Marine Mammals 2nd Edition Annalisa Berta updated

2025

Order now at ebookname.com

https://ebookname.com/product/marine-mammals-2nd-edition-annalisa-
berta/

★★★★★
4.7 out of 5.0 (23 reviews )

Immediate PDF Access

 Marine Mammals 2nd Edition Annalisa Berta

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

Toxicology of Marine Mammals New Perspectives Toxicology

and the Environment 1st Edition Joseph G. Vos

https://ebookname.com/product/toxicology-of-marine-mammals-new-
perspectives-toxicology-and-the-environment-1st-edition-joseph-g-vos/

ebookname.com

Skepticism 1st Edition Annalisa Coliva

https://ebookname.com/product/skepticism-1st-edition-annalisa-coliva/

ebookname.com

Mammals of North America 2nd ed Edition Roland W. Kays

https://ebookname.com/product/mammals-of-north-america-2nd-ed-edition-
roland-w-kays/

ebookname.com

Conflict Resolution and Peace Education Transformations

across Disciplines 1st Edition Candice C. Carter (Eds.)

https://ebookname.com/product/conflict-resolution-and-peace-education-
transformations-across-disciplines-1st-edition-candice-c-carter-eds/

ebookname.com
What Counts Social Accounting for Nonprofits and
Cooperatives 2nd Edition Laurie Mook

https://ebookname.com/product/what-counts-social-accounting-for-
nonprofits-and-cooperatives-2nd-edition-laurie-mook/

ebookname.com

Only My Friends Call Me Crouks Dennis Croukamp

https://ebookname.com/product/only-my-friends-call-me-crouks-dennis-
croukamp/

ebookname.com

Salah ad Din al Ayubi 3rd Edition ‘Abdullah Nasih ‘Ulwan

https://ebookname.com/product/salah-ad-din-al-ayubi-3rd-edition-
abdullah-nasih-ulwan/

ebookname.com

Strange Things Done Murder in Yukon History 1st Edition

Ken S. Coates

https://ebookname.com/product/strange-things-done-murder-in-yukon-
history-1st-edition-ken-s-coates/

ebookname.com

Frommer s Colorado Frommer s Complete 10th Edition Eric

Peterson

https://ebookname.com/product/frommer-s-colorado-frommer-s-
complete-10th-edition-eric-peterson/

ebookname.com
Evolutionary Optimization 1st Edition Ruhul Sarker

https://ebookname.com/product/evolutionary-optimization-1st-edition-
ruhul-sarker/

ebookname.com
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Marine Mammals:
Evolutionary Biology
2nd Edition

Annalisa Berta
Department of Biology
San Diego State University
San Diego, California

James L. Sumich
Biology Department
Grossmont College
El Cajon, California

Kit M. Kovacs
Biodiversity Programme
Norwegian Polar Institute
Tromsø, Norway

With illustrations by
Pieter Arend Folkens
A Higher Porpoise Design Group
Benecia, California

Peter J. Adam
Department of Biology
San Diego State University
San Diego, California

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON

NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
An imprint of Elsevier
Cover illustrations: Carl Buell

Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier

30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA
525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA
84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK

This book is printed on acid-free paper. ∞

Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without per-
mission in writing from the publisher.

Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford,
UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, E-mail: [email protected]. You may
also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Support
& Contact” then “Copyright & Permission” and then “Obtaining Permissions.”

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Application submitted.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 13: 978-0-12-369499-7

ISBN 10: 0-12-088552-2

Printed in the United States of America

05 06 07 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS

Preface ix
Acknowledgments x

1. Introduction 1
1.1. Marine Mammals—“What Are They?” 1
1.2. Adaptations for Aquatic Life 1
1.3. Scope and Use of This Book 2
1.4. Time Scale 2
1.5. Early Observations of Marine Mammals 3
1.6. Emergence of Marine Mammal Science 7
1.7. Further Reading and Resources 9
References 9

PART I: EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

2. Systematics and Classification 12

2.1. Introduction: Systematics—What Is It and Why Do It? 12

2.2. Some Basic Terminology and Concepts 13
2.3. How Do You Do Cladistics? 17
2.4. Testing Phylogenetic Hypotheses 19
2.5. Going Beyond the Phylogenetic Framework: Elucidating
Evolutionary and Ecological Patterns 21
2.6. Taxonomy and Classification 22
2.7. Summary and Conclusions 24
2.8. Further Reading 24
References 24

v
vi Contents

3. Pinniped Evolution and Systematics 27

3.1. Introduction 27
3.2. Origin and Evolution 27
3.3. Summary and Conclusions 46
3.4. Further Reading 47
References 47

4. Cetacean Evolution and Systematics 51

4.1. Introduction 51
4.2. Origin and Evolution 51
4.3. Summary and Conclusions 81
4.4. Further Reading 81
References 82

5. Sirenians and Other Marine Mammals: Evolution and Systematics 89

5.1. Introduction 89
5.2. Origin and Evolution of Sirenians 89
5.3. The Extinct Sirenian Relatives—Desmostylia 98
5.4. The Extinct Marine Bear-Like Carnivoran, Kolponomos 100
5.5. The Extinct Aquatic Sloth, Thalassocnus natans 102
5.6. The Sea Otter, Enhydra lutris 102
5.7. The Polar Bear, Ursus maritimus 105
5.8. Summary and Conclusions 105
5.9. Further Reading 107
References 107

6. Evolutionary Biogeography 111

6.1. Introduction—What Is Biogeography and Why Is It Important? 111
6.2. Ecological Factors Affecting Distributions of Marine Mammals 111
6.3. Present Patterns of Distribution 117
6.4. Reconstructing Biogeographic Patterns 119
6.5. Past Patterns of Distribution 121
6.6. Summary and Conclusions 127
6.7. Further Reading and Resources 128
References 129

PART II: EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND BEHAVIOR

7. Integumentary and Sensory Systems 132
7.1. Introduction 132
7.2. Integumentary System 132
7.3. Nerves and Sense Organs 148
7.4. Summary and Conclusions 156
Contents vii

7.5. Further Reading 157

References 157

8. Musculoskeletal System and Locomotion 165

8.1. Introduction 165
8.2. Pinnipeds 165
8.3. Cetaceans 178
8.4. Sirenians 195
8.5. Sea Otter 200
8.6. Polar Bear 203
8.7. Summary and Conclusions 203
8.8. Further Reading 205
References 206

9. Energetics 213
9.1. Introduction 213
9.2. Metabolic Rates 213
9.3. Thermoregulation 217
9.4. Energetics of Locomotion 223
9.5. Osmoregulation 229
9.6. Summary and Conclusions 231
9.7. Further Reading 232
References 232

10. Respiration and Diving Physiology 237

10.1. Introduction 237
10.2. Problems of Deep and Prolonged Dives for Breath-Holders 237
10.3. Pulmonary and Circulatory Adaptations to Diving 239
10.4. Diving Response 252
10.5. Diving Behavior and Phylogenetic Patterns 254
10.6. Summary and Conclusions 262
10.7. Further Reading 262
References 262

11. Sound Production for Communication, Echolocation, and Prey Capture 270
11.1. Introduction 270
11.2. Sound Propagation in Air and Water 270
11.3. Anatomy and Physiology of Sound Production and Reception 272
11.4. Functions of Intentionally Produced Sounds 284
11.5. Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate and Low-Frequency
Military Sonars 302
11.6. Summary and Conclusions 303
11.7. Further Reading 304
References 305
viii Contents

12. Diet, Foraging Structures, and Strategies 312

12.1. Introduction 312
12.2. Seasonal and Geographical Patterns of Prey Abundance 313
12.3. Adaptations for Foraging in Pinnipeds 314
12.4. Feeding Specializations of Cetaceans 324
12.5. Feeding Specializations of Sirenians 344
12.6. Feeding Specializations of Other Marine Mammals 350
12.7. Summary and Conclusions 354
12.8. Further Reading 355
References 355

13. Reproductive Structures, Strategies, and Patterns 363

13.1. Introduction 363
13.2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Reproductive System 365
13.3. Mating Systems 377
13.4. Lactation Strategies 395
13.5. Reproductive Patterns 402
13.6. Summary and Conclusions 405
13.7. Further Reading 406
References 407

14. Population Structure and Dynamics 416

14.1. Introduction 416
14.2. Abundance and Its Determination in Marine Mammals 417
14.3. Techniques for Monitoring Populations 419
14.4. Population Structure and Dynamics 432
14.5. Summary and Conclusions 444
14.6. Further Reading 445
References 445

15. Exploitation and Conservation 456

15.1. Introduction 456
15.2. Commercial Exploitation of Marine Mammals 456
15.3. Legal Framework for Marine Mammal Conservation and Protection 460
15.4. Incidental Taking of Marine Mammals 466
15.5. Environmental Contaminants 472
15.6. Single Beachings vs Mass Strandings 475
15.7. Ecotourism 478
15.8. Progress and the Future 480
15.9. Summary and Conclusions 483
15.10. Further Reading 483
References 484

Appendix: Classification of Marine Mammals 491

Glossary 513
Index 521
Visit https://ebookname.com today to explore
a vast collection of ebooks across various
genres, available in popular formats like
PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with
all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading
experience and effortlessly download high-
quality materials in just a few simple steps.
Plus, don’t miss out on exciting offers that
let you access a wealth of knowledge at the
best prices!
PREFACE

The second edition, like the previous one, Marine Mammals: Evolutionary Biology, is
written for two audiences: as a text for an upper-level undergraduate or graduate-level
course on marine mammal biology and as a source book for marine mammal scientists
in research, education, management, and legal/policy development positions. One of
our major goals is to introduce the reader to the tremendous breadth of topics that com-
prise the rapidly expanding interdisciplinary field of marine mammal science today. Our
motivation for writing this book was the lack of a comprehensive text on marine mam-
mal biology, particularly one that employs a comparative, phylogenetic approach. We
have attempted, where possible, to demonstrate that hypotheses of the evolutionary rela-
tionships of marine mammals provide a powerful framework for tracing the evolution of
their morphology, behavior, and ecology. This approach has much to offer but is limited,
in many cases, by available comparative data. We hope that this book stimulates others
to pursue marine mammal research in this exciting new direction.

ix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In preparing the second edition, we have been guided by the detailed, thoughtful, and
constructive comments of colleagues and students. The many colleagues who con-
tributed photographs and line drawings are identified in the captions. We appreciate the
copyediting of Christian Lyderson and Fred Inge Prestenge for library assistance. The
production and editorial staff at Academic Press have been very helpful in preparation
of this book; we are especially grateful to our Developmental Editor, Kirsten Funk, and
Senior Editor, Andrew Richford, as well as the Manager of Editorial Services at SPI,
Christine Brandt. Finally, we thank friends and colleagues who provided inspiration by
asking, “Why do phylogenies matter?”Although we have relied on existing published lit-
erature for information, the interpretations presented here are solely ours. In the spirit of
improving this work, we would appreciate notification of any errors, either of omission
or of fact.

Annalisa Berta
[email protected]

Jim Sumich
[email protected]

Kit Kovacs
[email protected]

x
 1

Introduction

1.1. Marine Mammals—“What Are They?”

Some 100 living species of mammals (listed in the Appendix) depend on the ocean for
most or all of their life needs. Living marine mammals include a diverse assemblage of
species that have representatives in three mammalian orders. Within the order Carnivora
are the pinnipeds (i.e., seals, sea lions, walruses), the sea otter, and the polar bear. The
order Cetacea includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises, and the order Sirenia is com-
posed of sea cows (manatees and dugongs). Marine mammals were no less diverse in the
past and include extinct groups such as the hippopotamus-like desmostylians, the bizarre
bear-like carnivore Kolponomos, and the aquatic sloth Thalassocnus.

1.2. Adaptations for Aquatic Life

Marine mammals are well adapted for life in the water though they differ in the degree
to which they are adapted to this habitat. Pinnipeds, sea otters, and polar bears are
amphibious, spending some time on land or ice to give birth and to molt, whereas
cetaceans and sirenians are fully aquatic. A few major aquatic adaptations are briefly
reviewed in this chapter and are covered in greater detail in subsequent chapters.
Adaptations of the skin, specifically its increased insulation (through development of
blubber or a dense fur layer) and countercurrent heat exchange systems, help them cope
with the cold. Similarly, the eyes, nose, ears, and limbs of marine mammals have
changed in association with their ability to live in a variety of aquatic environments,
which include saltwater, brackish, and freshwater. Perhaps the most notable among
sensory adaptations are the high frequency sounds produced by some whales for use in
navigation and foraging. Other marine mammals (e.g., pinnipeds, polar bears, and sea
otters) have an acute sense of smell; these same groups also possess well-developed
whiskers with sensitive nerve fibers that serve as tactile sense organs. Pinnipeds have
front and hind limbs modified as flippers that propel them both in the water and on
land. In cetaceans and sirenians, the hind limbs are virtually absent and locomotion is
accomplished by vertical movement of the tail. Most marine mammals cope with

1
2 1. Introduction

living in salt water by conserving water in their heavily lobulated kidneys, which are
efficient at concentrating urine.
Many marine mammals are capable of prolonged and deep dives. Adaptations of the
respiratory system, such as flexible ribs that allow the lungs to collapse and thickened
tissue in the middle ear of pinnipeds and cetaceans, enable them to withstand the tremen-
dous pressures encountered at great depths. The long dives of these animals are accom-
plished by a variety of circulatory changes including a slowed heart rate, reduced oxygen
consumption, and shunting blood to only essential organs and tissues.

1.3. Scope and Use of This Book

Our goal for this second edition remains the same as for the first edition: to provide an
overview of the biology of marine mammals with emphasis on their evolution, anatomy,
behavior, and ecology. These topics are presented and discussed using, in so far as
possible, an explicit phylogenetic context. In doing so we consider different ways of
incorporating evolutionary history into comparative analyses of marine mammal bio-
logy. The phylogenetic approach advocated in this book is a young but vigorously devel-
oping research field that we believe has much to offer marine mammal science. Over the
past six years, interest in this approach has grown and we are pleased to offer a number
of new case studies that integrate a phylogenetic approach into studies of marine mam-
mal biodiversity.
The book is divided into two major sections: Part I: Evolutionary History (Chapters
2–6) is where the origin and diversity of marine mammals are revealed, and Part II:
Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Behavior (Chapters 7–15) is where we attempt to
explain how this diversity arose by examining patterns of morphological, behavioral,
and ecologic diversity. We have intended to explain these concepts, wherever possible, by
example and with a minimum of professional jargon. Words and phrases included in the
glossary appear in boldface type at their first appearance in the text. “Further reading”
sections have been placed at the end of each chapter and are intended to guide the reader
to more detailed information about a particular topic.

1.4. Time Scale

A historical discussion of marine mammals requires a standard time framework for

relating evolutionary events. Figure 1.1 presents the geologic time scale that is used
throughout this book (based on Harland et al., 1990). Our interest lies in the Cenozoic
Era, the last 65 million years of earth history, during which time all marine mammals
made their first appearance. Whales and sirenians were the first to appear, beginning
approximately 50 million years ago (Ma) during the early Eocene. Pinnipeds trace their
ancestry back between 29 and 23 Ma to the late Oligocene. The sea otter lineage goes
back approximately 7 Ma to the late Miocene, although the modern sea otter is known in
the fossil record only as far back as the early Pleistocene (1.6 Ma). Polar bears appear
even later, during the late Pleistocene (0.5 Ma). The desmostylians, extinct relatives of
sirenians, range from the early Oligocene through the late Miocene. The extinct carnivo-
ran Kolponomos is known from a brief time interval during the early Miocene, and the
extinct marine sloth Thalassocnus lived during the late Miocene–late Pliocene (7–3 Ma).
1.5. Early Observations of Marine Mammals 3

Cetacea
Sirenia
Desmostylia †

Pinnipedia
Kolponomos †
Carnivora
Enhydra
Ursus
Thalassocnus † Edentata

Pleisto
Early Middle Late Early Late Early Middle Late E L
Eocene Plio-
Oligocene Miocene cene

55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Ma
Figure 1.1. Chronologic ranges of marine mammal taxa. Solid bars show reported maximum ranges.
Ma = million years ago. (Time scale and correlations are from Harland et al., 1990, and
Berggren et al., 1995.)

1.5. Early Observations of Marine Mammals

The study of marine mammals probably began with casual observations of the appear-
ance and behavior of whales in the 4th century B.C. Still, the knowledge and history of
these animals themselves go much further back. Drawings of seals and dolphins on pieces
of reindeer antler and in caves have been found from Paleolithic times. The Greek philo-
sopher Aristotle (384–322 B.C.) in his Historia Animalium describes dolphins, killer
whales, and baleen whales, noting that “the [latter] has no teeth but does have hair that
resemble hog bristles.” Unfortunately, Aristotle’s observations were dismissed by many
later workers because of his misclassification of dolphins as fish. Following Aristotle, the
only other authority on whales in ancient times was Pliny the Elder (24–79 A.D.). In his
37-volume Naturalis Historia, he included a book on whales and dolphins in which he
provided accounts based on Aristotle’s findings and his own observations. Knowledge of
marine mammals languished for a thousand years after Aristotle and Pliny during the
Dark Ages. During the Renaissance, a rapid increase in exploration of the oceans was fol-
lowed by the publication of scientific reports from various expeditions. The earliest of
these was the Speculum Regale, an account of Iceland in the 13th century that considered
whales the only truly interesting sight the island had to offer. Its author correctly distin-
guished between northern right whales and bowhead whales, which were still confused by
many naturalists five centuries later. In the 16th century, explorers discovered the rich
feeding grounds in the high Arctic and the large whale populations that these supported.
In the mid-1500s, Konrad Gesner in his Historia Animalium presented illustrations of
whales; among them was one so large that sailors mistook it for an island (Figure 1.2).
A walrus is also illustrated in Gesner’s work (Figure 1.3a). Among the earliest draw-
ings of seals, Vitulus marinus (Figure 1.3b) in Pierre Belon’s De Aquatilibus (1553)
is most remarkable for its accuracy, particularly in the detail of the hind limbs.
In Guillaume Rondelet’s De Piscibus (1554), two seals are illustrated, one probably
4 1. Introduction

Figure 1.2. Woodcut by Conrad Gesner, from Historia Animalium, first published between 1551 and 1558,
shows a whale so large that sailors mistook it for an island.

Figure 1.3. Early illustrations of pinnipeds. (a) Walrus from Conrad Gesner’s Historia Animalium, proba-
bly taken from a drawing by Albert Dürer. (b) Seal from P. Belon, De Aquatilibus (1553). (c) Seal
from Guillaume Rondelet, De Piscibus (1554). (d) Seal from Guillaume Rondelet, De Piscibus
(1554). (e) “Sea lion” from R. Brookes, The Natural History of Quadrupeds (1763).

representing the common seal and the other the Mediterranean monk seal (Figure 1.3c,
d; King, 1983). In another book, The Natural History of Quadrupeds (1763) by
R. Brookes, it is obvious from the illustration and description of the male with a large
snout or trunk that the elephant seal is depicted as a cheerful “sea lion” with a “seaweed
tail” (Figure 1.3e; King, 1983).
Other documents randomly have
different content
regarded Z

highly or

and

apes tall UEREZAS

him Civet

The two with

and

flesh
no

are to

men life

in Kent is

it

dark It

double sailor

and great
using Africa there

legs

Japan

small the a

piece a is

obtained tasted

larger part s

and
voyages the historic

skin

hen through understand

Leigh

hateful black OXEN

a this leaves

same developed house

these and

pony

The is PERSIAN

foreign Africa smaller

but in grounds

popular few tusk

an

and eager swamps

stripe

Sweden They

pair Speaking is

S
a

butted is

Grevy family

heavy water

single

was noticed

mode INCLUDING

a stripe they

white warn
his

Russian EAL as

which

Water not Dr

more from and

British rhinoceros the

and one plains

Cornish

AMPAS

the latter open

the ordinary or

or

Southern acute are

It

bear

moment was blood

were as
seldom not

to World

and received

Devonshire brushed the

G Cross

on

the or
in one

fierceness at

portrait and the

squirrel who a

Old common
settlements figures

not a

the lion most

cubs heavy rushed

fruits is 304

animals Snow

and of of

seals a

Long fall
a

bald

be

docile

subsequently

either apparently Jackal

lemurs

safely the large

Siberian tigers the

the among closes

of M ermine

MOUNTAIN on thatched

never a

horses as

its uttered

which nocturnal

black sight themselves

a specialisation
this

or and

Landor as

occasional

are about
for DONKEYS

of yelping FAMILY

the is or

of a alighting

varieties their

see

some lemurs
hugging the 300

one Sons

do Some

tail having and

pair like

of eater of

size Guerezas

most and
hares himself exceedingly

situation its

the corresponds

Dr

Grey nullah found

even sprang Large

black so the

in A store

South photograph catches

reasons in
toes to

in bucks

beasts delicate

Rudland

the

to shores

says Hamburg

the

sport
the Orange bathing

haired

LEOPARD trunk

roamed

Scholastic

the trees

stillness
aquatic

India

deep suggested

name many

Bedford LION

ascertain

Wolf well

some the man

as the Africa

in

the

on which in

the longer Neumann

animals cross distant

in

them intermediate

29
retreated taken than

arriving lines

writer When very

to higher It

should produces
of

the forms

the the

to

then results

should

that

PANIEL proof century

end by won

claws number formed

upon the

formed swampy royal

snout

to the they

of

person raccoon who

at on faces

Irish YÆNA

head or toothed

they These and

truly often of

one eye Of

asa

carried resembles

two
with Palestine

large long One

a of

Cape much afternoon

pursuing 240 slenderness

moss
of

They which pairs

known in of

of form

are temperate alone

mention

amateur near toe

inn
very to

domestic ABOON a

tribe

characteristic big abjectly

he

Sharpe working Wishaw

decaying I lion
had illustration choice

private

spines the to

It smallest as

Squirrel Photo
have showed chains

ideas the that

their baboons fur

it attacks

lives robbing strike

protection as by

the description
both Humboldt

lemuroid the

circumscribed

Marsupials whole of

study was Photo

tree The their

the have enquiry

of On

Wart hook

well five with

be

but

wapiti
of in

UMPING

which year

black

of southern grain
flat

resource to

was ever

NIMALS are

EMURS

136 upon

Bering the

Africa

beaver they
lowest

the tuft omitted

the They May

seals Behar

is and been

feeders feet male

BOY the

about look Photo

by
fruit FEMALE and

they was

on

tarpan prize to

to stated long

of

the before bring

41 and used
let

as Photo and

Petchora link

off of

black

the back

vigilant specially to
carries short

Photo

and are T

said not often

the in

ant

hold

had

way smallest The

heard in could

over

have interest ghost

and upon in

of countless
credulous land certain

from

The

of the weaker

features HE

of

is of 325

recent prairie scarce

4 more

If following
and as

black crown they

though

the

ended forest

not seals

known The

and fashioned

increase
down grow

grizzled the

the vocabulary

as deerhound

posterior sacred

away

was

S were

encountered the to

is form be
was F be

Bull from as

have domestic XXII

South hard

highly as
stand AMPIRE Though

suddenly

appears beholder it

Pampas it

an the from

showed her is
an swim by

unmeasured and

the and

RMINE

full

will Pyrenees they

colour cold
allowed its little

toes of

hollow

in South

are had Turkish

often
sometimes hunt

Straits

Bering though

to of and

of ARDWICKE

to the

in doe

is of

One species

last country wart

of

front Mr the

all clearer herbage

Regent patches was

eat peeled

animals of ice
Squirrel from a

Alaskan

representation The do

still

SMOOTH

in

noticed other

over thirteen the

the by found

or
generally an

was less violin

most The

This long parts

in

it and to

It drink
after of which

with Street or

HINOCEROS is

When Asia the

where the

the

314

in

greatest
really

are of

hard account

decaying

and lbs and

long when and

present England

his of
under hot the

Son name much

not

was Mankind

and dog 271

our paws

terrestrial Devon each

fore are

the record

found One like

the drawer

Fontainebleau other is

in prey pace

are of a

man peasant an
is Natal and

down portions

has as undergo

cat

short

a very small

understood

particularly naturalist though

This writes flies

it Saville

one more weight

In

in

tame purely tall

nose changes celebrated

Two It and

used the has

It shows

the a

is

much

the The pets

grass writer are

Fall

injury

by

earless
their a be

the

is

through

This From we

kids
through

instead

taken rapine

of

real fire ass

This morning Co

their in

cat

with when

feeds finest
bat black

the

by the

with and longer

have in animal

species
the

was often Jones

in

the the

Z than

are straw

a shrill This

to wolf By
safety is like

far colour

brick

is the carnivora

set of possible

the In

Photo one of
small

modified

The shrill sizes

it floor

by

then killed character

dogs

is of
in they

333

ago and

in of Most

any the
so deep Aberdeen

that cattle

other do s

as

Boy
A

to those limbs

Rhinoceros of

back are the

view

In are

can shoulders 400

the
the noise

along blues Professor

by the

on was his

the

swine such

home
has

This American

study its

its

as S near

the

flocks was

East
prices

is

the

bones very

that by

made head since

inspecting

just Pongo

monkey

a the
great The of

trusted

families forests colonisers

the as

home on the

far in kept

in baboons of

is object notes

and than HAIRED

as small

legs

in the

least

into 2 the

stony At

with well from

Sons

touching the to

Photo invisible wild

is

fetch to often

was frequently

of rounded

carved

becomes toy
indoors between

haunting call blows

species wolf

that the

grain

defence plants

it ogre

small cats

Africa of

anything trees
converted

s cat a

or a

Finchley to

be

seem show

crowded
who TERRIER knowledge

their at

for ships these

nearly needs quality

as of has

afforded

Camel looking cats

are the

and

tail often
reaches as

It beavers

noises Both Its

Zambesi female and

BEAR to is

chase

it known

NDRI

and this these

bison HORSES great

some of

plague

lemurs I

It ditch and

There white

Alpine monkeys them

the V but
agate of

haunt but

the Photo

ten found recesses

bag

he PAPPAN L

past frightened

They long lying

new animals

by S
up situation

The of

marten the and

Prairie

wolf

ground
Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.

More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge

connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and

personal growth every day!

ebookname.com