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IFLA Publications 141

The History and Cultural Heritage

of Chinese Calligraphy, Printing
and Library Work

Edited by
Susan M. Allen, Lin Zuzao, Cheng Xiaolan
and Jan Bos

De Gruyter Saur
IFLA Publications
edited by Sjoerd Koopman

ISBN 978-3-598-22046-3
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ISSN 0344-6891

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 5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Preface
Alex Byrne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Welcome on behalf of the Preparatory Committee of the Pre-Conference

Yang Jianxin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Welcome on behalf of the IFLA Rare Books and Manuscripts Section

Susan M. Allen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Welcome on behalf of the International Federation of Library Associations

and Institutions
Marian Koren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Address to the Audience of the Pre-Conference on Behalf of the China National

Library and China Society for Library Science
Zhan Furui. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

A Congratulatory Letter on Behalf of the Social Cultural Department of the

Cultural Ministry of the State Council
Liu Xiaoqin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

The Great Invention with Everlasting Immortal Masterpieces

Yang Jianxin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

On the Invention of Wood Blocks for Printing in China

Li Zhizhong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

The Calligraphy and Printing Cultural Heritage of Gansu –

The Development of the Engraved Printing Process and Papermaking:
An Archaeological Approach
Yi Xumei and Lu Xiuwen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Categories, Features and Social Backgrounds of the Existing Wood Blocks

for Printing in China
Xiao Dongfa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

One of the Great Wonders in the Library’s Collection – A Case Study on

Wood Blocks for Printing in the Zhejiang Library
Lin Zuzao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6 Table of Contents

From Prototype to Red Print: A Study on the Primary Source in Yushutang

congshu of the Test Procedure of the New Woodblock Printed Books in the
Late Qing Dynasty
Chen Zhenghong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

An Original Document on the Techniques of Clay-board Printing

in Ancient China
Li Guoqing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

The Inheritance and Development of Wood Letter Printing Culture in the

Zhejiang Genealogies
Ding Hong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

“Graph-Book” and Layout Design in Ancient China

Huang Haijing and Xing Wen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Traditional Handmade Paper in China Today: Its Production and

Characteristics
Nancy Norton Tomasko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

The History of Ancient Paper Making at Wenzhou Area, Zhejiang, China

Pan Mengbu and Zhang Yongsu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Some Issues on the Preservation and Reinforcement of Paper-based Relics

He Yuhong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Research on Recovering the Damaged Ancient Manuscripts of the China

Yi Minority
Wan Qun and Liu Qiang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Mr. Liu Chenggan’s Train of Thought before and after Donating Jiaye Tang
to the Zhejiang Library
Li Xingzhong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

The “Pi & Lu” Poem Collection and Book Collection in Suzhou in the
Late-Tang Dynasty
Li Fubiao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Rare Ming Editions in the Berlin State Library – The Example of the
Lieguozhi Zhuan
Hartmut Walravens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
 Table of Contents 7

A Study of the Deceiving Tricks Employed by the Civil Service

Examination Aids Publishers in the Mid- and Late-Ming Period
Sim Chuin Peng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

A Research Review of Chinese Books Exchanged between Ancient China,

Japan and Korea and Its Influence
Qian Chengjun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Closing Remarks
Jan Bos, Secretary, IFLA RBMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

List of Papers for the 2006 IFLA RBMS Pre-Conference in Hangzhou,

China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Afterword
Cheng Xiaolan and Lin Zuzao. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
 9

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish to thank the following organizations for hosting this Pre-conference:

IFLA Rare Books and Manuscripts Section

Cultural Department of Zhejaing Provincial Government, China

We also wish to acknowledge the following organizations for sponsoring and sup-
porting this Pre-conference:

Zhejiang Library, China

Zhejiang Provincial Society for Library Science, China

Zhejiang Provincial Society for Social and Information Science, China

Tianyi Ge Museum, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China

Huabao Zhai Fuhan Cultural Co. Ltd., Zhejiang, China

Special thanks to:

Dr. Alex Byrne, President of IFLA

Dr. Marian Koren, Deputy of IFLA

Dr. Zhan Furui, Curator of China National Library, Director of China Society for
Library Science

Ms. Liu Xiaoqin, Deputy Director of the Social Cultural Department of the Cultural
Ministry of the State Council
10

PREFACE

Alex Byrne, IFLA President

The 2006 Pre-Conference of the IFLA Rare Books and Manuscripts Section was
generously hosted by the Cultural Department of the Zhejiang Provincial Gov-
ernment in the beautiful and historically important city of Hangzhou, China. As is
evident from these Proceedings, the program dealt with many aspects of the long
history of Chinese writing and printing, cultural heritage and library work.
That long history has extended from characters scratched on ancient bones to
contemporary applications of information and communication technologies. It is
recorded and celebrated in the libraries of China including the vaults of the Na-
tional Library of China and the historic pavilions of the Ancient and Rare Books
Department of Zhejiang Library, overlooking the Emperor’s Lake at Hangzhou.
The sense of that history permeated the program and papers of the Pre-
Conference which covered many aspects of printing in China and the challenges of
conserving and preserving both the printed items and the wood blocks with which
they were printed. Papers were presented by colleagues from as far afield as Ger-
many and the United States as well as many by Chinese scholars and librarians.
They demonstrated both the intrinsic interest of many beautiful examples and their
value as vital elements of the heritage of humanity. But they also showed the skill
and care applied by specialists to protect and, where necessary, repair rare books
and manuscripts – as one paper put it, “repairing the old one like the original.”
The application of that expertise is a fine example of the central contribution
which libraries and librarians make to the preservation and transmission of the
memory of the world. Complementing the other services provided by public, edu-
cational and specialist libraries and information services, the work of rare book
and manuscript specialists ensures that we can all look back as well as looking
forward. It ensures that we can all learn from the past but also enjoy the vitality of
our predecessors’ cultural expression and appreciate the technological develop-
ments which enabled humanity to progressively enhance its ability to create and
communicate.
Formal sessions of the Pre-Conference were followed by visits to major cultural
sites including the 440 year old library of Tianyi Ge in Ningbo City, which I pre-
viously had the memorable fortune to visit thanks to the generosity of colleagues
at Zhejiang Library. That visit and the others on the study tour reinforced the pro-
fessional and scholarly exchanges during the program. They demonstrated the in-
ternational collaboration fostered by the IFLA Rare Books and Manuscripts Sec-
tion which is so visible in these Proceedings.

9 September 2007 Alex Byrne

IFLA President
 11

WELCOME ON BEHALF OF THE PREPARATORY

COMMITTEE OF THE PRE-CONFERENCE

Yang Jianxin, Director of the Cultural Department

of Zhejiang Provincial Government
and Chairman of The Preparatory Committee of the 2006 IFLA RBMS
Pre-Conference in Hangzhou, China

Dear respected former Member of the IFLA Governing Board, Dr. Marian Koren;
Respected Chair of IFLA RBMS, Dr. Susan Allen
Respected Secretary of IFLA RBMS, Dr. Jan Bos;
Ladies and Gentlemen:

Good morning!

The 2006 IFLA RBMS Pre-Conference, “The History and Cultural Heritage of
Chinese Calligraphy, Printing, and Library Work,” hosted by IFLA RBMS and the
Cultural Department of Zhejiang Provincial Government, now has its grand open-
ing here on the banks of West Lake in the beautiful city of Hangzhou, Zhejiang
Province, China. Please allow me on behalf of the Conference Preparatory Com-
mittee and the Cultural Department of the Zhejiang Provincial Government to ex-
tend our warm welcome and sincere thanks to the leaders of the China Society for
Library Science, the China National Library, and to the specialists, scholars, and
colleagues who traveled thousands of miles from home and abroad to participate
in this pre-conference.
In December 2004 in order to support the 72nd IFLA World Congress to be held
in Seoul, Korea in 2006, the Zhejiang Library delivered an application to IFLA
RBMS proposing a 2006 IFLA RBMS Pre-Conference in Hangzhou. In order to
make this Pre-Conference successful, IFLA RBMS and the Cultural Department
of the Zhejiang Provincial Government set up a Preparatory Committee, raised
funds in different ways, called for papers from colleagues at home and abroad,
carefully planned the Pre-Conference program and local arrangements. Seven Pre-
paratory Committee meetings were held to discuss different subjects for this con-
ference. To provide an enchanting cultural evening, we have arranged for a local
Yue Opera production, “The Story of the Fan Family Library,” which shows the
history of 440 years of the Tianyi Ge Library as performed by the Zhejiang Xiao
Baihua Yue Opera Troupe. The Yue Opera, founded in Zhejiang Province one-
hundred years ago, is a type of local drama. The Yue Opera performance of “The
Story of the Fan Family Library” is totally in keeping with the Pre-Conference
theme. I’m sure it will be of interest to all of you. After more than one year of hard
work, we finally greet you at the grand opening of this pre-conference. We believe
that this Pre-Conference will be of high quality, of far-reaching significance, and
12 Yang Jianxin

successful due to the great efforts of the IFLA RBMS and the other leaders, spe-
cialists, scholars, and colleagues attending from home and abroad.
Zhejiang Province is located on the west bank of the East China Sea, and to the
south is the Changjiang (Yangtze) Delta. It has a long history of people of talent
coming forth in large numbers, and it has beautiful landscape. Its good products
from the earth are nature’s treasures. Usually, Zhejiang has been taken as a land of
abundance, known as “the home town of rice and fish, the capital of silk and green
tea, land of historical cultural relics, and beautiful scenic spots for tourists.” Zheji-
ang Province covers an area of 101,800 square km with a total population of about
46 million people. There are eleven municipalities under the jurisdiction of the
Provincial Government. Since the 1980s, the economy of Zhejiang has been de-
veloping rapidly and has followed the route of Zhejiang’s characteristics. In 2005,
the GDP in Zhejiang reached 133.65 billion yuan with 27,550 yuan (over $3,400)
per capita, which placed it first among Chinese provinces. The revenue of the
province reached 20 billion yuan ($25.7 billion) in 2005. According to the Global
Competitive Force Reports by the Luosan International Management Institute,
Zhejiang Province is evaluated as one of the highest efficiency regions in China.
Zhejaing Province with its rich, colorful, bright and distinctive traditional cul-
ture is one of the birth places of Chinese civilization. Its long history and magnifi-
cent culture has won this province the fine sounding name of “The Capitol of
Silk,” “The Home Town of Rice and Fish,” “The Beautiful Scenic Spots for Tour-
ists,” as well as “The Land of Historical and Cultural Relics,” etc. During the last
few decades, archaeologists have found the 8,000 year old Kua Huqiao Ruin, the
7,000 year old Hemudu Ruin, the 6,000 thousand year old Majia Bing Ruin and
Luojiajiao Ruin, and the 5,000 year old Songze Ruin and the Liangzhu Ruin, etc.
in Zhejiang Province. All these historical ruins embody the vast reservoir of rich
pre-historical information in China and have become an important source of origi-
nal evidence of 5,000 years of traditional Chinese civilization. Our ancestors in
Zhejiang Province created a striking historical and brilliant civilization by remold-
ing nature and through social evolution.
According to a survey at the beginning of the 1980s, the density of the cultural
relics found in the earth in Zhejiang Province took second place in China. There
were 132 sites named as “An Important Chinese Relic Preservation Spot,” ranking
the province fifth in all of China. There were 279 sites named at the provincial
level as “Important Relic Preservation Spots.” On May 20, 2006, the State Council
of the People’s Republic of China issued the first group of “The List of Chinese
National Non-materials Cultural Heritage.” There were forty-four items from
Zhejiang Province included which ranked Zhejiang Province first in all the prov-
inces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central govern-
ment. Zhejiang is one of the original places where Chinese wood blocks and letter
boards for printing have been found. There is a long history here. During the
Qingli Emperor Period (1041–1048 A.D.), Mr. Bi Sheng, an ordinary craftsman in
Hangzhou, invented the letter board for printing, and created a great revolution in
 Welcome on behalf of the Preparatory Committee of the Pre-Conference 13

printing technology about four hundred years earlier than Johann Gensfleissh zum
Gutenberg of Germany. Hangzhou’s printing technology had reached a world
leading level during the Song Dynasty (960–1279 AD). Techniques of book bind-
ing and the design layout of books were perfected in the Song Dynasty. It ap-
peared the inkling for the formats in books binding and layout at that time (sic).
The books of the Song Edition, the most precious rare books, are now known to all
the world because they are similar to the original edition with exquisite and excel-
lent printing. As the splendid outcome of a glorious example and great wisdom,
which were created by the spirit of creativity in the region, Chinese wood blocks
and letter boards for printing are a great historical contribution to civilization and
progress not only for the Chinese nation, but also for the whole of mankind. Zheji-
ang is the hometown of book collecting. There is a saying that: “The east of Zheji-
ang paid attention to collecting books, while the west of Zhejiang upheld scholars
of profound knowledge.” In Zhejiang Province there are eleven ancient libraries
that still survive. Among them, one is the emperor’s library, and ten others are pri-
vate libraries. The Tianyi Ge Ancient Library, which was established in the Jiajing
Emperor period of 40–45th (1561–1566 AD) during the Ming Dynasty, became the
earliest existing ancient library in China and one of the oldest ancient libraries in
the world.
Local chronicles (recording local history, geography, historical personalities,
customs, and other sociological data) which document Chinese characteristics and
collected almost all the local information, began to flourish in the Song Dynasty
(960–1279 AD). During the period 1127–1279 AD of the South Song Dynasty,
three successive magistrates of the Lin An Prefecture (now Hangzhou City) con-
ducted research and compiled the famous Hangzhou local chronicles, “Qian Dao
Lin An Local Chronicles,” “Chun You Lin An Local Chronicles,” and the “Xiao
Chun Lin An Local Chronicles,” which are called collectively “Three Lin An Lo-
cal Chronicles.” The existing genealogical documents in Zhejiang are also quite
rich. In 2005, the Zhejiang Library organized a group of scholars and specialists,
which included more than 180 colleagues that worked over a three year period to
compile and publish “An Annotated General Bibliography of Zhejiang Geneal-
ogy.” This bibliographic database project described more than 12,000 titles of ge-
nealogical works available in Zhejaing Province, and also established an automatic
access system in order to retrieve entries in the database. At the same time another
project, “A Union Catalogue of Zhejiang Provincial Ancient and Rare Books” has
been initiated in order to reflect the state of antiquarian and rare book collection
and preservation in the province.
In recent years, librarianship in Zhejiang Province has made considerable pro-
gress. There are ninety libraries (above the county level) with collections of more
than twenty million volumes, and a public library service system has been estab-
lished to provide various kinds of information services to the whole province. This
public library service system plays an active role in the development of social, cul-
tural and economic growth of the whole province.
14 Yang Jianxin

Zhejiang possesses an excellent environment and splendid, superior resources

for holding this international academic conference.
Today, scholars from home and abroad gather in the Zhejiang Library to con-
duct textual research into the origins and development of the cultural heritage of
Chinese calligraphy, printing, and library work; to allow everyone to express intel-
ligent views; and to learn from each other by exchanging views. We will have an
excursion to Hua Baozhai, a living museum which gathers together in one place
demonstrations of Chinese traditional paper-making, the design and engraving of
wood blocks for printing, book binding, etc. We will also visit the oldest Chinese
library of Tianyi Ge Ancient Library; one of China’s most famous private librar-
ies, the Jiaye Tnag of Zhejiang Library where we will see a collection of wood
blocks for printing; and the Chinese calligraphy brush museum. This will be an
excellent gathering of academic significance and practical value. We are extremely
happy to have this magnificent preconference in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang.
We hope that through our hardwork we have created a good environment for
this preconference, and we hope to make all our guests feel at home. We also hope
the scenic beauty of West Lake will compensate for the unusually hot weather that
threatens to interfere with our work.
There is a Chinese saying: “A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.”
Let’s study and learn from each other about every aspect of the cultural heritage of
Chinese calligraphy, printing, and library work through this magnificent interna-
tional conference for the promotion of the international cultural heritage of print-
ing and library work in order to make a contribution to human knowledge. Finally,
we would like to express our sincere thanks to the IFLA RBMS for giving its
painstaking guidance; thanks for the strong support of the scholars and specialists
from home and abroad, who provided high quality presentations and papers; and
also thanks to the co-organizers who gave energetic support to this preconference.
Many thanks again!
With best wishes for the complete success of the 2006 IFLA RBMS Preconfer-
ence in Hangzhou!
 15

WELCOME ON BEHALF OF THE IFLA RARE BOOKS

AND MANUSCRIPTS SECTION

Susan M. Allen, Chair of IFLA RBMS

and Chairman of the Preparatory Committee
of the 2006 IFLA RBMS Pre-Conference in Hangzhou

Good morning! It is a tremendous pleasure to be here in Hangzhou with all of you

today for this conference: “The History and Cultural Heritage of Chinese Calligra-
phy, Printing and Library Work.” I want to welcome you all here this morning,
and I want to say, “Thank you,” from the bottom of my heart to all of our friends
here in Hangzhou who have made us so welcome and have done all the planning
of this conference. I want to thank the Hangzhou Preconference Organizing
Committee, especially its chairman, Yan Jianxin, the Zhejiang Provincial Depart-
ment of Culture here in China, and also the vice-chairman, my colleague Jan Bos,
the Secretary of the IFLA RBMS Standing Committee. I would also like to thank
Qi Youwei and Jin Gengchu, both of the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Cul-
ture. We could not have had this preconference without all the hard work of our
Chinese colleagues here in this beautiful city of Hangzhou. I know we have been
told repeatedly about the sweltering heat, but we have also heard a delightful ex-
pression a few times and that is: “The heat is just a symbol of the warm hearted-
ness of the people here who are welcoming us.” And this is certainly the case. We
have been welcomed in a very wonderful way.
Now I want to tell you all a bit about IFLA and the RBMS Standing Committee
(the Rare Books & Manuscripts Standing Committee). The mission of the Rare
Books & Manuscripts Section (RBMS) is to provide a forum for discussion and
exchange of information on matters of particular concern to rare books and manu-
script librarians, including the subjects of collection development, preservation,
bibliographic control, and the role of special collections materials in all types of
libraries.
Recently we have had two goals to support the mission of the Rare Books and
Manuscripts Section. The first goal has been to promote the understanding of the
significance of rare books and manuscripts for scholarly research as a part of the
heritage of civilization in an international context. So it is very proper for us to be
here in your city in China to look at rare books and manuscripts in the context of
Chinese culture. A second goal of RBMS has been developing international stan-
dards in the field of rare book and manuscript librarianship, publishing directories
and bibliographies, and building up sources of information that will assist rare
book and manuscript librarians in their work. We have taken a number of actions
in recent years, and we hope to do more in the future. Some of our continuing pro-
jects include the discussion of the security of rare materials, the collection of sam-
ples of policies and standards for the digitization of special collections material,
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