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Administrative law bureaucracy in a democracy Sixth
Edition. Edition Daniel E. Hall Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Daniel E. Hall
ISBN(s): 9780133493870, 0133493873
Edition: Sixth edition.
File Details: PDF, 8.96 MB
Year: 2015
Language: english
Administrative Law
Bureaucracy in
a Democracy

Sixth Edition

Daniel E. Hall, J.D., Ed.D.

Miami University

Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto
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 Dedication

To Aryana

Editorial Director: Vernon Anthony Art Director: Jayne Conte

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Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook
appear on the appropriate page within the text.

Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United
States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the
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Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks.
Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designa-
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Hall, Daniel (Daniel E.)
Administrative law: bureaucracy in a democracy / Daniel E. Hall, J.D., Ed.D., Miami University. — Sixth Edition.
pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-349387-0 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-13-349387-3 (alk. paper)
1. Administrative law—United States. I. Title.
KF5402.H35 2015
342.73'06—dc23
2013039062

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN 10: 0-13-349387-3

ISBN 13: 978-0-13-349387-0
Brief Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

Chapter 2 Bureaucracy and Democracy 16

Chapter 3 Agency Discretion 53

Chapter 4 The Requirement of Fairness 69

Chapter 5 Delegation 114

Chapter 6 Agency Rulemaking 143

Chapter 7 Agency Investigations and Information

Collection 175

Chapter 8 Formal Adjudications 208

Chapter 9 Accountability through Reviewability 243

Chapter 10 Accountability through Accessibility 302

Chapter 11 Accountability through Liability 337

Appendix A Constitution of the United States of America 385

Appendix B A
 dministrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. §551 et seq.)
Excerpts 400

Appendix C Selected Executive Orders 426

Index 455

iii
 Contents

Preface xii
Acknowledgments xvi
About the Author xvi

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Administrative Law Defined 2
1.2 Sources of Administrative Law 2
1.2(a) Constitution 2
1.2(b) Enabling Laws 2
1.2(c) Administrative Procedure Act 3
1.2(d) Executive Orders, Proclamations,
and ­Signing Statements 3
1.3 Administrative Agencies 5
1.3(a) The Need for Agencies 7
1.3(b) Types of Agencies 8
1.3(c) The History and Size of the Bureaucracy 9
1.3(d) The Impact of Agencies on Daily Life 13
1.4 Conclusion 14

Chapter 2 Bureaucracy and Democracy 16

2.1 Democracy and Accountability 17
2.1(a) Democracy Defined 17
2.1(b) Federalism 18
▶ United States v. Morrison 22
▶ Gonzales v. Oregon 24
▶ National Federation of Independent Business v.
Sebelius 28
▶ Preston v. Ferrer 33
▶ A
 merican Trucking Associations, Inc. v. Michigan Public
Service Comm’n 35
2.1(c) Separation of Powers 38
2.2 Controlling the Bureaucracy 40
2.2(a) Bureaucracy Defined 40
2.2(b) Presidential Control 40
▶ F ree Enterprise Fund v. Public Corporation Accounting
Oversight Board 43
▶ Clinton v. City of New York 46
2.2(c) Congressional Control 47
▶ INS v. Chadha 48
2.2(d) Judicial Control 50
2.3 Conclusion 51

iv
 Contents v

Chapter 3 Agency Discretion 53

3.1 Introduction 54
3.2 Detriments and Benefits of Discretion 54
3.3 Limits on Agency Discretion 56
3.4 Examples of Agency Discretion 56
3.4(a) Prosecutorial Discretion 56
▶ G
 eneral Motors v. Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission 57
3.4(b) Rulemaking and Policy Discretion 58
▶ Gonzalez v. Reno 58
3.4(c) Claims and Applications Decisions 63
3.4(d) Protective Action 63
▶ Brock v. Roadway Express, Inc. 64
3.4(e) Tests and Inspections Generally 65
3.4(f) Advisory Opinions and Declaratory Orders 66
3.4(g) Mediation and Arbitration 67
3.4(h) Other Action 67
3.5 Conclusion 67

Chapter 4 The Requirement of Fairness 69

4.1 Due Process in General 70
4.2 Protected Interests 72
4.2(a) Life 72
4.2(b) Liberty 73
4.2(c) Property 73
▶ Perry v. Sindermann 74
▶ Garcetti v. Ceballos 75
▶ Goss v. Lopez 80
4.3 Cost-Benefit Analysis 82
4.4 Notice 83
4.5 Hearings 84
4.5(a) Where 84
4.5(b) What 84
4.5(c) When 85
▶ Goldberg v. Kelly 86
▶ Gilbert v. Homar 88
▶ Ingraham v. Wright 92
4.5(d) Counsel 93
4.6 Equal Protection 93
▶ Dixon v. Love 94
4.6(a) The Tests 95
▶ Romer v. Evans 95
▶ FSK Drug Corp. v. Perales 99
4.6(b) Affirmative Action and Diversity 100
vi Contents

▶ Grutter v. Bollinger 101

▶ Gratz v. Bollinger 104
4.6(c) Fifteenth Amendment 107
▶ Rice v. Cayetano 107
4.7 Conclusion 110

Chapter 5 Delegation 114

5.1 What Is Delegation? 115
5.2 Delegating Legislative Authority 115
▶ United States v. Grimaud 117
▶ Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan 118
5.3 The Delegation Doctrine Today 122
▶ Touby v. United States 123
▶ Whitman v. American Trucking Associations 127
5.4 Delegating Judicial Authority 129
▶ South Dakota v. Department of Interior 130
5.5 Delegating to Private Agencies 134
▶ Foley v. Osborne Court Condominium 135
5.6 Delegation and Criminal Law 138
5.7 Arrest and Detention 139
5.8 Conclusion 140

Chapter 6 Agency Rulemaking 143

6.1 In General 144
6.2 Rulemaking and Adjudication Defined 151
6.3 The Volume of Rules 152
6.4 Types of Rules 152
6.5 Rulemaking Procedure 154
6.5(a) Formal Rulemaking 155
▶ United States v. Florida East Coast Railroad 155
6.5(b) Informal Rulemaking 158
6.5(c) Beyond the APA’s Requirements: Hybrid
Rulemaking 159
6.5(d) Exempted Rulemaking 164
6.5(e) Negotiated Rulemaking 165
▶ V
 ermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural
Resources ­Defense Council 166
6.5(f) Advisory Committees 167
6.6 Ratemaking 167
6.7 Taxation and Revenues 167
6.8 Controlling Rulemaking Authority 168
▶ FDA v. Brown & Williamson 168
6.9 Conclusion 172
 Contents vii

Chapter 7 Agency ­Investigations and Information

Collection 175
7.1 Acquiring Information 176
7.2 Recordkeeping and Reporting 176
▶ United States v. Morton Salt Co. 177
7.2(a) Fifth Amendment Aspects 178
7.2(b) Immunity 179
7.3 Inspections, Tests, and Searches 180
7.3(a) Fourth Amendment Aspects 181
▶ Camera v. Municipal Court 183
7.3(b) Drug, Alcohol, AIDS, and DNA Testing 185
▶ Skinner v. Railway Labor Executive Ass’n 186
▶ Vernonia School District v. Acton 194
7.3(c) Closely Regulated Businesses 199
▶ Donovan v. Dewey 199
7.4 Subpoenas 202
7.4(a) Enforcement of Subpoenas 204
7.5 Parallel Proceedings 205
7.6 Paperwork Reduction Act 205
7.7 Conclusion 206

Chapter 8 Formal Adjudications 208

8.1 In General 209
8.2 Notice 209
8.3 Parties and Participation 211
8.3(a) Parties in Interest and Intervention 211
▶ A
 shbacker Radio Corp. v. Federal Communications
Commission 212
8.3(b) Other Methods of Participation 214
8.4 Discovery 215
8.5 Prehearing Conference 217
8.6 Prehearing Settlement and ­Alternative Dispute
Resolution 217
8.7 The Hearing 217
8.7(a) Evidence Admissibility 218
▶ Richardson v. Perales 219
▶ Immigration & Naturalization Service v.
Lopez-Mendoza 222
8.7(b) Burdens 224
8.7(c) Standards 225
8.7(d) Administrative Law Judges 226
▶ Steadman v. United States 226
▶ Woodby v. Immigration & Naturalization Service 227
▶ Abruzzo v. Social Security Administration 229
▶ Gibson v. Berryhill 231
viii Contents

8.7(e) Counsel and Attorney Fees 234

8.7(f) The Decision 235
8.7(g) Observing an Administrative Hearing 239
▶ Administrative hearing record 240
8.8 License Cases 240
8.9 Conclusion 241

Chapter 9 Accountability through Reviewability 243

9.1 In General 244
9.2 Sources of Review Authority 244
9.2(a) Statutory 244
9.2(b) Nonstatutory 246
9.3 Agency Discretion 246
▶ Heckler v. Chaney 247
▶ Lincoln v. Vigil 249
9.4 Standing 251
▶ A
 ssociation of Data Processing Service
Organizations v. Camp 252
▶ Clapper v. Amnesty International USA 254
9.4(a) Citizen and Taxpayer 256
▶ Federal Election Commission v. Akins 257
9.4(b) Qui Tam Actions 260
9.4(c) Environmental Cases 261
▶ Sierra Club v. Morton 261
9.4(d) Competitor 264
9.4(e) Consumer 264
9.4(f) Statutory 264
9.4(g) Constitutional 266
9.5 Timing of Review 266
9.5(a) Primary Jurisdiction 266
9.5(b) Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies 267
9.5(c) Ripeness 271
▶ Woodford et al. v. NGO 274
▶ Sackett v. EPA 277
▶ Mckart v. United States 279
9.6 Scope and Standards of Review 280
9.6(a) Standard One: De Novo 280
9.6(b) Standard Two: Substantial Evidence 281
9.6(c) Standard Three: Arbitrary, Capricious,
Abuse of Discretion 281
▶ Federal Communications Commission v. Fox 282
▶ Massachusetts, et al. v. EPA 285
9.6(d) Issues of Law 287
▶ C
 hevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense
Council, Inc. 287
 Contents ix

▶ C
 ity of Arlington v. Federal Communications
­Commission U.S. Supreme Court 290
9.6(e) Issues of Fact 292
9.6(f) Mixed Questions of Law and Fact 292
9.6(g) Issues of Discretion 293
9.6(h) Failure to Raise Issues 293
9.6(i) Alternative Rationale 294
9.7 Review of Rules 294
9.8 Common Law Doctrines 294
9.8(a) Res Judicata 295
9.8(b) Collateral Estoppel 296
9.8(c) Application to the Government 296
9.8(d) Equitable Estoppel 297
▶ Schweiker v. Hansen 298
9.8(e) Laches 299
9.9 Conclusion 299

Chapter 10 Accountability through Accessibility 302

10.1 Introduction 303
10.2 Freedom of Information Act 303
10.2(a) Publication Requirement 304
10.2(b) Inspection and Copying Requirement 305
10.2(c) Production upon Request
Requirement 305
10.2(d) FOIA as Discovery 309
10.2(e) Fees and Waivers 309
10.2(f) Exemptions 309
▶ Milner v. Department of Navy 562 U.S. 311
▶ U
 nited States Department of Defense v. Federal Labor
Relations Authority 510 U.S. 487 314
▶ N
 ational Archives & Records Administration v. Favish
541 U.S. 157 316
10.2(g) Judicial Review and Remedies 319
10.2(h) Congressional Monitoring 320
10.3 Privacy Act 320
10.3(a) Collection of Information 321
10.3(b) Maintaining Records, Publication, and
Rules 322
10.3(c) Disclosure of Records 322
10.3(d) Relationship of FOIA and Privacy Act 323
10.3(e) Individual Access 326
10.3(f) Amending Records 326
10.3(g) Judicial Review and Remedies 326
▶ Ray v. Turner 587 F.2d 1187 328
10.3(h) Congressional Monitoring 329
x Contents

10.4 Government in the Sunshine Act 329

10.4(a) Exemptions 329
10.4(b) Judicial Review and Remedies 330
10.4(c) Congressional Monitoring 330
10.5 Federal Advisory Committee Act 330
10.6 Trade Secrets Act 331
10.7 Privatization and the Public’s Right to Know 331
10.8 Conclusion 332
▶ Forsham v. Harris 332

Chapter 11 Accountability through Liability 337

11.1 Introduction 338
11.2 Sovereign Immunity 338
11.3 Federal Tort Claims Act and Its Exceptions 340
11.3(a) Executive Functions 341
11.3(b) Intentional Torts 341
11.3(c) Discretionary Function Doctrine 341
▶ Bowers v. City of Chattanooga 342
11.3(d) Scope of Employment 344
11.3(e) Public Duty Doctrine 345
▶ Kirk v. City of Shawnee 345
11.3(f) Damages and Other Limitations 349
11.4 Federal Employee Reform and Tort
Compensation Act 350
11.5 Section 1983 Actions 350
11.5(a) Plaintiffs and Defendants 351
▶ Monell v. Department of Social Services 352
11.5(b) Deprivation and Color of Law 353
▶ County of Sacramento v. Lewis 355
11.5(c) Remedies, Fees, and Costs 357
11.5(d) Procedure 358
▶ Smith v. Wade 359
11.5(e) Immunities 360
▶ Harlow v. Fitzgerald 362
▶ Filarsky v. Delia 365
11.6 Constitutional Claims 370
▶ Bivens v. Six Unknown Agents 370
▶ Hui v. Castaneda 371
▶ Vance v. Rumsfeld 372
11.7 Common Law Torts and Official Immunity 373
▶ Strothman v. Gefreh 374
11.8 Tucker Act 375
▶ United States v. Navajo Nation 376
11.9 Ethical Expectations and Liability 377
 Contents xi

11.10 Private Parties as Government Actors 378

11.11 Other Constitutional Issues: ­Takings and Free
Speech 382
11.12 Conclusion 382

Appendix A Constitution of the United States of America 385

Appendix B A
 dministrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. §551 et seq.)
Excerpts 400

Appendix C Selected Executive Orders 426

Index 455
 Preface

Introduction
The administrative state, both federal and state, continues to expand. Presidents
who are committed to small, limited government have had little impact on the size
of the United States bureaucracy. Now, under the leadership of President Barack
Obama, the United States is embarking on the largest federal policy program since
President Franklin D. Roosevelt championed the creation of Social Security in
1935, health care reform. Add to this the growth in the federal government result-
ing from the War on Terror, the increased regulatory activity of the federal gov-
ernment in response to the nation’s banking, financial, and accounting industries
crises, and the federal government’s stimulus activities to reenergize the economy,
and the result is a growing federal government, in size and policy reach.
The continued growth of agencies and the authorities they possess often
stress existing notions of the role of government, federalism, accountability, de-
mocracy, and governmental structure. These realities are the best evidence of the
need for the study of administrative law and for a book that challenges students
to think about the administrative state in logical, critical, and analytical ways. It is
imperative for professionals in the field to understand the authorities that admin-
istrative agencies possess, how agencies are kept accountable, and the existing, and
potential, constitutional and other constraints on agency authority that exist. It is
my hope that this text does this.
The challenge is to remember what the framers feared and to remain stead-
fast in preserving what they designed, even in the wake of social, economic, and
technological change. This text is devoted to the idea that government is to remain
accountable, and that tyranny can be averted by having an informed and engaged
population and through a thoughtfully built administrative enterprise. The simple
division of power into federal and state and into three branches is no longer realis-
tic, but the principle is the right one, and with some molding it can continue to be
an effective structural constraint on agency authority. The reader will learn in this
text that most constitutional rules and doctrines that apply to administrative law
are intended to keep government accountable.
This text has three objectives:
1. Examine administrative law in the context of accountability and the pre-
vention of governmental abuse of power
2. Assist students in critical thinking and case analysis by including case
excerpts
3. Provide students with practical knowledge of administrative agencies and
the laws that govern their behavior

Organization of Topics
Chapter 1 introduces the student to administrative agencies and administrative
law. A discussion of the size of the American bureaucracy and how it affects the
daily lives of those living in the United States is intended to pique the reader’s
interest.

xii
 Preface xiii

Chapter 2 sets the tone for the remainder of the book. It discusses the con-
cept of free government, how the framers of the Constitution intended to protect
freedom, and the contemporary challenges administrative law faces today.
Chapter 3 examines agency discretion and provides many practical exam-
ples of discretionary agency authority. The idea of abuse of discretion is a segue to
Chapter 4’s discussion of due process and fairness.
Chapter 4 explores due process and equal protection in the administrative
context. Practical problems are discussed, as is the conceptual aspect of protecting
against governmental abuses.
Chapter 5 discusses legislative delegations of authority to agencies.
Chapter 6 continues this discussion by examining the delegation of rulemak-
ing power. Delegations to private parties are included, as privatization is becom-
ing increasingly popular. Delegations of criminal law authority are also discussed
because there appears to be an increase in the penal authority of many agencies.
Chapter 7 is concerned with agency investigations and data collection.
Fourth Amendment search-and-seizure and Fifth Amendment self-incrimination
issues are discussed in detail. Drug and AIDS testing are given special attention.
Chapter 8 is devoted to agency adjudications. The right to participate, ad-
judicatory procedures, administrative law judges’ selection and bias, and other
concepts are covered. This leads into the discussion of judicial review found in
Chapter 9.
Chapter 9 looks at judicial review of agency action. Limiting doctrines, such
as exhaustion and primary jurisdiction, are discussed. Standards of review, scope
of review, and sources of common law review are also part of this chapter.
Chapter 10, entitled “Accountability Through Accessibility,” addresses open
government. The federal Freedom of Information Act, Privacy Act, Open ­Meetings
Act, Federal Advisory Committee Act, and Trade Secrets Act are detailed.
Chapter 11 looks at a form of judicial review different from that in
Chapter 9. This chapter is concerned with the civil liability of governments and
government officials in the performance of their duties. This chapter examines
both federal and state common law remedies and immunities.
Finally, the appendix on researching administrative law issues that appeared
in previous editions was updated and can be found at the following resource site:
www.pearsonhighered.com/careersresources.

Text Features
The writing style and language of this book are intended for the undergraduate
student in law, justice, or political science or the graduate student in nonlaw fields.
When used, legalese is explained.
As mentioned, I have included case excerpts throughout the text. Cases were
selected on the basis of the following criteria: importance and impact, currency,
clarity of writing, and ability to be edited successfully. The book has been written
so that the text can stand alone. The cases are used to illustrate or more fully de-
velop ideas that are discussed in the text.
To keep the cases to an appropriate length, considerable text has been e­ xcised
from most of them. The guiding principle in the editing process was to reduce the
size of each case without jeopardizing its legal and educative integrity. Some in-
ternal citations have been retained, others removed. In some instances, especially
a long string of citations, the removal of a citation is denoted with an ellipsis. In
others, the citations have been removed without notation.
xiv Preface

Each chapter opens with a set of learning objectives that are sequentially
designed around Bloom’s taxonomy.
Many illustrations, graphs, and figures are used to assist students in con-
ceptualizing the subjects discussed. These include conceptual mapping diagrams
as well as data charts.
Sidebars on topics related to the discussion in the text have been included to
increase student interest in the subject.
Legal terms appear in boldface in the text and are defined in the margins.
At the close of each chapter, a legal Web site is featured in Lawlinks.
In ­addition, a list of Web sites can be found in the researching administrative law
issues supplement found in the Instructor Resource Center.
Review questions and review problems can be found at the close of each
chapter. Review questions are designed to test the reader’s retention of the
content of the chapter. The review problems are designed to test the reader’s
­ability to apply the concepts of the chapter to a set of facts or to engage in critical
analysis.
Appendices include excerpts from the federal Constitution, the
­Administrative Procedure Act, selected presidential executive orders, and an ap-
pendix describing how to perform administrative law research.

NEW TO THIS EDITION

It is difficult for me to believe that this text is in its sixth edition, representing 20
years of publication. I am honored that so many instructors continue to rely on
this text to assist their students in learning this subject. It has changed over time,
in part due to the comments and suggestions of reviewers, adopters, and students.
Please, share your content suggestions and please don’t hesitate to point out typo-
graphical and other errors with me at the e-mail address provided.
I don’t believe in fixing things that are not broken. Accordingly, as true in
prior revisions, the basic architecture of this book has not been changed. While
the architecture and pedagogy remain the same, valuable changes were made.
These include:
• Since the last edition of this text national health care reform has b­ egun
i­mplementation and the constitutional challenges to the law have been
heard and decided by the Supreme Court. These developments are
­included in this edition.
• Of course, the law has been updated through 2013 and indeed, the
­Supreme Court of the United States issued several decisions concerning
standing, Chevron, liability of public officials and private parties when
acting as government agents, DNA testing of arrestees and job applicants,
and reviewability of final orders.
• Several of the longer cases were shortened, a couple of cases were ­removed,
and new case excerpts were added including Milner v. Navy (FOIA),
­Clapper v. Amnesty (standing), and Sackett v. EPA (final order under
APA).
• New sidebars on President Obama’s attempts to increase transparency,
the history of civil service, and the importance of the Federal Circuit in
administrative law appear, as does a recent executive order by President
Obama.
• To manage page length, the appendix on researching administrative law
issues has been moved to the online supplments.
 Preface xv

• The reviewers made outstanding suggestions that I incorporated, nearly

in toto. These included excellent content additions and legal elaborations,
better placement of cases and figures, typographical errors and corrections,
and harmonizing discrepancies between previous editions. S­ pecifically revi-
sions and additions to the sections on federal employees and the ­Pendleton
Act, right to counsel at administrative hearings, subpoena powers of agen-
cies, FOIA, and review of administrative rules by Congress under the
­Congressional Review Act were a consequence of the review process.
A note about style and what doesn’t appear in these pages is necessary. Many
factors influence the choice of cases, including how amendable the case is to being
reduced in size and still achieve the intended learning objective, age, effectiveness
and clarity of writing, how closely the subject matches the discussion in the text,
and whether the case teaches tangential but important material. In the process of
editing the cases I have taken some liberties. For example, to ease reading flow
I have removed most, but not all, internal references and citations. I have done
that without using ellipses or other indicators, lest the flow of reading is too inter-
rupted. A few citations and internal references have been left, sometimes because
they reinforce a case that has been learned and other times because they expose
the reader to the style of judicial writing.
I hope this text assists you in teaching or learning this subject. Your comments
or questions are welcomed. Please direct these to either Pearson editors or me.
Daniel E. Hall
Please share your comments with me at [email protected].

Instructor Supplements
MyTest and TestBank represent new standards in testing material. Whether you
use a basic test bank document or generate questions electronically through
MyTest, every question is linked to the text’s learning objective, page number, and
level of difficulty. This allows for quick reference in the text and an easy way to
check the difficulty level and variety of your questions. MyTest can be accessed at
www.PearsonMyTest.com.
PowerPoint Presentations Our presentations offer clear, straightforward outlines
and notes to use for class lectures or study materials. Photos, illustrations, charts,
and tables from the book are included in the presentations when applicable.
Other supplements are:
• Instructor’s Manual with Test Bank
• Test Item File for ingestion into an LMS, including Blackboard and WebCT.
To access supplementary materials online, instructors need to request an instruc-
tor access code. Go to www.pearsonhighered.com/irc, where you can register
for an instructor access code. Within 48 hours after registering, you will receive
a confirming email, including an instructor access code. Once you have received
your code, go to the site and log on for full instructions on downloading the ma-
terials you wish to use.

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 Medicine - Study Cards
Summer 2021 - Faculty

Prepared by: Instructor Davis

Date: July 28, 2025

Introduction 1: Learning outcomes and objectives

Learning Objective 1: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 3: Ethical considerations and implications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Research findings and conclusions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 8: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 10: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Background 2: Experimental procedures and results
Practice Problem 10: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 13: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Quiz 3: Case studies and real-world applications
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 21: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 23: Study tips and learning strategies
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 25: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 25: Practical applications and examples
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 29: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Exercise 4: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 31: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 32: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 32: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 33: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 34: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 36: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 5: Practical applications and examples
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 47: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Summary 6: Theoretical framework and methodology
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 51: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 52: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 55: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 57: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Test 7: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Example 60: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 61: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 62: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 64: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 68: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 70: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Module 8: Learning outcomes and objectives
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 71: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 73: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 76: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 77: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 9: Fundamental concepts and principles
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 81: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 86: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 87: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 88: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 89: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 10: Key terms and definitions
Practice Problem 90: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 93: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 93: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 94: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 95: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 98: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
References 11: Case studies and real-world applications
Example 100: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 103: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 104: Study tips and learning strategies
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 106: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 108: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 12: Best practices and recommendations
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 112: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 113: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 116: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 116: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 117: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Conclusion 13: Theoretical framework and methodology
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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