is not only
one of the cleverest people I have ever met, but is also perhaps, of
everyone I know, the person who thinks things through the most, in
every detail. I learned a lot from him about arguing carefully, and to
respect old works on current topics. I am grateful to have worked with
him and for all the support he has given me through the years.
I am thankful to Chris Barker, whose continuous support from a dis-
tance I have enjoyed ever since we met in Paris, and who deserves to be
called a “secret supervisor”. He was also very positive and encouraging
when I pitched the idea of submitting my thesis to this series, which he
co-edits with Chris Kennedy. The reviews I got from two anonymous
reviewers during the submission process, which were very constructive,
helped me a great deal to shape my thesis into this book. In particular
Chris Potts, who agreed to have his anonymity lifted after the final
approval, did a terrific job in hunting down weak spots that could be
cut from the book and highlighting important parts for me to focus on.
I am grateful to Kate Gilks, Julia Steer, and Vicki Sunter, my editors at
OUP, who were always very responsive and supportive in dealing with
all the quirky questions I managed to come up with during the processes
of submission, revision, and editing. Many thanks go to Jess Smith and
Francis Eaves, who took on the challenge of wrestling with my English
and giving it the appropriate facelift afterwards. The typesetters of OUP
did a terrific job in creating a handsome volume out of the messily
customized LATEX source I provided them with.
At various stages of my work on this book, I have profited in many
ways from the friendliness and input of Markus Bader, Leah Bauke, Josef
Bayer, David Beaver, Hardarik Blühdorn, Daniel Büring, Lucas Cham-
pollion, Chris Davis, Regine Eckardt, Markus Egg, Caroline Féry, Sascha
Fink, Kai von Fintel, Antonio Fortin, Erich Groat, Robert Henderson,
Klaus von Heusinger, Elke Höhe-Kupfer, Daniel Hole, Larry Horn, Shin
Ishihara, Hans Kamp, Gerrit Kentner, Jan Köpping, Manfred Krifka,
Sven Lauer, Horst Lohnstein, Cécile Meier, Rick Nouwen, Andreas
Pankau, Barbara Partee, Inge Pohl, Cecilia Poletto, Paul Portner, Claudia
Poschmann, Dolf Rami, Moni Reif, Hans-Christian Schmitz, Matthias
Schulze-Bünte, Augustin Speyer, Erik Stei, Yasutada Sudo, Ken Turner,
Carla Umbach, Pia Weber, Henk Zeevat, and Malte Zimmermann.
Needless to say, this list is by no means exhaustive.
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 6/5/2015, SPi

xiv acknowledgments

My biggest thanks, however, are reserved for Ede Zimmermann. He

is not only one of the most brilliant semanticists and thinkers I know,
but was also the best principal supervisor for my thesis I can imagine.
He gave me all the freedom and independence I needed to cook up my
ideas, but whenever any question popped up, he took all the time in the
world to discuss every tiny detail. Without him, this book would not be
as it is. I am also grateful to him for always supporting me in my efforts
to hold down a faculty job and write a thesis while having a family.
My family, of course, deserves much more gratitude than any words
in an Acknowledgments section will ever be able to express. As much as
I enjoy my work and like to spend my time thinking about language and
linguistics, they are the ones who always bring me back to the real world.
Watching my kids growing up a little more every day always reminds me
that there are many things that matter much more in life than the latest
tech in semantics.
August 2014 D. G.
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 6/5/2015, SPi

List of abbreviations, symbols, and

typographic conventions

Abbreviations
[±2d] [±2-dimensional]
[±f ] [±functional]
[±rs] [±resource-sensitive]
A adjective
Adv adverb
C complementizer
CG common ground
Conj conjunction
cop copula
CP complementizer phrase
CPspec specifier position of CP
D determiner
DP determiner phrase
fem feminine
hon honorific
LER lexical extension rule
LF logical form
imp imperative
inf infinitive
masc masculine
MP modal particle
neg negation
neut neuter
N noun
nom nominative
NP noun phrase
Part particle
PF phonological form
Pro pronoun
pst past tense
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