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 CHRIST
IN CHRISTIAN
TRADITION
VOLUME TWO
PART THREE

The Churches of Jerusalem and

Antioch from 451 to 600

With contributions by

ALOIS GRILLMEIER, THERESIA HAINTHALER,

TANIOS BOU MANSOUR, LUISE ABRAMOWSKI

In continuation of the work of

ALOIS GRILLMEIER

by

THERESIA HAINTHALER

Translated by
MARIANNE EHRHARDT

OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
 OXFORD
UNCVERSITY PRESS
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries.
First published by Herder© Verlag Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau 2002
Copyright in the English Translation © Oxford University Press 2013
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
First published in 2013
Impression: I
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
ISBN 978-0-19-921288-0
As printed and bound by
CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CRO 4YY
 CONTENTS

FOREWORD TO THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION Andrew Louth xvii

FOREWORD Theresia Hainthaler XXI

ABBREVIATIONS XXIV

'The Fertile Crescent' 1

Introduction 1

PART ONE
CHRISTOLOGY IN PALESTINE
AFTER CHALCEDON
UNTIL THE RISE OF ISLAM
(Alois Grillmeier)

CHAPTER ONE: Palestine and its Christological Groupings after 451 5

I. Jerusalem as Episcopal See and patriarchate 5
1. Historical Summary 5
2. On the Development of the Jerusalem Patriarchate
( Theresia Hainthaler) 6
3. Patriarchs of Jerusalem and their Christological Position 8
II. The Country and its Major Centres 12
1. Academic Life on the Coast 13
(a) Caesarea 14
(b) TheAcademyofGaza 14
2. Monasticism in Palestine in the Period after Chalcedon 18
(a) Palestinian Monasticism outside the Sinai Peninsula 18
(b) Monasticism in Sinai (Theresia Hainthaler) 21
( 1) Dogmatic positions in Sinai after 451 25
(2) The monastery built by the emperor Justinian on the
site of the first settlement of anchorites at the
'burning bush' 26
3. Pre-Islamic Christianity among the Arabs in Palestine
( Theresia Hainthaler) 30
(a) Hilarion and the Church ofElusa 32
(b) The Saracen Queen Mavia and Moses 32
(c) Euthymius and Palestinian Parembole Bishops 35
(d) The Affair of Amorkesos 37
vi CHRIST IN CHRISTIAN TRADITION

(e) The Tradition about the Sinai Martyrs 38

Summary 39
Ill. Attitude of the Palestinian Monastics to Chalcedon (451-c.565) 40
1. The Anti-Chalcedonians 40
2. The Pro-Chalcedonian Group 43

CHAPTER TWO: The Concrete Faith in Christ ofthe Palestinian

Church 49
I. The 'Solemn Mystery Play'-The Kerygma of Jerusalem 49
1. Christ in the Commentarius brevis on the Psalms 55
2. Christ in the Homilies of Hesychius 57
(a) The Cycle for Christmas and Epiphany 57
(b) The Homilies for 'Hypapante' 58
(c) Christological Themes in the Quadragesima Season [Lent] 59
(d) The Cycle for Easter Sunday 62
(e) Maria Theotokos 63
II. Three Great Monastic Fathers in Judaea and their Christology 64
1. The Biographies of Monks as Witnesses to Chalcedon 65
(a) The Vita Euthymii of Cyril of Scythopolis 65
(b) The Vita Sabae 69
(c) The Vita Theodosii ofTheodore ofPetra 72
2. 'The Plague of Origen': Sabas and his Successors in the
Struggle against the Origenists 75
(a) Origenism in Palestine before the Death ofSt Sabas 76
(b) The 'Plague ofOrigen' in Palestine after the Death of
St Sabas (532) 78
( 1) The evidence of John of Scythopolis 78
(2) The testimony ofCyril ofScythopolis 79
Ill. The Academics of Gaza and their Understanding of Christ 82
1. Procopius' Christ-Centred Hermeneutics 84
2. The Interpretation of the 'Thrice Holy' in Isa. 6 as an Example
of Christological Exegesis 88
rv. The Christological Spirituality of the Ascetics of Gaza 91
1. The Asceticon of Abba Isaiah and its Christology 93
(a) Determining the Position 93
(b) The Concrete Image of Christ for Abba Isaiah 96
(1) Between original state and final state 96
(2) The eschatological perspective 100
2. Oracle in the Wilderness? The Wisdom of Barsanuphius
and John of Gaza 101
(a) References to the Theological-Ascetic Circumstances 102
(b) Origenism and Other Heresies 103
(c) Details of the Christology of the Two Old Men of Gaza 107
 CONTENTS vu

3. Vacare Deo: On the Christology of Dorotheus of Gaza 109

(a) Optimistic Anthropology 109
(b) Christology for Monks 110
V. The Christology of the Monks in the Sinai Region
(Theresia Hainthaler) 112
1. The 'Via Media' ofTheodore ofRaithu 112
(a) The Neo-Chalcedonianism of the Proparaskeue 114
(b) The Theoretical Basis for the Doctrine of One Energy
in Christ (Alois Grillmeier) 117
2. John Moschus, the Truth of Chalcedon in Miracles
(Theresia Hainthaler) 121
3. Spiritual Life in the Imitation of Christ According to John
Climacus ( Theresia Hainthaler) 123
(a) The Life of a Monk in the Imitation of Christ 125
(b) Christological Statements 126

CHAPTER THREE: A Synthesis of Palestinian Christology

According to the History of Concepts and Formulas: Pamphilus
the Theologian 129
I. Pamphilus the Man and his Work 129
1. Chronology 130
2. Localization 131
3. Content and Character of the Work 133
4. The Method of the Solutio 133
Il. Christology as Depicted in the Solutio ofPamphilus 134
1. A Summary of the Christological and Soteriological
Kerygma at the End of the Sixth Century 134
2. The Determination of the Basic Christological Concepts 136
(a) The Cappadocian Origin of the Concept of Hypostasis 136
(b) Ousia and Physis 137
(c) The One Hypostasis 139
(I) The union as a process 140
(2) Apotelesma: the united unity 142
Ill. The Neo-Chalcedonianism of Pamphilus 144
1. Negative Results 146
2. Positive Results 147
(a) 'One of the Trinity' 147
(b) Synthesis 147
(c) Distinctions and Syntheses 'In Thought' 148
A New Hypothesis for the Identification of Pamphilus 150
 viii CHRIST IN CHRISTIAN TRADITION

. CHAPTER FOUR: Retrospect and Prospect (Theresia Hainthaler) 151

I. The Christological Profile of the Jerusalem Patriarchate 151
II. John of Scythopolis, Scholiast and Neo-Chalcedonian 155
1. On the Christology ofJohn of Scythopolis in the Scholia 155
2. The Christological Concerns in the Remaining Works of John 158
Ill. John IV of Jerusalem and Relations with the Caucasian Churches 160

PART TWO
CHRISTOLOGY IN THE PATRIARCHATE OF ANTIOCH
AFTER 451 TO THE END OF THE SIXTH CENTURY
(Alois Grillmeier, Theresia Hainthaler, Tanios Bou Mansour,
Luise Abramowski)

SECTION ONE: The Patriarchate of Antioch in its Context 171

CHAPTER ONE: Extent and Organization of the Patriarchate of

Antioch (Alois Grillmeier) 171
I. On the External Organization 171
11. Some Factors in the Historical Development of the Organization
of the Patriarchate of Antioch 174
1. Transit Country 174
2. The Patriarchate of Antioch as a Multilingual Area 175
3. External Fate of an Ecclesiastical Metropolis 176
4. Spiritual Shocks in the Patriarchate of Antioch 178
5. The List of Famous and Controversial Names 179
6. Other Centres of Ecclesiastical Learning in Syria 180

CHAPTER TWO: The Hierarchical Split of the Patriarchate of

Antioch (Theresia Hainthaler) 184
I. Preliminary Remark (Alois Grillmeier) 184
1. The First Schism in the Imperial Church 184
2. The Formation of Two Hierarchies in the Patriarchate of
Antioch 185
11. Establishment and Collapse of the Severan Hierarchy in the
Patriarchate of Antioch (512-538) (Theresia Hainthaler) 186
Ill. The Efforts of the Bishops John ofTella and John ofHephaistos
(Theresia Hainthaler) 187
IV. The Establishment of the Anti-Chalcedonian Hierarchy by Jacob
Baradaeus (Theresia Hainthaler) 189
1. Consecrating the First Bishops 189
2. Completing the Hierarchical Split: Consecration of a Patriarch 190
3. The Anti-Chalcedonian Hierarchy in the Persian Empire 192
 CONTENTS ~

CHAPTER THREE: On Pre-Islamic Christianity among the Arabs

in the Sphere oflnfluence of the Patriarchate of Antioch
( Theresia Hainthaler) 196
I. Arabs with Roman Citizenship 198
1. The History of the Province Arabia 198
2. Phoenicia 11 200
11. The Nomads 201
1. The Influence oflndividual Monks 201
(a) The Conversion ofZokomos 202
(b) Simeon the Stylite and his Missionary Effect among
the Arabs 202
2. Thelnstitution of Phylarchs 204
(a) The Inscription at Namara 204
(b) Other Phylarchs 206
(c) The Ghassanids 207
(aa) I;Iarith's involvement in ecclesiastical politics 210
(bb) King Mundhir 212
(cc) Mundhir's activity in ecclesiastical politics 213
(dd) Did the Ghassanids found monasteries? 214
(ee) Their relations with Byzantium 215

CHAPTER FOUR: The 'School of Antioch' and Theological

Schools in the Area of the Patriarchate of Antioch
(Theresia Hainthaler) 218
I. The 'School of Antioch' and its Theology 218
1. On the Concept of a School 219
2. On the Antiochene Exegesis 222
(a) From Lucian Recension to the Antiochene Text 222
(b) Sources of Antiochene Exegesis 223
(c) The 'Classical' Antiochene Exegesis at the Time of
Diodore and Theodore 224
3. On the Antiochene Christology 229
(a) On the Origin of Antiochene Christology 229
(b) Characteristics of Antiochene Christology 232
11. The School of Edessa 236
1. On Christianity in Edessa 236
2. The School of the Persians 238
Ill. The School of Nisibis 242
1. 'Edessa grew dim and Nisibis shone forth'- The
Foundation of the School of Nisibis 242
2. The Statutes of the School ofNisibis 243
IV. The 'Nestorian' Educational Movement 246
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X CHRIST IN CHRISTIAN TRADITION

1. The Motif of Paideia According to Cosmas Indicopleustes 248

2. Jesus as Teacher in Barl;ladbesabba 'Arbaya 249

CHAPTER FIVE: The Persian Debater Simeon of Beth Adam and

his Anti-Nestorian Position (Theresia Hainthaler) . 252
I. The Persian Debater 253
11. The Letter on 'Nestorianism' 255
1. Genealogy of'Nestorianism' 256
2. The School of the Persians 261
3. The Separation of the I::Iuzzites and Persians from the True
Faith of the Fathers 261
4. The Orthodox Faith 262
5. Anathemas on Doctrinal Errors and Heretics 262
Ill. The Dogmatic Perspective of the Letter 264
1. The Orthodox Faith 264
2. Its Christological Creed 264
3. On Simeon's Denominational Affiliation 265

CHAPTER SIX: The Tritheist Controversy in the Sixth Century and

its Importance in Syriac Christology (Alois Grillmeier) 268
I. On the Historical Development of Tritheism in Syria 269
1st Section: The Archaic Form of the Doctrinal Development 269
2nd Section: The Period of Theological Discussion about
Tritheism 270
(a) First Phase: The Anti-Tritheist Actions of Patriarch
Theodosius 270
(b) Second Phase: The Years of Literary Discussion on Tritheism 272
(1) The first Syndocticon 272
(2) The second Syndocticon 273
(3) The third (or first Oriental) Syndocticon 273
3rd Section: Hierarchical Stabilization ofTritheism 274
4th Section: A Family Feud between Two Anti-Tritheist Patriarchs 275
11. The Theological Statement of the Tritheists 276

CHAPTER SEVEN: The Christological Positions of the Patriarchs

occupying the Throne of Antioch (Theresia Hainthaler) 281
I. The Chalcedonian Period 281
11. The Turmoil around the Throne of Antioch. The Struggle for the
Theopaschite Addition to the Trisagion: Peter the Fuller or
Chalcedonian Patriarchs 284
1. Historical Development 285
(a) The Earliest Sources 285
(b) Origin 286
 CONTENTS XI

(c) The First Period in Office 287

(d) Further Developments 288
2. The Christological Position of Peter the Fuller 290
Ill. Battle for the Doctrine of Two Natures and Chalcedon under
Philoxenus. The Bishops Palladius and Flavian 292
IV. The Chalcedonian Restoration after Severus of Antioch 295

SECTION TWO: Greek Theology 298

CHAPTER ONE: Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (Alois Grillmeier) 298

I. Dionysius' Approach to Theological Reflection 299
1. General Remarks 299
2. Actual Neo-Platonic Ideas 300
(a) Preliminary Remarks 300
(b) Neo-Platonic Models 301
{aa) The triad l.wv~-1Tp6oooc;-lmaTpocf>~ 301
(bb) 'Theology' and 'theurgy 305
(cc) Orders and gradations 307
(I) The orders of the angels 307
(2) The ecclesiastical hierarchy 309
(dd) The two hierarchies and the sacraments 310
11. Jesus Christ in the Dionysian Universe and its History 311
1. Linking the Corpus Dionysiacum to the Tradition 312
(a) On the Intra-Trinitarian Relations of the Three Hypostases 312
(b) On the Activity ad extra of the Triune God 313
(c) The Assignment of the Incarnation to the Son 314
2. The Christological Heritage ofDionysius 314
(a) A Christology from Above 315
(b) The Event ofthe Incarnation 315
(c) The Humanity of Christ 317
3. The Position and Role of Jesus Christ in the Hierarchies of
Angels and Humans 319
Ill. Jesus in the Liturgy and Sacraments of the Church 321
1. The Christological Aspect of the Dionysian Understanding of
Baptism 322
2. Christ in the Celebration of the Eucharist 323
(a) The Liturgical Celebration as Processio and Reditus 323
(b) Interpretation of the Eucharist as a Memorial Banquet
Instituted by Christ 324
3. Christ and the Consecration of the Myron 324
4. The Sacraments of Ordination 325
IV. Dionysius' Image of Christ 326
1. The Canon of the Static Image of Christ 326
xii CHRIST IN CHRISTIAN TRADITION

2. The Dynamic Vision of Christ 329

(a) 'A Totally New Energy' 330
(b) Gregory ofNyssa's Conception in De tridui spatio 332
(c) Cyril of Alexandria, In Ioann. Ev. IV: The Eucharist
and the Raising of Jairus' Daughter 332
(d) The 'Divine-Human Activity' in Dionysius, Ep. IV 333
V. Final Remarks on Dionysius' Christology (Theresia Hainthaler) 336
1. Outlines of the Christology in Dionysius 337
2. His Place in the History of Dogma 339
3. The After-Effects of the Dionysian Writings in the Sixth
Century 340

CHAPTER TWO: Ephrem of Antioch and His Neo-Chalcedonism

( Theresia Hainthaler) 343
I. His Personality and Actions 343
1. Biographical Remarks 343
2. Writings 345
11. The Christological Position of Ephrem 346
1. As a Cyrillian, an Apologist ofthe Doctrine of Two
Natures, the Tome of Leo, and Chalcedon 346
2. The Neo-Chalcedonian Programme 348
(a) The Mia-Physis Formula 349
(b) Christus synthetos 352
(c) Unus de Sancta Trinitate 352
(d) Union According to the Hypostasis 353
3. The Basis of this Programme 353
4. The Two Energeiai 355
5. On the Place ofEphrem's Approach to Christology in the
History of Dogma 357

CHAPTER THREE: Anastasius, 'the Great Bishop of Antioch'

(Theresia Hainthaler) 359
I. Life and Works 359
The Works of Anastasius 361
11. Christological Positions in the Works of Anastasius 362
1. An Exposition of the Doctrine of the Trinity Together with
Polemics Against the Tritheites and their Concept of the
Partial Ousia ( Oratio I) 362
(a) The Procession ofthe Holy Spirit 364
(b) Polemics Against the Partial Ousia 365
(c) Against the Tritheites 365
(d) The Connection of Ousia and Energeia 366
(e) Summary 366
 CONTENTS XIll

2. There Was No Other Way To Save Humanity-The Oratio on

the Incarnation 367
The Difference of the Natures 369
3. God Concealed in the Flesh-The Oratio on the Suffering and
Impassibility of Christ 372
4. The Oratio on Christ's Resurrection 375
5. The Dispute with a Tritheite 376
6. The Fragment of the Letter to Sergius Grammaticus 379
7. The Apology of the Tome of Leo 380
8. On the Energies . 382
9. The Resolution on Justinian's Aphthartodocetism 383
10. Final Evaluation of Anastasius' Image of Christ 384

CHAPTER FOUR: A Christological Controversy among the Severans

at the End of the Sixth Century-The Conversion of Probus and
John Barbur to Chalcedonism ( Theresia Hainthaler) 386
I. The Fragmentation of the Anti-Chalcedonians in the Second Half
of the Sixth Century 386
11. The Report ofDionysius ofTell-Mal,lre 389
Ill. The Probus Dossier 392
1. On the Prehistory of the Problem 393
(a) The Query in 596 393
(b) The Definition of Severus of Antioch 393
(c) The Topicality of the Query in the Second Half of the Sixth
Century 399
2. The Disputation in 596 399
(a) The Monks' Libellus 7 399
(b) The Monks' Libellus 8 404
3. More Texts from the Probus Dossier 410
(a) The Hypomnesticon and the Confessio before the Patriarch
Anastasius 410
(b) The Epaporemata against the Jacobites 411
IV. The Sophist Stephen of Alexandria 413
Stephen Gobar 416
V. Concluding Remarks 417

SECTION THREE: Syriac Theology 419

Introduction: On Syriac Christology before Chalcedon (Tanios

Bou Mansour) 419
A Retrospect: Christological Problems and Basic Ideas 420
1. The Problem of the Mediator 420
2. En Route to an Articulation of the Two Components of Christ 423
xiv CHRIST IN CHRISTIAN TRADITION

CHAPTER ONE: The Christology of Jacob of Sarug ( Tanios Bou

Mansour) 430
I. Jacob's Christology: History of Research 432
11. The Christology of the Letters 435
1. Naturaliter and Oikonomia 435
2. The Meaning of Naturaliter and the 'One Nature' 439
3. The Oikonomia or the Status of the Humanity 442
4. The Unity of Naturaliter and Oikonomia 448
Ill. The Christology of the Mimre 456
1. The Basic Principle 456
2. Naturaliter and Jacob's Emphasis on it 459
3. The Reality of the Oikonomia 463
4. The Unity between Naturaliter and Oikonomia 470
IV. Conclusion 475

CHAPTER TWO: The Christology of Philoxenus of Mabbug

(Tanios Bou Mansour) 478
I. The Basic Structure: The Relationship Between the Divine Nature
and the Economy of Salvation 483
II. Christology, Trinity, and the Divine Becoming 489
1. One of the Trinity Embodied Himself 491
2. Becoming Without Change 492
3. Becoming and Assumption 497
Ill. The Reality of the Oikonomia 502
IV. The Union of Divinity and Humanity in Christ 511
1. A Hypostatic and Natural Unity 514
2. Unity Without Division 517
3. Unity Without Mixing 520
V. Christology and Soteriology 524
1. Soteriology as Basis and Goal of God's Becoming 525
2. The 'For us' 527
3. The 'In Him' 530
Appendix: The Mother of God 531
VI. Christology and Knowledge 535
1. Apophatism 535
2. The Value of the Natural and ofReason 537
3. Contemplation and its Simplicity 540
VII. Conclusion 543
 CONTENTS ~

CHAPTER THREE: From the Controversy on 'Unus ex Trinitate

passus esf: The Protest ofl;:labib against Philoxenus' Epistula
dogmatica to the Monks (Luise Abramowski) 545
I. Introduction 545
1. The Problem of the Hypostasis 549
2. The Key Passage in Philoxenus' Epistula dogmatica 551
Il. l;:labib's Mamlelii or Treatise in Philoxenus' Two Refutations 554
1. Dissertatio 11 555
2. Dissertatio Ill 561
3. Dissertatio IV 566
4. Dissertatio V 571
5. Dissertatio VI 575
6. Dissertatio VII 581
7. Dissertatio VIII 582
8. Dissertatio IX 588
9. Dissertatio X 593
10. Dissertatio I 602
Ill. On Some Aspects ofl;:labib's Treatise 606
1. Philoxenus' Omissions 606
2. The 'Becoming' ofJohn 1: 14 609
3. Metaphorical Speech and Reality ('Truth') 613
4. 'Hypostatic' and 'Oeconomic' 615

Retrospect and Prospect ( Theresia Hainthaler) 621

1. Antioch 622
2. Edessa 623
3. The Importance of Philosophy 623
4. Trends among the Chalcedonians 624
5. Trends among the Anti-Chalcedonians 625
6. Monasticism 626
7. Syriac Theology 627
(a) Jacob of Sarug 627
(b) Philoxenus ofMabbug 628
(c) l;:labib 630

Select Bibliography 632

Index of Biblical Reference 642

Index of Greek, Latin, Syriac, and Arabic Words 646
Index of Persons 649
Index of Subjects 664
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