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XML Schema Essentials

R. Allen Wyke
Andrew Watt

Wiley Computer Publishing

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

XML Schema Essentials

R. Allen Wyke
Andrew Watt

Wiley Computer Publishing

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Publisher: Robert Ipsen
Editor: Cary Sullivan
Developmental Editor: Scott Amerman
Associate Managing Editor: Penny Linskey
Associate New Media Editor: Brian Snapp
Text Design & Composition: D&G Limited, LLC

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as

trademarks. In all instances where John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is aware of a claim, the product
names appear in initial capital or ALL CAPITAL LETTERS. Readers, however, should contact
the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and
registration.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Copyright © 2002 by R. Allen Wyke and Andrew Watt. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted

in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or
otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copy-
right Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization
through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. Requests to the
Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-
6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ @ WILEY.COM.

This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to

the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not
engaged in professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is
required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN: 0-471-412597
Printed in the United States of America.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 CHAPTER

Contents

Introduction ix

Acknowledgments xi

About the Authors xiii

Part One Getting Started 1

Chapter 1 Elementary XML Schema 3

What Is XML Schema? 5
How Does an XML Schema Processor Work? 6
What Is XML Schema for? 7
XSD Schema Schema Components 7
Other Schema Languages for XML 8
The DTD Descended from SGML 8
XSD Schema Tools 9
XML Schema Document 14

iii
iv Contents

Root of an XML Schema Document 16

Declaring the Location of Your XML Schema Document 16
Declaring Elements and Defining Types 17
Defining Simple Types 17
Defining Complex Types 25
Anonymous Complex Types 25
Named Complex Types 26
Using Anonymous or Named Complex Types 29
Declarations 34
Annotations in Schema 42
Standard XML Comments 42
The <annotation> Element 43
Empty Element Declaration 45
The anyType Type 50
Occurrence Constraints 51
Cardinality in DTDs 51
minOccurs and maxOccurs 51
Defining Your Own Simple Type 56
Model Groups in Schema 57
Sequence Group 57
Choice Group 57
All Group 58
Attribute Groups 61
More about the XML 1.0 DTD Content Model 62
Validation in XSD Schema 63
Validation versus Assessment 64
XML Information Set 67
Post-Schema Validation Infoset 69
Summary 69

Chapter 2 XSD Elements 71

XML Elements 72
Defining within a DTD 72
Limitations 76
 Contents v

Moving On to XSD Elements 77

<xsd:element>: A Closer Examination 81
Default Values 83
Substitution Groups 85
Null Values 92
Attributes 93
Complex Content 99
Importing Elements from Other Locations 107
Redefining Elements 111
More on <xsd:complexType> 112
Using a Sequence 114
Grouping 114
Summary 119

Chapter 3 Adding Attributes 121

What Are Attributes? 122
Additional Metadata 122
Application Uses 125
Storing Data 126
Hybrid Approaches 128
Considerations for Using Attributes 130
XML Attributes Foundation 130
Syntax 130
Capabilities 131
XSD Attributes: The Next Generation 132
Syntax Changes 132
Further Capabilities 134
Using Attributes 136
Scope 136
Qualification 138
Defaults 140
Grouping 141
Inclusion of Other Attributes 142
Summary 142
vi Contents

Part Two Going Beyond DTDs 145

Chapter 4 Applying Datatypes 147

What Are Datatypes? 147
Primitive Datatypes 149
Derived Datatypes 152
Defining Our Own Datatypes 152
More on Simple Types 157
Defining Lists 160
Creating a Union 162
Constraining Type Definitions 167
Controlling Digits 171
Handling White Space 174
Pattern Matching 180
Applicability of Facets 181
Summary 183

Chapter 5 Data Facets 185

Fundamental and Constraining Facets 186
Constraining Facets in XSD Schema 186
The length Element 187
The minLength Element 195
The maxLength Element 198
The pattern Element 200
Parts Catalog Example 202
Postal Code Examples 206
The enumeration Element 211
Simple Enumeration Example 212
U.S. States Example 213
The whiteSpace Element 216
Summary 217

Chapter 6 More about Data Facets 219

The maxExclusive Element 220
The maxInclusive Element 223
The minExclusive Element 225
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 Contents vii

The minInclusive Element 228

The totalDigits and fractionDigits Facets 233
Summary 238

Chapter 7 Grouping Elements and Attributes 239

Reusing Definitions with Groups 240
Nesting Sequence Groups 245
Nesting Choice Groups 246
Substitution Groups 250
Attribute Groups 257
Summary 258

Chapter 8 Deriving Types 259

Deriving Types by Extension 260
Deriving Types by Restriction 271
The enumeration Element 279
The pattern Element 282
The xsi:type Attribute 284
Summary 285

Part Three Next Steps 287

Chapter 9 Uniqueness and Keys in XSD Schema 289

Identity-Constraint Definitions 289
The <xsd:unique> Element 290
The <xsd:key> and <xsd:keyref> Elements 298
Summary 303

Chapter 10 Bringing the Parts Together 305

Modularizing Schemas 305
How to Use Schema Modules 306
Creating the Example 325
Planning the Example 325
Defining the Information Needs 325
Documenting the Schema 326
Basic Schema Templates 327
Modularizing the Schemas 328
viii Contents

Creating the Staff Schema 329

Starting the Schema 332
Creating the Customer Schema 342
Creating the Type Library 342

Part Four Appendixes 347

Appendix A Datatypes 349

Appendix B Data Facets 371

Index 379
 Introduction

Back in February 1998, XML 1.0 was released among the most hype and media
coverage that the Internet community had seen since the first version of Java.
XML was supposed to solve many of the problems that existed in heteroge-
neous environments, where applications were forced to communicate and
exchange data in proprietary formats. The explosion of the Web had intro-
duced the common HTML format for marking up and exchanging documents,
but the structure and potential of HTML to be more than that simply did not
exist.
XML, whose foundation was based on SGML, provided a means for people,
companies, or entire industries to define languages that could be used to
mark up data in a method that others could support and understand. Simply
conforming to the well-formed and valid (which is technically optional)
requirements of XML was a huge step, and if you coupled that with inherit
structure of document type definitions (DTD), users were able to provide a
wealth of knowledge to partners with whom they exchanged data. XML
offered some datatyping, however, and did not really support a more flexible
means of defining schemas.
To help accommodate these deficiencies, other standards such as Datatypes
for DTDs (DT4DTD), Schema for Object-Oriented XML (SOX), XML Data, and

ix
x Introduction

Document Definition Markup Language (DDML) were developed and combined

with XML data for exchanges. But while these provided many of the features
that users needed, integrating multiple standards were cumbersome and less
desired than a single, standard approach. Enter XML Schema (XSD).
XSD, which was inspired by all the previously mentioned standards, does
not necessarily replace XML—but in many senses of the word, it can be
thought of as XML on steroids. It can be the perfect solution for large solutions
that include many various types of data integration. When you have applica-
tions or entire systems that need to communicate yet have very diverse meth-
ods of storing data, XSD can act as the bridge between these systems. These
complex solutions need more, and XSD offers that.

What to Expect
In XML Schema Essentials, our job as authors is to expose you to the various
publications that are part of the XSD Recommendations. For those of you who
have attempted to read and study the recommendations, you know that it can
be complex and hard to follow. But just knowing and understanding the stan-
dard is only half the battle. We will also expose you to using it to solve real-
world problems as well as have discussions about best practices and how you
can get the most out of your implementation.
Our goal is simple: for you to finish this book and not only understand XSD
but also understand what you can do with it.

Book Organization
In our attempt to teach you XSD, we have taken the approach of stepping
through the recommendations from a functional standpoint rather than from
top to bottom. The book itself is divided into four parts. The first part, “Get-
ting Started,” introduces you to XSD. You will learn the basic concepts, how to
define elements, and how to add attributes to those elements.
Part Two, “Going beyond DTDs,” will focus on functionality that is open
and beyond that found in XML DTDs. You will learn about datatypes and how
to derive your own datatypes. There are also a couple of chapters that focus on
data facets, which are ways you can constrain things such as datatypes. There
is also a chapter on grouping elements and attributes. One of the things you
will quickly learn about XSD is that you can define more than one root ele-
ment.
The third part of the book, “Next Steps,” is just that: next steps. In the final
two chapters of the book, which are contained in this section, you will learn
about some advanced topics that revolve around the use of XSD schemas and
 Introduction xi

essentially expose yourself to a deeper level of topics than covered in previous

chapters. You will also work through an example that ties together everything
you have learned up until this point to result in a full understanding of XSD.
Finally, in Part Four, which contains Appendixes A and B, we have included
a reference for both the datatypes (primitive and derived) and the facets avail-
able in the XSD Recommendations. We hope that you will use the material
contained here even after you have finished reading the book, because it can
serve as a valuable reference.

A Final Thought
This brief introduction should basically prepare you for what to expect from
the pages that follow. We did not want to waste your time here rambling on
about random thoughts of how XSD will solve the world’s problems. Simply
put, we want you to come to your own conclusions. So, we have saved our
discussion of why and how XSD could possibly do so, at least in the comput-
ing world, for the chapters and pages within the book itself.

R. Allen Wyke
Andrew Watt

Acknowledgments

R. Allen Wyke
On the publishing side, I would like to thank Bob Kern of TIPS Publishing and
my co-author, Andrew, for their professionalism, hard work, and overall sup-
port in the proposing and writing of this book. I would also like to thank all
the people at Wiley who worked on the book and helped make sure it was the
best it could be.

Andrew Watt
I would like to thank my co-author, Allen, for his contribution to the develop-
ment and writing of this book. Thanks, too, to Scott Amerman, Penny Linskey,
and the team at Wiley for doing all that was necessary to bring this book to
fruition.
 I would like to dedicate this book to the
citizens of New York City, the United States of
America, and the world for their perseverance
and strength following the tragic events that
occurred September 11, 2001.
R. Allen Wyke
I would like to dedicate this book to the
memory of my late father, George Alec Watt,
a very special human being.
Andrew Watt
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