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.
fishing stations. In 1629 the name of New Hampshire was given to the
province. Very soon Massachusetts began to urge her rights to the
district north of the Merrimac.
22. On the 14th of April, 1642, New Hampshire was united with
Massachusetts. The law restricting the rights of citizenship to church
members was not extended over the new province, for the people of
Portsmouth and Dover belonged to the Church of England. New
Hampshire was the only colony east of the Hudson not originally
founded by the Puritans. The union continued in force until 1679,
when New Hampshire was separated from the jurisdiction of
Massachusetts, and organized as a distinct royal province. Edward
Cranfield was chosen governor.
23. Before his arrival the sawyers and lumbermen of the Piscataqua
convened a general assembly at Portsmouth. A resolution was
passed by the representatives that no act, law, or ordinance should
be valid unless made by the assembly and approved by the people.
When the king heard of this resolution he declared it to be both
wicked and absurd.
24. Of all the colonies, New Hampshire suffered most from the
Indian wars. Her settlements were constantly exposed to savage
invasion. During King Philip's War the suffering along the frontier
was very great. In the wars of William, Anne, and George the
province was visited with devastation and ruin. But in the intervals of
peace the spirits of the people revived, and the hardy settlers
returned to their wasted farms. Out of these conflicts and trials came
that sturdy race of pioneers who bore such a heroic part in the
contests of after years.
 CHAPTER XVII.
New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

T
HE history of New Jersey begins with the founding of
Elizabethtown, in 1664. As early as 1618, a trading-station had
been established at Bergen; but forty years passed before
permanent dwellings were built in that neighborhood.
2. The territory of New Jersey was included in the
grant made to the duke of York. In 1664 that Claims to New
Jersey.
portion of the province lying between the Hudson
and the Delaware, extending as far north as forty-one degrees and
forty minutes, was assigned to Lord Berkeley and Sir George
Carteret. Just after the conquest, a company of Puritans received a
grant of land on Newark Bay. The Indian titles were purchased; in
the following October a village was begun and named Elizabethtown.
3. In August of 1665 Philip Carteret arrived as governor.
Elizabethtown was made the capital of the colony; Newark was
founded; flourishing hamlets appeared on the shores of the bay as
far south as Sandy Hook. In honor of Sir George Carteret, who had
been governor of the Isle of Jersey, his American domain was named
New Jersey. In 1668 the first assembly convened at Elizabethtown.
The representatives were Puritans, and the laws of New England
were repeated in the legislation of the colony.
4. After the conquest of New York by the Dutch, and the restoration
of the province to England, the duke of York received from the king
a second patent for the country between the Connecticut and the
Delaware. At the same time he confirmed his former grant of New
Jersey to Berkeley and Carteret. But soon afterwards Sir Edmund
Andros was appointed royal governor of the whole country. Carteret
defended his claim against Andros; but Berkeley sold his interest in
New Jersey to John Fenwick, to be held in trust for Edward Byllinge,
who after a time made an assignment of his property to Gawen
Laurie, Nicholas Lucas, and William Penn.
5. These men were Quakers. Here, then, was an
opportunity to establish an asylum for the Division of New
Jersey.
persecuted Friends. Penn and his associates
applied to Sir George Carteret for a division of the province. It was
accordingly agreed to divide New Jersey so that Carteret's district
should be separated from that of the Quakers. The line of division
was drawn from the southern point of land on the east side of Little
Egg Harbor to a point on the Delaware in the latitude of forty-one
degrees and forty minutes. The territory lying east of this line
remained to Sir George as sole proprietor, and was named East
Jersey; while that portion lying between the line and the Delaware
was called West Jersey, and passed under the control of Penn.
 Middle Colonies.
6. Early in the following March the Quaker proprietors published a
code of laws called The Concessions. The constitution rivaled the
charter of Connecticut in the liberality of its principles. The authors
of the instrument then addressed the Quakers of England,
recommending the province and inviting immigration. Before the end
of the year a colony of more than four hundred Friends found homes
in West Jersey. An effort was now made by the proprietors of East
Jersey to secure a deed of release from the duke of York. The
petition was granted, and the whole territory was freed from foreign
authority.
7. In November of 1681 Jennings, the deputy-governor of West
Jersey, convened the first general assembly. The Quakers now met
together to make their own laws. The Concessions were reaffirmed.
Men of all races and religions were declared to be equal.
Imprisonment for debt was forbidden. The sale of ardent spirits to
the Red men was prohibited. Taxes should be voted by the
representatives of the people. The lands of the Indians should be
acquired by purchase. Finally, a criminal might be pardoned by the
person against whom the offense was committed.
8. In 1682 William Penn and eleven other Friends
purchased the province of East Jersey. The whole Quakers
purchase East
of New Jersey was now held by the Friends. In Jersey.
1685 James II. appointed Edmund Andros royal
governor of the colonies from Maine to Delaware. In 1688 the
Jerseys were brought under his jurisdiction. When the news came of
the abdication of the English monarch, Andros could do nothing but
surrender to the indignant people.
9. But the condition of New Jersey was deplorable. It was almost
impossible to tell to whom the territory rightfully belonged. Finally, in
April of 1702, all proprietary claims being waived in favor of the king,
the territory between the Hudson and the Delaware became a royal
province.
10. New Jersey was now attached to the government of Lord
Cornbury of New York. But each province retained its own legislative
assembly and a distinct organization. This method of government
continued for thirty-six years, and was then ended by the action of
the people. In 1728 the representatives of New Jersey sent a
petition to George II., praying for a separation of the two colonies.
Ten years later the effort was renewed and brought to a successful
issue. New Jersey was made independent, and Lewis Morris received
a commission as royal governor of the province.
11. The Quakers were greatly encouraged with the
success of their colonies in New Jersey. For more New Jersey a
Royal Province.
than a quarter of a century they had been buffeted
with persecutions. But imprisonment and exile had not abated their
zeal. The benevolent spirit of Penn urged him to find for his people
an asylum in the New World. In June of 1680 he appealed to King
Charles for the privilege of founding a Quaker commonwealth in
America.
12. The petition was heard with favor. On the 5th
of March, 1681, a charter was granted by Charles Pennsylvania.
II., and William Penn became the proprietor of
Pennsylvania. The vast domain embraced under the new patent was
bounded on the east by the Delaware, extended north and south
over three degrees of latitude, and westward through five degrees of
longitude. The three counties of Delaware were reserved for the
duke of York. Within a month from the date of his charter, Penn
published a glowing account of his new country, promising freedom
of conscience, and inviting emigration. During the summer three
shiploads of Quakers left England for the land of promise.
13. During the winter of 1681-82, Penn drew up a constitution for
his people. In the mean time, the duke of York had surrendered his
claim to the three counties on the Delaware. The whole country on
the west bank of the river, from Cape Henlopen to the forty-third
degree of latitude, was now transferred to Penn, who, with a large
company of emigrants, landed at New Castle on the 27th of October,
1682.
14. William Penn was born on the 14th of October,
1644. He was the oldest son of Sir William Penn of William Penn.
the British navy. At the age of twelve he was sent
to the University of Oxford, where he distinguished himself as a
student until he was expelled on account of his religion. Afterwards
he traveled on the Continent, and then became a student of law at
London. For a while he was a soldier, and was then converted to the
Quaker faith. His father drove him out of doors, but he was not to be
turned from his course. He proclaimed the doctrines of the Friends;
was arrested and imprisoned, first in the Tower of London, and
afterward at Newgate. Despairing of toleration in England, he cast
his gaze across the Atlantic. West Jersey was purchased;
Pennsylvania was granted by King Charles; and now Penn himself
arrived in America to found a government on the basis of peace.
 William Penn.
15. The Quaker governor delivered an affectionate
address to the crowd of Swedes, Dutch, and Treaty of
Shackamaxon.
English who came to greet him. His pledges of a liberal government
were renewed, and the people were exhorted to sobriety and
honesty. Friendly relations were established between the Friends and
Red men. A great conference, appointed with the sachems of the
neighboring tribes, was held on the banks of the Delaware. Penn
declared his brotherly affection for the Indians. Standing before
them, clad in the simple garb of the Quakers, he said:—"My Friends:
We have met on the broad pathway of good faith. We are all one
flesh and blood. Being brethren, no advantage shall be taken on
either side. When disputes arise, we will settle them in council.
Between us there shall be nothing but openness and love." The
chiefs replied: "While the rivers run and the sun shines we will live in
peace with the children of William Penn." And the treaty was
sacredly kept. The Quaker hat and coat proved to be a better
defense than coat-of-mail and musket.
16. In February of 1683 the native chestnuts, walnuts and elms were
blazed to indicate the lines of the streets, and Philadelphia was
founded. Within a month a general assembly was in session at the
new capital. A democratic form of government was adopted. The
growth of Philadelphia was astonishing. In 1683 there were only
three or four houses. In 1685 the city contained six hundred houses;
the schoolmaster had come, and the printing-press had begun its
work. In another year Philadelphia had outgrown New York. In
August of 1684 Penn took leave of his colony and sailed for England.
17. Nothing occurred to disturb the peace of
Pennsylvania until the secession of Delaware in Secession of
Delaware.
1691. The three lower counties, which had been
united on terms of equality with the six counties of Pennsylvania,
became dissatisfied with some acts of the assembly and insisted on
a separation. The proprietor gave consent; Delaware withdrew from
the union, and received a separate deputy-governor.
18. In December of 1699 Penn visited his American commonwealth,
and drew up another constitution, more liberal than the first. But
Delaware would not accept the new form of government. In 1702
the assemblies of the two provinces sat apart; and in the following
year Delaware and Pennsylvania were finally separated.
19. In July of 1718 the founder of Pennsylvania sank to rest. His
estates, vast and valuable, were bequeathed to his three sons, John,
Thomas, and Richard. By them, or their deputies, Pennsylvania was
governed until the American Revolution. In the year 1779 the claims
of the Penn family were purchased by the legislature of Pennsylvania
for a hundred and thirty thousand pounds.
20. The colonial history of the State founded by Penn is one of
special interest and pleasure. It is a narrative of the victories of
peace, and of the triumph of peaceful principles over violence and
wrong. It is doubtful whether the history of any other colony in the
world is touched with so many traits of innocence and truth. "I will
found a free colony for all mankind," were the words of William
Penn. How well his work was done shall be told when the bells of his
capital city shall ring out the glad notes of American Independence.
 CHAPTER XVIII.
Maryland and North Carolina.

C
APTAIN John Smith was the first white man to explore the
Chesapeake. In 1621 William Clayborne, an English surveyor, was
sent out by the London Company to make a map of the country
around the bay. By the second charter of Virginia that province
included all of the present State of Maryland. To explore and occupy
the country was an enterprise of the highest importance to the
Virginians. In May of 1631 Clayborne was authorized to survey the
country as far north as the forty-first degree of latitude, and to
establish a trade with the Indians. In the spring of 1632 he began
his important work.
2. The enterprise was attended with success. A
trading-post was established on Kent Island, and First Posts in
Maryland.
another near Havre de Grace. The Chesapeake was
explored and a trade opened with the natives. The limits of Virginia
were about to be extended to the borders of New Netherland. But,
in the mean time, religious persecutions were preparing the way for
the foundation of a new State in the wilderness. Sir George Calvert,
a Catholic nobleman of Yorkshire, better known by his title of Lord
Baltimore, was destined to become the founder.
3. In 1629 he made a visit to Virginia. The general assembly offered
him citizenship, but required such an oath of allegiance as no honest
Catholic could take. Lord Baltimore thereupon left the narrow-
minded legislators; returned to London; drew up a charter for a new
State on the Chesapeake, and induced King Charles to sign it.
4. The provisions of the charter were ample. No preference was
given to any particular religion. The lives and property of the
colonists were carefully guarded. Arbitrary taxation was forbidden.
The power of making the laws was conceded to the freemen of the
colony.
5. Before the patent could receive the seal of state,
Sir George Calvert died. His title descended to his Lord
Baltimore's
son Cecil; and the charter was issued to him on the Charter.
20th of June, 1632. In honor of Henrietta Maria,
wife of Charles I., the name of Maryland was conferred on the new
province. In the fall of 1633 a colony numbering two hundred
persons was collected. Leonard Calvert, a brother of Cecil, was
appointed to accompany the colonists to America.
 Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore.
6. In March of 1634 the immigrants arrived at Old Point Comfort.
They proceeded up the bay and ascended the Potomac. Finding a
half-deserted Indian village at the mouth of the St. Mary's, the
English moved into the vacant huts. The rest of the town was
purchased; and the name of St. Mary's was given to the colony.
Friendly relations were established with the natives. The Indian
women taught the wives of the English how to make cornbread, and
the warriors instructed the colonists in the art of hunting. There was
neither anxiety nor want in the colony. Within six months the
settlement had grown into greater prosperity than Jamestown had
reached in as many years.
7. In 1639 a representative government was established in Maryland.
Hitherto a system of democracy had prevailed; each freeman had
been allowed a vote in determining the laws. When the new
delegates came together, a declaration of rights was adopted. All the
liberal principles of the colonial patent were reaffirmed. The rights of
citizenship were declared to be the same as those of the people of
England.
8. In 1642 Indian hostilities were begun on the Potomac. But the
settlements of Maryland were compact, and no great suffering was
occasioned. In 1644 the savages agreed to bury the hatchet and to
renew the pledges of friendship.
9. In 1650 the legislature of Maryland was divided into two
branches. The rights of Lord Baltimore were defined by law. An act
was passed declaring that no taxes should be levied without the
consent of the assembly. Such was the condition of affairs in the
colony of Maryland when the Commonwealth was established in
England.
10. In 1651 parliamentary commissioners came to
America to assume control of Maryland. Stone, the Conflict with
Parliament.
deputy of Baltimore, was deposed from office; but
in the following year he was permitted to resume the government.
In April of 1653 he published a proclamation, declaring that the
recent interference had been a rebellion. Clayborne thereupon
collected a force in Virginia, drove Stone out of office, and directed
the government himself.
11. In 1654 a Protestant assembly was convened at Patuxent. The
supremacy of Cromwell was acknowledged, and the Catholics were
deprived of the protection of the laws. Civil war ensued. Governor
Stone armed the militia, and seized the records of the colony. A
battle was fought near Annapolis, and the Catholics were defeated,
with a loss of fifty men. Stone was taken prisoner, but was saved
from death by the friendship of some of the insurgents. Three of the
Catholics were tried and executed.
12. After the death of Cromwell, Maryland was declared
independent. On the 12th of March, 1660, the rights of Lord
Baltimore were set aside, and the whole power of government was
assumed by the House of Burgesses. On the restoration of monarchy
the Baltimores were again recognized, and Philip Calvert was sent
out as governor. From 1675 to 1691 Charles Calvert was governor of
Maryland.
13. On the 1st of June, 1691, the charter of Lord Baltimore was
taken away and a royal governor appointed. The Episcopal Church
was established by law. Religious toleration was abolished and the
government administered on despotic principles. This condition of
affairs continued until 1715, when Queen Anne restored the heir of
Lord Baltimore to the rights of his family. Maryland remained under
the authority of the Calverts until the Revolution.
14. The first effort to colonize North Carolina was
made by Sir Walter Raleigh. In 1630 the country Settlement of
the Carolinas.
was granted to Sir Robert Heath. But, after thirty-
three years, the patent was revoked by the English king. The name
of Carolina had been given to the country by John Ribault, in 1562.
The first actual settlement was made on the Chowan about the year
1651. In 1661 a company of Puritans settled on Oldtown Creek. In
1663 Lord Clarendon, and seven other noblemen, received a grant of
all the country between the thirty-sixth parallel and the river St.
John's.
15. The work of preparing a frame of government for the new
province was assigned to Sir Ashley Cooper. The philosopher John
Locke was employed by him and his associates to prepare the
constitution. From March until July of 1669, Locke worked away in
drawing up a plan which he called The Grand Model. It contained one
hundred and twenty articles; and this was but the beginning! The
empire of Carolina was divided into districts of four hundred and
eighty thousand acres each. The offices were divided between two
grand orders of nobility.
16. All attempts to establish the new government ended in failure.
But the settlers had meanwhile learned to govern themselves. They
grew prosperous by trading in staves and furs; and when this traffic
was exhausted, they began to remove to other settlements.
17. The people of the colony were greatly oppressed with taxes. The
trade with New England alone was weighed down with an annual
duty of twelve thousand dollars. A gloomy opposition to the
government prevailed; and when, in 1676, large numbers of
refugees from Virginia arrived in Carolina, the discontent was kindled
into an insurrection. The people seized Governor Miller and his
council, and established a new government of their own. John
Culpepper, the leader of the insurgents, was chosen governor. In
1679 Miller and his associates escaped from confinement and went
to London. Governor Culpepper, who followed to defend himself, was
seized, indicted for treason, tried, and acquitted. After a time new
settlers came from Virginia and Maryland—Quakers from New
England, Huguenots from France, and peasants from Switzerland.
18. The Indians of North Carolina gradually wasted
away. Some of the nations were already extinct. Indian
Troubles.
The lands of the savages had passed to the whites,
sometimes by purchase, sometimes by fraud. Of all the tribes of the
Carolinas, only the Corees and the Tuscaroras were still formidable.
These grew jealous and went to war with the whites.
19. On the night of the 22d of September, 1711, the savages fell
upon the scattered settlements and murdered a hundred and thirty
persons. Civil dissensions prevented the authorities from adopting
vigorous measures of defence. But Colonel Barnwell came from
South Carolina with a company of militia and friendly Indians; and
the savages were driven into their fort. A treaty of peace was made;
but, on their way homeward, Barnwell's men sacked an Indian
village, and the war was at once renewed.
20. In the next year, Colonel Moore of South Carolina arrived with a
regiment of whites and Indians, and the Tuscaroras were pursued to
their fort, which was carried by assault. Eight hundred warriors were
taken prisoners. The power of the hostile nation was broken; and
the Tuscaroras, abandoning their hunting-grounds, marched across
Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, joined their kinsmen of New
York, and became the sixth nation of the Iroquois.
21. In 1729 a separation was effected between the
two Carolinas, and a royal governor was appointed Separation of
the Carolinas.
over each. In spite of many reverses, the northern
colony had greatly prospered. Intellectual development had not been
as rapid as the growth in numbers and wealth. Little attention had
been given to questions of religion. There was no minister in the
province until 1703. Two years later the first church was built. The
printing-press did not begin its work until 1754. But the people were
brave and patriotic. They loved their country, and called it the Land
of Summer.
 CHAPTER XIX.
South Carolina and Georgia.

I
N January of 1670 the proprietors of Carolina sent out a colony
under command of Joseph West and William Sayle. On the first
high land upon the southern bank of the Ashley River were laid the
foundations of Old Charleston, named in honor of Charles II. Sayle
had been commissioned as governor of the colony, and he at once
assumed control.
2. In 1671 he died, and West entered upon the
duties of the vacant office. In a few months Sir Introduction of
Slaves.
John Yeamans, who had been governor of the
northern province, was commissioned as chief magistrate of the
southern colony. He brought with him to Ashley River a cargo of
African slaves. Thus the labor of the black man was substituted for
the labor of the white man, and in less than two years slavery was
firmly established. The importation of negroes went on so rapidly
that soon the negroes were twice as numerous as the white men.
3. During the year 1671 the country was rapidly filled with people.
Fertile lands were abundant. Wars and pestilence had almost
destroyed the native tribes. The proprietors of Carolina sent several
ships to New York, loaded them with the discontented people of that
province, and brought them to Charleston. Charles II. collected a
company of Protestant refugees in Europe, and sent them to
Carolina to introduce the silk-worm and to cultivate the grape.
4. In 1680 the present city of Charleston was founded. Thirty
dwellings were erected during the first summer. The village
immediately became the capital of the colony. The unhealthy climate
retarded the progress of the new town, but the people were full of
life and enterprise.
5. England, France, Scotland, and Ireland sent
colonies to South Carolina. Especially did the French
Huguenots.
French Huguenots come in great numbers, for they
were now persecuted in their own country. They were met by the
proprietors with a promise of citizenship; but the promise was not
well kept, for the general assembly claimed the right of fixing the
conditions of naturalization. Not until 1697 were all discriminations
against the French immigrants removed.
6. In April of 1693 the proprietors of Carolina annulled the Grand
Model, and Thomas Smith was appointed governor. He was soon
superseded by John Archdale, a distinguished Quaker, under whose
administration the colony entered upon a new career of prosperity.
The quit-rents on lands were remitted for four years. The Indians
were conciliated with kindness, and the Huguenots protected in their
rights. It was a real misfortune when, in 1698, the good governor
was recalled to England.
7. James Moore was next commissioned as chief magistrate. In
December of 1705 he led an expedition against the Indians. On the
14th of the month the invaders reached a fortified town near St.
Mark's. The place was carried by assault, and more than two
hundred prisoners were taken. On the next day Moore's forces
defeated a large body of Indians and Spaniards. Five towns were
carried in succession, and the English flag was borne to the Gulf of
Mexico.
8. In the first year of Governor Johnson's administration, an act was
passed disfranchising all dissenters from the English Church, but
Parliament voted that the act was contrary to the laws of England. In
November of the same year the colonial legislature revoked the law;
but Episcopalianism continued to be the established faith of the
province.
9. In the spring of 1715 the Yamassees rose upon
the frontier settlements and committed an The Yamassee
War.
atrocious massacre. The desperate savages came
within a short distance of the capital, and the whole colony was
threatened with destruction. But Governor Craven rallied the militia,
and the savages were pursued to the banks of the Salkehatchie.
Here a decisive battle was fought, and the Indians were completely
routed. The Yamassees collected their tribe and retired into Florida.
10. At the close of the war the assembly petitioned the proprietors
to bear a portion of the expense. But they refused, and would take
no measures for the protection of the colony. The people, greatly
burdened with rents and taxes, grew dissatisfied with the proprietary
government. In the new election every delegate was chosen by the
popular party. When James Moore, the new chief magistrate elected
by the people, was to be inaugurated, Governor Johnson tried to
prevent the ceremony. But the militia collected in the public square,
and before nightfall the government of Carolina was overthrown.
Governor Moore, the people's choice, was duly inaugurated in the
name of King George I.
11. Still another change in colonial affairs was now
at hand. In 1729 seven of the proprietors of Becomes a
Royal Province.
Carolina sold their claims in the province to the
king. The sum paid by George II. for the two colonies was twenty-
two thousand five hundred pounds. Royal governors were appointed,
and the affairs of the province were settled on a permanent basis.
12. The people who colonized South Carolina were brave and
chivalrous. The Huguenot, the Scotch Presbyterian, the English
dissenter, the Irish adventurer, and the Dutch mechanic, composed
the material of the Palmetto State. Equally with the Puritans of the
North, the South Carolinians were lovers of liberty. The people
became the leaders in politeness and honor between man and man.
13. Georgia, the thirteenth American colony, was
founded by James Oglethorpe, an English Georgia
Chartered.
philanthropist. The laws of England permitted
imprisonment for debt. Thousands of English laborers were annually
arrested and thrown into jail. In order to provide a refuge for the
poor and the distressed, Oglethorpe appealed to George II. for the
privilege of planting a colony in America. The petition was favorably
heard, and on the 9th of June, 1732, a charter was issued by which
the territory between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers, and
westward to the Pacific, was granted to a corporation, to be held in
trust for the poor. In honor of the king, the new province was
named Georgia.
14. Oglethorpe, who was a brave soldier and a
member of Parliament, was the principal member Savannah
Founded.
of the corporation. To him was entrusted the
leadership of the first colony to be planted on the Savannah. By the
middle of November a hundred and twenty emigrants were ready to
sail for the New World. In January of 1733 the company was
welcomed at Charleston. Further south the colonists entered the
river, and on the 1st of February laid the foundations of Savannah.
 James Oglethorpe.
15. The chief of the Yamacraws came from his cabin to see the new-
comers. "Here is a present for you," said he to Oglethorpe. The
present was a buffalo robe painted with the head and feathers of an
eagle. "The feathers are soft, and signify love; the buffalo skin is the
emblem of protection. Therefore love us and protect us," said the
old chieftain. Seeing the advantages of peace, Oglethorpe invited a
council at his capital. The conference was held on the 29th of May.
Long King, the sachem, spoke for all the tribes. The English were
welcomed to the country. Gifts were made, and the governor
responded with words of friendship.

Oglethorpe and the Yamacraw Chief.

16. The councilors in England encouraged emigration. Swiss
peasants, Scotch Highlanders, and German Protestants all found a
home on the Savannah. In April of 1734, Oglethorpe made a visit to
England. It was said in London that no colony was ever before
founded so wisely as Georgia. The councilors prohibited the
importation of rum. Traffic with the Indians was regulated by a
license. Slavery was positively forbidden. While the governor was still
abroad, a company of Moravians arrived at Savannah.
17. In February of 1736 Oglethorpe came back with
a colony of three hundred. These were also Coming of the
Missionaries.
Moravians, people of deep piety and fervent spirit.
First among them was John Wesley, the founder of Methodism. He
came to Georgia to spread the gospel and convert the Indians. But
he was doomed to much disappointment in his work; and after a
residence of less than two years he left the colony. His brother,
Charles Wesley, came also as a secretary to Governor Oglethorpe. In
1738 the famous George Whitefield came, and preached with fiery
eloquence through all the colonies.
18. Meanwhile, Oglethorpe, anticipating war with Florida, began to
fortify. All of Georgia was embraced in the Spanish claim. But
Oglethorpe had a charter for the territory as far south as the
Altamaha. In 1736 he ascended the Savannah and built a fort at
Augusta. On the north bank of the Altamaha, he built Fort Darien.
On St. Simon's Island a fortress was erected and named Frederica.
The St. John's was claimed from this time forth as the southern
boundary of Georgia. The governor again visited England, and
returned with a regiment of troops.
19. In October, 1739, England published a
declaration of war against Spain. In the first week War with
Spanish Florida.
of the following January, Oglethorpe invaded
Florida, and captured two fortified towns. Soon, with a force of more
than a thousand men, he marched against St. Augustine, but after a
siege of five weeks was compelled to withdraw.
20. The Spaniards now determined to carry the war into Georgia. In
June of 1742 a fleet of thirty-six vessels, carrying more than three
thousand troops, sailed from St. Augustine for the reduction of Fort
William on Cumberland Island. But Oglethorpe reinforced the
garrison, and then fell back to Frederica. The Spanish vessels
followed. From the southern point of the island to Frederica,
Oglethorpe had cut a road which lay between a morass and a forest.
The Spaniards must pass along this path to attack the town.
21. The English general posted his men between the swamp and the
forest. On the 7th of July the enemy reached the pass, were fired on
from the thicket, and driven back in confusion. The main body of the
Spanish forces pressed on into the same position, stood firm for a
while, but were presently routed with the loss of two hundred men.
The name of Bloody Marsh was given to this battlefield. Within a
week the whole Spanish force reembarked and sailed for Florida.
22. The colony of Georgia was now firmly established. In 1743
Oglethorpe departed for England, after having devoted ten years to
the colony. He had never owned a house nor possessed an acre of
ground in the province.
23. The regulations which the councilors for
Georgia had adopted were poorly suited to the Georgia a Royal
Province.
wants of the colony. The settlers had no titles to
their lands. Estates could descend only to the oldest sons of families.
The colonists charged their poverty to the fact that slave-labor was
forbidden in the province. The proprietary laws became unpopular.
The statute excluding slavery was not enforced. Slaves began to be
hired, first for short terms of service, then for longer periods, then
for one hundred years. Finally, slaves were brought directly from
Africa and sold to the planters below the Savannah.
24. The new order of things was acknowledged by the councilors;
and in June of 1752 they surrendered their patent to the king. A
royal government was established over the country, and the people
were granted the freedom of Englishmen. For some time the
progress of the colony was not equal to the expectations of its
founder, but before the Revolution Georgia had become a growing
province.