Advances in Agronomy Vol 76 1st Edition Donald L.

Sparks get pdf

Order now at ebookfinal.com

https://ebookfinal.com/download/advances-in-agronomy-vol-76-1st-
edition-donald-l-sparks/

★★★★★
4.9 out of 5.0 (57 reviews )

Get PDF Instantly

Advances in Agronomy Vol 76 1st Edition Donald L. Sparks Pdf
Download

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library

 We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebookfinal
to discover even more!

Advances in Agronomy 93 1st Edition Donald L. Sparks

(Eds.)

https://ebookfinal.com/download/advances-in-agronomy-93-1st-edition-
donald-l-sparks-eds/

Advances in Agronomy 91 1st Edition Donald L. Sparks

(Eds.)

https://ebookfinal.com/download/advances-in-agronomy-91-1st-edition-
donald-l-sparks-eds/

Advances in Agronomy 109 1st Edition Donald L. Sparks

(Eds.)

https://ebookfinal.com/download/advances-in-agronomy-109-1st-edition-
donald-l-sparks-eds/

Advances in Irrigation Agronomy Fruit Crops 1st Edition M.

K. V. Carr

https://ebookfinal.com/download/advances-in-irrigation-agronomy-fruit-
crops-1st-edition-m-k-v-carr/
The New Europe Architectural Design 05 06 2006 Vol 76 N 3
1st Edition Valentina Croci

https://ebookfinal.com/download/the-new-europe-architectural-
design-05-06-2006-vol-76-n-3-1st-edition-valentina-croci/

Manmade Modular Megastructures Architectural Design 03 04

2006 Vol 76 N 1 1st Edition Ian Abley

https://ebookfinal.com/download/manmade-modular-megastructures-
architectural-design-03-04-2006-vol-76-n-1-1st-edition-ian-abley/

Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology vol 6 1st Edition

Donald A. Dewsbury

https://ebookfinal.com/download/portraits-of-pioneers-in-psychology-
vol-6-1st-edition-donald-a-dewsbury/

Advances in Virus Research Vol 66 1st Edition Karl

Maramorosch

https://ebookfinal.com/download/advances-in-virus-research-vol-66-1st-
edition-karl-maramorosch/

Advances in Applied Mechanics Vol 42 1st Edition Hassan

Aref

https://ebookfinal.com/download/advances-in-applied-mechanics-
vol-42-1st-edition-hassan-aref/
Advances in Agronomy Vol 76 1st Edition Donald L.
Sparks Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Donald L. Sparks
ISBN(s): 9780120007943, 0120007940
Edition: 1st
File Details: PDF, 1.91 MB
Year: 2002
Language: english
Agronomy
DVANCES I N

VOLUME 76
 Advisory Board

Martin Alexander Ronald Phillips

Cornell University University of Minnesota

Kenneth J. Frey Kate M. Scow

Iowa State University University of California, Davis

Larry P. Wilding
Texas A&M University

Prepared in cooperation with the

American Society of Agronomy Monographs Committee
Diane E. Stott, Chairman
Lisa K. Al-Almoodi David M. Kral Diane H. Rickerl
David D. Baltensperger Jennifer W. MacAdam Wayne F. Robarge
Warren A. Dick Matthew J. Morra Richard Shibles
Jerry L. Hatfield Gary A. Pederson Jeffrey Volenec
John L. Kovar John E. Rechcigl Richard E. Zartman
 Agronomy DVANCES IN

VOLUME 76

Edited by

Donald L. Sparks
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
University of Delaware
Newark, Delaware

San Diego San Francisco New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo
This book is printed on acid-free paper. 
∞

Copyright 
C 2002 by ACADEMIC PRESS

All Rights Reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher.

The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of a chapter in this book
indicates the Publisher’s consent that copies of the chapter may be made for
personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition,
however, that the copier pay the stated per copy fee through the Copyright Clearance
Center, Inc. (222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923), for copying
beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent
does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for
advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale.
Copy fees for pre-2002 chapters are as shown on the title pages. If no fee code
appears on the title page, the copy fee is the same as for current chapters.
0065-2113/2002 $35.00

Explicit permission from Academic Press is not required to reproduce a maximum of

two figures or tables from an Academic Press chapter in another scientific or research
publication provided that the material has not been credited to another source and that
full credit to the Academic Press chapter is given.

Academic Press
An Elsevier Science Imprint
525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA
http://www.academicpress.com

Academic Press
Harcourt Place, 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK
http://www.academicpress.com

International Standard Book Number: 0-12-000794-0

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

02 03 04 05 06 07 SB 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 Contents
CONTRIBUTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

THE POTENTIAL OF SOILS OF THE TROPICS TO SEQUESTER

CARBON AND MITIGATE THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
R. Lal
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
II. Soil-Related Constraints to Biomass Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
III. Soil Degradation and Emission of Greenhouse Gases
to the Atmosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
IV. Soil Carbon Pool and Dynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
V. Historic Loss of SOC Pool from Soils of the Tropics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
VI. Need for Soil Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
VII. Strategies of Mitigating the Greenhouse Effect through Soil
Carbon Sequestration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
VIII. Potential of SOC Sequestration in the Tropics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
IX. Dynamics of Soil Inorganic Carbon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
X. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

APPLICATIONS OF CROP/SOIL SIMULATION MODELS

IN TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS
Robin Matthews, William Stephens, Tim Hess,
Tabitha Middleton, and Anil Graves
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
II. Applications of Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
III. The Way Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

INTERORGANISMAL SIGNALING IN SUBOPTIMUM

ENVIRONMENTS: THE LEGUME–RHIZOBIA SYMBIOSIS
F. Zhang and D. L. Smith
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
II. Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation and Soil Fertility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

v
vi CONTENTS

III. Principles of Legume Nodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

IV. Legume Nodulation under Stressful Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
V. Legume Nodulation with Preactivated Rhizobium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
VI. Commercial Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

SURFACE CHEMISTRY AND FUNCTION OF MICROBIAL BIOFILMS

M. A. Chappell and V. P. Evangelou
I. Introduction: Definition and Importance of Microbial Biofilms. . . . . . . 164
II. The Microbial Biofilm as an Interfacial Boundary Regulating
Solution Equilibrium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
III. Features and Properties of the Biofilm Surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
IV Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

CROP SCHEDULING AND PREDICTION—PRINCIPLES AND

OPPORTUNITIES WITH FIELD VEGETABLES
D. C. E. Wurr, J. R. Fellows, and K. Phelps
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
II. Identification of Distinct Stages and Phases of Growth
and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
III. Prediction of Duration of Developmental Phases for Given
Temperature Regimes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
IV. Additional Effects of Other Abiotic Factors on the Duration
of Developmental Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
V. Experimental Approaches to the Construction of Scheduling
and Prediction Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
VI. The Accuracy of Measurement of Abiotic Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
VII. Methods of Planning Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
VIII. Future Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
IX. Concluding Comments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
 Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors’ contributions begin.

M. A. CHAPPELL (163), Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames,

Iowa 50011
V. P. EVANGELOU (163), Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University,
Ames, Iowa 50011
J. R. FELLOWS (201), Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne,
Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
ANIL GRAVES (31), Institute of Water and Environment, Cranfield University,
Silsoe, Bedfordshire MK45 4DT, United Kingdom
TIM HESS (31), Institute of Water and Environment, Cranfield University, Silsoe,
Bedfordshire MK45 4DT, United Kingdom
R. LAL (1), School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus,
Ohio 43210
ROBIN MATTHEWS (31), Institute of Water and Environment, Cranfield
University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire MK45 4DT, United Kingdom
TABITHA MIDDLETON (31), Institute of Water and Environment, Cranfield
University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire MK45 4DT, United Kingdom
K. PHELPS (201), Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne, Warwick
CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
D. L. SMITH (125), Department of Plant Science, McGill University–Macdonald
Campus, Saint Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
WILLIAM STEPHENS (31), Institute of Water and Environment, Cranfield
University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire MK45 4DT, United Kingdom
D. C. E. WURR (201), Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne,
Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
F. ZHANG (125), Bios Agriculture, Inc., Saint Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X
3V9, Canada

vii
This
. Page Intentionally Left Blank
 Preface
Volume 76 contains five excellent reviews on topics of great interest to crop and
soil scientists as well as to others in various fields. Chapter 1 is concerned with the
potential of tropical soils to sequester carbon. Topics that are covered include: soil
inorganic and organic pools and dynamics, loss of soil organic pools from tropical
soils, and potential for C sequestration in tropical soils. Chapter 2 covers the appli-
cations of crop/soil simulation models in tropical agricultural systems. Chapter 3
deals with interorganismal signaling in suboptimum environments with empha-
sis on legume–rhizobia symbiosis. Chapter 4 discusses the surface chemistry and
function of microbial biofilms. The authors discuss biofilm formation and matrix
architecture and general features and properties. Chapter 5 deals with vegetable
crop scheduling and prediction. Topics that are covered include: identification of
stages of growth and development and experimental approaches for developing
scheduling and prediction models.
I appreciate the authors’ timely and thoughtful reviews.

DONALD L. SPARKS

ix
This
. Page Intentionally Left Blank
 THE POTENTIAL OF SOILS OF THE
TROPICS TO SEQUESTER CARBON AND
MITIGATE THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
R. Lal
School of Natural Resources
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio 43210

I. Introduction
II. Soil-Related Constraints to Biomass Production
III. Soil Degradation and Emission of Greenhouse Gases to the Atmosphere
IV. Soil Carbon Pool and Dynamics
V. Historic Loss of SOC Pool from Soils of the Tropics
VI. Need for Soil Restoration
VII. Strategies of Mitigating the Greenhouse Effect through Soil Carbon
Sequestration
VIII. Potential of SOC Sequestration in the Tropics
A. Restoration of Degraded Soils and Ecosystems
B. Agricultural Intensification through Adoption of Recommended
Agricultural Practices
IX. Dynamics of Soil Inorganic Carbon
X. Conclusions
References

The tropics cover 8.2 billion hectares or approximately 40% of the world’s land
area. These regions are characterized by a large portion of the world’s rapidly in-
creasing population, high risks of soil and environmental degradation because of
harsh climate and resource-poor farmers, and rapid decomposition of soil organic
matter because of continuously high temperatures. Predominant soils of the trop-
ics include Oxisols, Aridisols, Ultisols, and Alfisols. Soil and ecosystem degradation
lead to emissions of greenhouse gases (e.g., carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous
oxide) into the atmosphere. Anthropogenic activities that exacerbate gaseous emis-
sions include deforestation and biomass burning, low- or no-input subsistence agri-
culture, plowing, drainage of wetlands, and elimination or shortening of restorative
fallows. Soils of the tropics contain about 496 Pg of soil organic carbon (SOC) or
32% of the global pool. The historic loss of the SOC pool, due to land-use change
and cultivation, may be 17–39 Pg compared with the global loss of 66–90 Pg. If 60–
80% of the SOC lost can be resequestered through land-use change and adoption
of recommended management practices, the potential of SOC sequestration in the

1
Advances in Agronomy, Volume 76
C 2002 by Academic Press. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
Copyright 
0065-2113/02 $35.00
2 R. LAL

tropics is 12–27 Pg over a 25- to 50-year period. Important strategies of SOC se-
questration include reduction in emission of greenhouse gases and sequestration
of carbon (C) in biomass and soils. The potential of C sequestration in soils and
biomass of the tropics is estimated at 10.0–25.0 Pg by effective erosion control, 5.7–
10.8 Pg through restoration of degraded soils and ecosystems, 58–115 Pg through
biofuel offset, 2.2–4.1 Pg through adoption of recommended practices on crop-
lands, and 6.0–12.0 Pg through adoption of recommended practices on grazing
lands. Of this, the potential of SOC sequestration is only 13.9–26.9 Pg over the
50-year period. Realization of this vast potential is a challenge for researchers, land
managers, and policymakers. C 2002 Academic Press.


I. INTRODUCTION

The tropics, regions between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn,
cover approximately 40% of the world’s land area. Subtropical regions are located
between 23◦ and 30◦ N and S of the Equator. The mean monthly temperature of all
months, corrected to sea level, is above 18◦ C in the tropics and below 18◦ C for one
or more months in the subtropics. On the basis of the length of the growing period
(LGP, period in days during the year when rainfed available soil moisture supply is
greater than half the potential evapotranspiration) and the daily mean temperature
during the growing period (DMT), tropics are divided into six different ecoregions
as follows (CGIAR, 1990):

1. Warm humid tropics These regions comprise LGP of 275–365 days and
DMT > 20◦ C. These regions stretch some five to ten degrees on either side
of the Equator. Constant heat throughout the year results in continuous evapo-
ration, upward movement of air currents, and local rather than regional winds.
Air temperature ranges between 21 and 33◦ C with a mean of about 27◦ C.
These regions support the tropical rainforest (TRF) vegetation, and mean
annual rainfall is about 2000 mm.
2. Warm seasonally dry tropics These regions comprise (1) subhumid tropics
(LGP = 180–270 days), (2) semiarid tropics (LGP = 75–180 days), and (3)
arid tropics (LGP = 0–75 days) all with DMT of >20◦ C.
3. Cool tropics These regions comprise humid, subhumid, semiarid, and arid
regions with a DMT during the growing period in the range of 5–20◦ C. The
moderately cool tropics have a DMT during the growing period in the range of
15–20◦ C.
4. Warm/cool humid subtropics These regions are characterized by humid mois-
ture zones in the subtropics and comprise (1) warm humid subtropics with
DMT > 20◦ C, and (2) cool humid subtropics with DMT < 20◦ C (15–20◦ C).
 POTENTIAL OF TROPICAL SOILS TO SEQUESTER CARBON 3

5. Cool subtropics with summer rainfall These regions comprise humid, subhu-
mid, semiarid, and arid moisture zones. The DMT during the growing period
is in the range of 5–20◦ C. These regions include parts of China, Mongolia, and
Korea.
6. Cool subtropics with winter rainfall These regions comprise humid, subhu-
mid, semiarid, and arid moisture zones. The DMT during the growing period is
in the range of 5–20◦ C. These regions include parts of Turkey, Argentina, and
Chile.

Total land area in different ecoregions includes 1925 million hectares (Mha) in
the humid regions, 2481 Mha in seasonally dry regions, 2875 Mha in arid regions,
and 946 Mha in the montanous regions. Combined tropics and subtropics cover
an area of 8.2 billion ha (Lal, 2000b).
Demographically, these are the ecoregions that support a large portion of the
world’s population, where the population is increasing rapidly, and where most of
the world’s poor, undernourished, and deprived inhabitants live. These are also the
regions where risks of soil and environmental degradation are high. Biophysical
processes of soil and environmental degradation are driven by socioeconomic,
political, and cultural factors leading to severe soil degradation, eutrophication, and
contamination of natural waters, and emission of radiatively active or greenhouse
gases (GHGs) from the soil into the atmosphere.
The objective of this chapter is to describe: (1) soil resources of the tropics,
(2) soil-related constraints to biomass production, (3) soil organic carbon (SOC)
and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) pools and dynamics, (4) factors and processes
affecting soil degradation with particular reference to flux of C between soil and
the atmosphere, and (5) strategies to sequester C in soil and terrestrial ecosystems.
This chapter addresses soil C pool and dynamics in warm humid tropics and
warm seasonally dry tropical ecoregions and excludes most of China, Mongolia,
Korea, Japan, Argentina, Chile, South Africa, Central and West Asia, and the
Mediterranean regions.

II. SOIL-RELATED CONSTRAINTS

TO BIOMASS PRODUCTION

Soils of the tropics, those that occur in the geographic tropics, are characterized
by “iso” soil temperature regime in which the difference between mean summer and
mean winter soil temperature is 5◦ C or less. Predominant soils of the tropics include
Oxisols (1151 million hectares, Mha), Aridisols (912 Mha), Ultisols (902 Mha),
and Alfisols (641 Mha) (Table I) (Lal, 1990). In the humid tropics, highly weathered
Oxisols, Ultisols, and Alfisols cover about 71% of the area. Moderately weathered
4 R. LAL

Table I
Land Area under Principal Soils of the Tropicsa

Order Total area (Mha)

Alfisols 641
Andisols 168
Aridisols 912
Entisols 326
Histosols 29
Inceptisols 457
Mollisols 23
Oxisols 1151
Spodosols 4
Ultisols 902
Vertisols 219
Miscellaneous 136
Total 4968

a Data from Buringh (1979); Van Wambeke (1990); Eswaran

et al. (1992, 1993b).

Inceptisols, Alfisols, and Mollisols cover about 9% of the tropics. In addition,

hydromorphic soils of alluvial regions cover about 10%, and other miscellaneous
soils occupy about 10% of the land surface (Moormann and Van Wambeke, 1978).
Highly weathered soils have low cation exchange capacity (CEC), low available
water capacity, and low plant nutrient reserves. Aridisols, Alfisols, Vertisols, and
Entisols comprise soils of the semiarid tropics. These soils have ustic moisture
regime (El-Swaify et al., 1984). Similarly, predominant soils of the arid regions
include Aridisols, Alfisols, Entisols, and Vertisols (Dregne, 1976 ). Inadequate soil
moisture in the root zone is the most important factor limiting biomass production
in soils of the arid tropics (Buringh, 1979; Van Wambeke, 1990; Eswaran et al.,
1993a). Similar to soil diversity, there is a wide range of rainfall regimes and
ecological characteristics.
Biomass productivity in soils of the tropics is limited by numerous soil-related
constraints. Soils of the humid tropics have severe chemical and other nutrient/
fertility-related constraints to biomass production. Sanchez and Logan (1992)
identified four principal soil chemical constraints: (1) Al toxicity on 1247 Mha,
(2) acidity without A1 toxicity on 1160 Mha, (3) high P fixation with Fe oxides and
allophanes on 1018 Mha, and (4) low nutrient reserves on 1854 Mha area (Table II).
Two ecoregional hot spots of soil degradation by numerous processes are
sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and South Asia. In addition to widespread problems
of accelerated erosion and soil physical degradation, soils of SSA are severely
constrained by nutrient depletion (Smaling, 1993; Hartemink, 1997). The land
area affected by low CEC in soils of Africa is estimated at 1296 Mha (Table III). In
addition, there are 635 Mha affected by Al toxicity, 383 Mha by P fixation, 637 Mha
 POTENTIAL OF TROPICAL SOILS TO SEQUESTER CARBON 5

Table II
Principal Chemical Constraints in Soils of the Tropicsa

Humid Acid Semiarid Tropical Tropical

Soil constraint tropics savannas tropics steeplands wetlands

Low nutrient reserves 929 287 166 279 193

Aluminum toxicity 808 261 132 23 23
Acidity (without Al toxicity) 257 264 298 177 164
High P fixation with Fe oxides 537 166 94 221 0
and allophanes
Low CEC 165 19 63 2 2
Calcareous reaction 6 0 80 60 6
High soil organic matter 29 0 0 — 40
Salinity 8 0 20 — 38
High P fixation by allophanes 13 2 5 26 0
Alkalinity 5 0 15 — 33
Total areab 1444 525 1012 1086 571

a In
Mha. Modified from Sanchez and Logan (1992).
b Total
area does not reflect the sum of the areas affected by different soil constraints,
because more than one constraint occurs on the same land.

by low K supply, and 107 Mha by high salinity and alkalinity. Accelerated soil ero-
sion is a severe problem in regions with high population density, fragile soils, and
harsh environment (Ovuka, 2000). Van Lynden and Oldeman (1997) reported that
in South Asia the land area affected by different degradative processes includes
114 Mha by water erosion, 50 Mha by terrain deformation due to water erosion,
24 Mha by wind erosion, 72 Mha by terrain deformation due to wind erosion,
47 Mha by fertility decline, 17 Mha by salinization, and 8 Mha by waterlogging
(Table IV). Desertification affects vast areas in arid regions (Dregne, 1976, 1998).

Table III
Soil Chemical Constraints in Africaa

Chemical constraints Area (106 ha)

Low CEC 1296

A1 toxicity 635
P fixation 383
Low K supply 637
Salinity 76
Alkalinity 31
Total 3058

a Data from FAO (1986); Eswaran et al. (1993a).

Other documents randomly have
different content
 Sociology - Case Study
Summer 2023 - Research Center

Prepared by: Teaching Assistant Garcia

Date: August 12, 2025

Unit 1: Research findings and conclusions

Learning Objective 1: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 2: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 3: Current trends and future directions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 5: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 6: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 2: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 11: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 12: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 15: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 18: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 18: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 3: Ethical considerations and implications
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 22: Ethical considerations and implications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 28: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Test 4: Study tips and learning strategies
Practice Problem 30: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 31: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 32: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Methodology 5: Historical development and evolution
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 41: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 44: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 46: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 47: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 48: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 49: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Exercise 6: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 52: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 54: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 58: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Chapter 7: Ethical considerations and implications
Practice Problem 60: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 62: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 62: Case studies and real-world applications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 63: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 64: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 64: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 65: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 67: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 70: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Conclusion 8: Fundamental concepts and principles
Practice Problem 70: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 72: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 73: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 74: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 74: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 76: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 78: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 9: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 81: Best practices and recommendations
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 83: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 84: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 84: Key terms and definitions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 87: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 10: Key terms and definitions
Example 90: Experimental procedures and results
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 91: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 92: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 95: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 97: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 100: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Appendix 11: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 103: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 104: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 105: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 108: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookfinal.com