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Optics 4th ed Edition A. Ghatak Digital Instant Download
Author(s): A. Ghatak
ISBN(s): 9780070262157, 0070262152
Edition: 4th ed
File Details: PDF, 40.48 MB
Year: 2009
Language: english
 Ajoy Ghatak
Emeritus Professor
Department of Physics
Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi

Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited

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 The first laser was fabricated in 1960, and since then there has been a renaissance in the field of optics. From optical
amplifiers to laser physics, fiber optics to optical communications, optical data processing to holography, optical sensors to
DVD technology, ultra-short pulse generation to super continuum generation, optics now finds important applications in
almost all branches of science and engineering. In addition to numerous practical applications of optics, it is said that it was
the quest to understand the `nature of light' that had brought about the two revolutions in science: the development of
quantum mechanics started with an attempt to understand the `light quanta' and the starting point of the special theory of
relativity was Maxwell's equations which synthesized the laws of electricity and magnetism with that of light. Because of all
this, an undergraduate course in optics has become a `must' not only for students of physics but of engineering as well.
Although it is impossible to cover all areas in one single book, this book attempts to give a comprehensive account of a large
number of important topics in this exciting field and should meet the requirements of a course on optics meant for
undergraduate students of science and engineering.
The first edition of this book appeared in 1977 and it is indeed a matter of great satisfaction that during the past 31 years,
the book has been received well by the academic community in India; the first edition also got translated into Chinese and
Persian and the third edition got reprinted in Singapore. I have myself used this book several times in teaching the
undergraduate course on Optics to engineering students as well as to students of Engineering Physics at ITT, Delhi and have
felt the necessity of rewriting certain portions of the book. Thus, while preparing the present edition of the book, extensive
revisions have been made - a few chapters have been added and a number of new topics have been introduced.

New to the Edition

A summary of changes in the content of the book are given below.
• The book now starts with a large number of coloured photographs portraying interesting topics in Optics and a new
chapter (Chapter 1 on History of Optics) that tracks the evolution of this subject.
• Significant revisions made in Chapter 2 on What is Light and new figures integrated in Chapter 3 on Fermat's Principle
and its Application make the presentation more clear.
• Chapter 9 on Dirac Delta Function and Fourier Transform is a new chapter that covers representations of the Dirac
delta function, Fourier integral theorem; and two and three dimensional Fourier transforms; these are very important for
understanding the field of Fourier Optics.
• In Chapter 15 on Interference by Division of Amplitude, figures have been replaced and the section on Fiber Bragg
Gratings has been rewritten. Chapter 18 on Fraunhofer Diffraction: I has been rewritten with inclusion of new figures
and Chapter 19 on Fraunhofer Diffraction: II and Fourier Optics is new to this edition.
• Chapter 22 on Polarization and Double Refraction and Chapter 25 on The Particle Nature of Radiation have been
revised with addition of new figures.
• 10 additional figures for Chapter 26 on Lasers: An Introduction form the new highlights of this chapter.
• Chapters 27, 28 and 29 are three new chapters, written on fiber optics and waveguide theory - an area which has,
during the last 35 years, revolutionized communications. These chapters focus on Basic Concepts and Ray Optics
Considerations, Basic Waveguide Theory and Concept of Modes and Single Mode Fibers.
I may mention that my own research interests are in the general area of fiber optics and I have found that there are many
beautiful experiments in fiber optics (not very difficult to set up) which not only allow us to understand difficult concepts but
vi Preface to the Fourth Edition

they also find very important applications. For example, the working of a Fiber Bragg Grating is a striking application of the
interference phenomenon and finds important applications in sensors and other optical devices. Similarly, the prism film
coupling experiment allows us to understand the concept of quantization and the Faraday rotation in optical fibers finds
important application in the industry. Further, an almost monochromatic laser pulse propagating through a special optical
fiber can lead to the `awesome' super-continuum generation. There are many such examples and in the revised edition, I have
included some of them.

Organization of the Book

The book attempts to give a balanced account of traditional optics as well as some of the recent developments in this field.
The plan of the book is as follows:
• Very often, a good photograph clarifies an important concept and also makes the student interested in the subject. It is
with this intention that we have started the book with a few colored photographs that describe important concepts in
optics.
• 'The first chapter of the book gives a brief history of the development of optics. I have always felt that one must have
a perspective of the evolution of the subject that he (or she) wants to learn. Optics is such a vast area that it is extremely
difficult to give a historical perspective of all the areas; as such, I may have missed names of persons who have made
important contributions. Fortunately there is now a wealth of information available through the Internet; I have included
a large number of references to various books and websites. I have highlighted the evolution of fiber optics and related
areas, and the names of many individuals who have made important contributions to the growth of optics.
• The second chapter gives a brief historical evolution of different models describing the nature of light. It starts with the
corpuscular model of light and then discusses the evolution of the wave model and the electromagnetic character of
light waves. Then we have a discussion of the early twentieth century experiments, which could only be explained by
assuming particle nature of light, and ends with a discussion as to how we reconcile to `wave-particle duality'.
• Chapters 3 to 6 are on geometrical optics. Chapter 3 starts with Fermat's principle and discusses ray tracing through
graded-index media explaining in detail the phenomena of mirage and looming, ray propagation through graded index
optical waveguides and also reflection from the ionosphere. Chapter 4 is on ray tracing in lens systems and Chapter 5
is on the matrix method in paraxial optics, which is used in the industry. Chapter 6 gives a brief account of aberrations.
• Chapters 7 to 12 discuss the origin of refractive index and the basic physics of wave propagation including Huygens '
principle. Many interesting experiments (like the redness of the setting sun, water waves, etc.) are discussed. The
concept of group velocity and the dispersion of an optical pulse as it propagates through a dispersive medium have been
discussed in detail. Self Phase Modulation (usually abbreviated as SPM), which is one of the phenomena leading to the
super-continuum generation, has also been explained.
• Chapters 13 to 16 cover the very important and fascinating area of interference and many beautiful experiments
associated with it - the underlying principle is the superposition principle, which is discussed in Chapter 13. Chapter 14
discusses interference by division of wave front including the famous Young 's double hole interference experiment. In
Chapter 15, interference by division of amplitude is discussed which allows us to understand colors of thin films and
applications like non-reflecting films, etc. The basic principle of the working of the Fiber Bragg Gratings (usually
abbreviated as FBG) is discussed along with some of its important applications in the industry. In the same chapter,
Michelson Interferometer is also discussed which is perhaps one of the most ingenious and sensational optical
instrument for which Michelson received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1907. Chapter 16 discusses the Fabry - Perot
interferometer that is based on multiple beam interference and is characterized by a high resolving power and hence
finds applications in high-resolution spectroscopy.
• Chapter 17 discusses the basic concept of temporal and spatial coherence. The ingenious experiment of Michelson,
which used the concept of spatial coherence to determine the angular diameter of stars, has been discussed in detail.
Topics like optical beats and Fourier transform spectroscopy have also been discussed.
• Chapters 18, 19 and 20 cover the very important area of diffraction and discuss the principle behind topics like
diffraction divergence of laser beams, resolving power of telescopes, laser focusing, X-ray diffraction, Fourier optics
and spatial frequency filtering, etc.
• Chapter 21 is on holography giving the underlying principle and many applications. Dennis Gabor received the 1971
Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the principle of holography.
 Preface to the Fourth Edition vii

• The next three chapters are on the electromagnetic character of light waves. Chapter 22 discusses the polarization
phenomenon and propagation of electromagnetic waves in anisotropic media including first principle derivations of
wave and ray velocities. Phenomena like optical activity and Faraday rotation (and its applications to measuring large
currents) have been explained from first principles. In Chapter 23, starting with Maxwell's equations, the wave equation
has been derived which had led Maxwell to predict the existence of electromagnetic waves and also to propound that
light is an electromagnetic wave. Reflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves by a dielectric interface have been
discussed in Chapter 24. Results derived in this chapter directly explain phenomena like Brewster's law, total internal
reflection, evanescent waves, Fabry-Perot transmission resonances, etc.
• Chapter 25 is on the particle nature of radiation - for which Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize. The chapter also
discusses the Compton Effect (for which Compton received the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics), which established that
the photon has a momentum equal to h/1..
• Chapter 26 is on Lasers - a subject of tremendous technological importance. The basic physics of optical amplifiers and
of lasers along with their special characteristics are also discussed.
• The last three chapters are on waveguide theory and Fiber Optics - an area that has revolutionized communications and
find important applications in sensor technology. Chapter 27 discusses the light guidance property of the optical fiber
(using ray optics) with applications in fiber optic communication systems. The chapter also gives a very brief account
of fiber-optic sensors. Chapter 28 discusses basic waveguide theory with Maxwell's equations as the starting point. The
last chapter discusses the propagation characteristics of single mode optical fibers, which are now extensively used in
optical communication systems.
In summary, the book discusses some of the important topics that have made tremendous impact in the growth of science
and technology.

Salient Features of the Book

• A large number of figures correspond to actual numerical calculations which were generated using software like
GNUPLOT and Mathematica. There are also some diagrams which give a three dimensional perspective of the
phenomenon.
• Every chapter starts with important milestones in the area. This would give a historical perspective of the topic.
• All important formulae have been derived from first principles so that the book can also be used for self study.
• Numerous worked out examples are scattered throughout the book, this should help clarify difficult concepts.
• Each chapter ends with , a summary of important results derived in the chapter. Problems for practice reinforce
understanding of concepts. Also, references and suggested readings give the reader leads to avail more information.
• Appendices include Gamma Functions and integrals involving Gaussian Functions, Diffraction of a Gaussian Beam
and TE and TM modes in Planar Waveguides.

Explore the Web

A website accompanies this book to provide additional resources for learning and teaching. Supplements available in
electronic form include articles on Optical Instruments for the students and Solution Manual and chapter wise PowerPoint
Slides for the instructors.
I dedicate this book to my students: my continuous interactions with them have led to a deeper understanding of optics.
I end with the quotation (which I found in a book by G.L. Squires): I have learnt much from my teachers, but more from my
pupils. To all my pupils, I owe a very special debt.
I will be very grateful to receive suggestions for further improvement of the book. My email addresses are
[email protected] _and [email protected] .

Acknowledgements

At IIT, Delhi, I was very fortunate to have the opportunity to interact with outstanding colleagues and students, which made
teaching any course, a pleasure and a challenge. We had the opportunity and freedom to modify and develop any course and
present it in a form, which would make the subject more interesting. That is how the present book has evolved.
it
viii Preface to the Fourth Edition

In this evolution, many persons have assisted me and provided valuable comments. I would first like to mention the name
of my very close friend and colleague, Professor Ishwar Goyal who had used earlier editions of this book many times while '
teaching Optics at IIT, Delhi and had made numerous suggestions and constructive criticisms. I am sure he would have been
very happy to see the present edition of the book but unfortunately, he is no more with us - I greatly miss my interactions
with him. I am also very grateful to Professor M.S. Sodha for his constant encouragement and support. I am indebted to
Professor K. Thyagarajan for continuous collaboration and also for letting me use some of his unpublished notes. I would like
to express my sincere thanks to Professor Arun Kumar, Professor Lalit Malhotra, Professor Bishnu Pal, Professor Anurag
Sharma and Professor K. Thyagarajan (from IIT, Delhi); Dr Kamal Dasgupta and Dr Mrinmay Pal (from CGCRI, Kolkata);
Dr Rajeev Jindal and Mr Giriraj Nyati (from Moser Baer in Noida); Professor Vengu Lakshminarayanan (from University of
Waterloo, Canada) and Professor Enakshi Sharma (now at University of Delhi, South Campus) for their help in writing some
portions of the book. My profound thanks to Dr Gouranga Bose and Dr Parthasarathi Palai (now at Tejas Networks in
Bangalore), Professor Chandra Sakher, Professor R.S. Sirohi and Dr Ravi Varshney (from IIT, Delhi); Professor Govind
Swarup (from GMRT, Pune); Dr Somnath Bandyopadhyay, Dr Shyamal Bhadra, Dr Kamal Dasgupta, Dr Tarun
Gangopadhyay, Ms Atasi Pal and Dr Mrinmay Pal (from CGCRI, Kolkata); Dr Suresh Nair (from NeST, Cochin); Mr Avinash
Pasricha (from the US Information Service at New Delhi); Professor Ajoy Kar and Dr Henry Bookey (from Heriot Watt
University, Edinburgh); Dr R.W. Terhune, Professor R.A. Phillips and Dr A.G. Chynoweth (from USA) and Dr R.E. Bailey
(from Australia) for providing me important photographs that I have used in this book. I thank Mr V.V. Bhat for providing
me literature on the contributions made by scientists and technologists in ancient India. I would also like to express my
gratitude to my other colleagues - Professor B.D. Gupta, Professor Ajit Kumar, Professor M.R. Shenoy and Professor Kehar
Singh for collaboration in research and stimulating discussions. I also thank all the authors and their publishers for allowing
me to use many diagrams from their published work.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr V. Balasubrahmanyam (from Osmania University in Hyderabad),
Dr Ramakrishna Damle (from Bangalore University), Dr R.K. Kar (from Vishwa Bharti in Shanti Niketan), Dr Sanjay Kumar
(from St. Stephen's College in Delhi), Dr N. Ramamurthy (from Annamalai University in Tamil Nadu), Dr Amarjyoti
Choudury (from Tezpur University in Assam) and Dr K. Porsezian (from Pondicherry University in Puducherry) for
reviewing the earlier edition of the book and providing very valuable suggestions. I am grateful to Professor G.I. Opat of
University of Melbourne for his invitation to attend the 1989 conference on Teaching of Optics which gave me many ideas
as to how to make difficult concepts in optics easy to understand. I extend my appreciation to Dr Sunil Khijwania, Mr Monish
Das and Mr Debasish Roy for their help in the preparation of the manuscript and drawing of some difficult diagrams. A part
of the present revision was carried out with support from Department of Science and Technology, Government of India; I
gratefully acknowledge this support. Finally, I owe a lot to my family - particularly to my wife Gopa - for allowing me
to spend long hours in preparing this difficult manuscript and for her support all along.

New Delhi Ajoy Ghatak

June 2008
Preface

1. History of Optics 1.1

References 1.15
2. What is Light? 2.1
2.1 Introduction 2.1
2.2 The Corpuscular Model 2.1
2.3 The Wave Model 2.3
2.4 The Particle Nature of Radiation 2.5
2.5 Wave Nature of Matter 2.6
2.6 The Uncertainty Principle 2.7
2.7 The Single Slit Diffraction Experiment 2.8
2.8 The Probabilistic Interpretation of Matter Waves 2.9
2.9 An Understanding of Interference Experiments 2.10
2.10 The Polarization of a Photon 2.12
2.11 The Time-energy Uncertainty Relation 2.14
Summary 2.14
Problems 2.15
Solutions 2.15
References and Suggested Readings 2.16

Part 1 Geometrical Optics

3. Fermat's Principle and Its Applications
3.1 Introduction 3.3
3.2 Laws of Reflection and Refraction from Fermat's Principle 3.4
3.3 Ray Paths in an Inhomogeneous Medium 3.8
3.4 The Ray Equation and its Solutions 3.12
3.5 Refraction of Rays at the Interface between an Isotropic Medium and an Anisotropic Medium 3.18
Summary 3.21
Problems 3.21
References and Suggested Readings 3.24
4. Refraction and Reflection by Spherical Surfaces 4.1
4.1 Introduction 4.1
4.2 Refraction at a Single Spherical Surface 4.2
4.3 Reflection by a Single Spherical Surface 4.3
4.4 The Thin Lens 4.4
4.5 The Principal FOCI and Focal Lengths of a Lens 4.5
4.6 The Newton Formula 4.7
4.7 Lateral Magnification 4.7
4.8 Aplanatic Points of a Sphere 4.8
x Contents

4.9 The Cartesian Oval 4.10

4.10 Geometrical Proof for the Existence of Aplanatic Points 4.10
4.11 The Sine Condition 4.11
Summary 4.13
Problems 4.13
References and Suggested Readings 4.14
5. The Matrix Method in Paraxial Optics 5.1'
5.1 Introduction 5.1
5.2 The Matrix Method 5.2
5.3 Unit Planes 5.7
5.4 Nodal Planes 5.8
5.5 A System of Two Thin Lenses 5.9
Summary 5.11
Problems 5.11
References and Suggested Readings 5.12
6. Aberrations 6.1
6.1 Introduction 6.1
6.2 Chromatic Aberration 6.1
6.3 Monochromatic Aberrations 6.4
Summary 6.12
Problems 6.12
References and Suggested Readings 6.13

Part 2 Vibrations and Waves

7. Simple Harmonic Motion, Forced Vibrations and Origin of Refractive Index 7.3
7.1 Introduction 7.3
7.2 Simple Harmonic Motion 7.3
7.3 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion 7.7
7.4 Forced Vibrations 7.9
7.5 Origin of Refractive Index 7.11
7.6 Rayleigh Scattering 7.15
Summary 7.16
Problems 7.16
References and Suggested Readings 7.18
8. Fourier Series and Applications 8.1
8.1 Introduction 8.1
8.2 Transverse Vibrations of a Plucked String 8.3
8.3 Application of Fourier Series in Forced Vibrations 8.5
8.4 The Fourier Integral 8.6
Summary 8.7
Problems 8.8
References and Suggested Readings 8.8
9. The Dirac Delta Function and Fourier Transforms 9.1
9.1 Introduction 9.1
9.2 Representations of the Dirac Delta Function 9.1
9.3 Integral Representation of the Delta Function 9.2
9.4 Delta Function as a Distribution 9.2
9.5 Fourier Integral Theorem 9.3
9.6 The Two and Three Dimensional Fourier Transform 9.5
Summary 9.6
Problems 9.6
 Contents xi

10. Group Velocity and Pulse Dispersion 10.1

10.1 Introduction 10.1
10.2 Group Velocity 10.1
10.3 Group Velocity of a Wave Packet 10.5
10.4 Self Phase Modulation 10.11
Summary 10.13
Problems 10.14
References and Suggested Readings 10.15
11. Wave Propagation and the Wave Equation
11.1 Introduction 11.1
11.2 Sinusoidal Waves: Concept of Frequency and Wavelength 11.3
11.3 Types of Waves 11.4
11.4 Energy Transport in Wave Motion 11.4
11.5 The One-dimensional Wave Equation 11.5
11.6 Transverse Vibrations of a Stretched String 11.6
11.7 Longitudinal Sound Waves in a Solid 11.7
11.8 Longitudinal Waves in a Gas 11.8
11.9 The General Solution of the One-dimensional Wave Equation 11.9
Summary 11:13
Problems 11.13
References and Suggested Readings 11.14
12. Huygens' Principle and Its Applications 12.1
12.1 Introduction 12.1
12.2 Huygens' Theory 12.1
12.3 Rectilinear Propagation 12.2
12.4 Application of Huygens' Principle to Study Refraction and Reflection 12.3
12.5 Huygens' Principle in Inhomogeneous Media 12,9
Summary 12.9
Problems 12.10
References and Suggested Readings 12.10_ __

Part 3 Interference
13. Superposition of Waves 13.3
13.1 Introduction 13.3
13.2 Stationary Waves on a String 13.3
13.3 Stationary Waves on a String Whose Ends are Fixed 13.5
13.4 Stationary Light Waves: Ives and Wiener's Experiments 13.6
13.5 Superposition of Two Sinusoidal Waves 13.6
13.6 The Graphical Method for Studying Superposition of Sinusoidal Waves 13.7
13.7 The Complex Representation 13.9
Summary 13.9
Problems 13.9
References and Suggested Readings 13.10
14. Two Beam Interference by Division of Wavefront 14.1
14.1 Introduction 14.1
14.2 Interference Pattern Produced on the Surface of Water 14.2
14.3 Coherence 14.5
14.4 Interference of Light Waves 14.6
14.5 The Interference Pattern 14.7
14.6 The Intensity Distribution 14.8
14.7 Fresnel's Two-mirror Arrangement 14.13
14.8 Fresnel Biprism 14.14
14.9 Interference with White Light 14.15
xii Contents

14.10 Displacement of Fringes 14.15

14.11 The Lloyd's Mirror Arrangement 14.16
14.12 Phase Change on Reflection 14.16
Summary 14.17
Problems 14.17
References and Suggested Readings 14.18
15. Interference by Division of Amplitude 15.1
15.1 Introduction 15.1
15.2 Interference by a Plane Parallel Film when Illuminated by a Plane Wave 15.2
15.3 The Cosine Law 15.3
15.4 Non-reflecting Films 15.4
15.5 High Reflectivity by Thin Film Deposition 15.7
15.6 Reflection by a Periodic Structure 15.8
15.7 Interference by a Plane Parallel Film when Illuminated by a Point Source 15.12
15.8 Interference by a Film with Two Non-parallel Reflecting Surfaces 15.14
15.9 Colours of Thin Films 15.17
15.10 Newton's Rings 15.18
15.11 The Michelson Interferometer 15.22
Summary 15.25
Problems 15.25
References and Suggested Readings 15.26
16. Multiple Beam Interferometry 16.1
16.1 Introduction 16.1
16.2 Multiple Reflections from a Plane Parallel Film 16.1
16.3 The Fabry-perot Etalon 16.3
16.4 The Fabry-perot Interferometer 16.5
16.5 Resolving Power 16.6
16.6 The Lummer-Gehrcke Plate 16.9
16.7 Interference Filters 16.10
Summary 16.11
Problems 16.11
References and Suggested Readings 16.11
17. Coherence 17.1
17.1 Introduction 17.1
17.2 The Linewidth 17.3
17.3 The Spatial Coherence 17.4
17.4 Michelson Stellar Interferometer 17.6
17.5 Optical Beats 17.7
17.6 Coherence Time and Linewidth via Fourier Analysis 17.9
17.7 Complex Degree of Coherence and Fringe Visibility in Young's Double-hole Experiment 17.10
17.8 Fourier Transform Spectroscopy 17.12
Summary 17.17
Problems 17.17
References and Suggested Readings 17.18

Part 4 Diffraction
18. Fraunhofer Diffraction: I 18.3
18.1 Introduction 18.3
18.2 Single-slit Diffraction Pattern 18.4
18.3 Diffraction by a Circular Aperture 18.8
18.4 Directionality of Laser Beams 18.10
18.5 Limit of Resolution 18.15
 Contents

18.6 Two-slit Fr unhofer Diffraction Pattern 18.17

18.7 N-slit Fraurithofer Diffraction Pattern 18.20
18.8 The Diffraction Grating 18.23
18.9 Oblique Incidence 18.26
18.10 X-ray Diffraction 18.27
18.11 The Self-focusing Phenomenon 18.31
18.12 Optical Media Technology-an Essay 18.33
Summary 18.36
Problems 18.36
References and Suggested Readings 18.38
19. Fraunhofer Diffraction: II and Fourier Optics 19.1
19.1 Introduction 19.1
19.2 The Fresnel Diffraction Integral 19.1
19.3 Uniform Amplitude and Phase Distribution 19.3
19.4 The Fraunhofer Approximation 19.3
19.5 Fraunhofer Diffraction by a Long Narrow Slit 19.3
19.6 Fraunhofer Diffraction by a Rectangular Aperture 19.4
19.7 Fraunhofer Diffraction by a Circular Aperture 19.5
19.8 Array of Identical Apertures 19.6
19.9 Spatial Frequency Filtering 19.7
19.10 The Fourier Transforming Property of a Thin Lens 19.10
Summary 19.12
Problems 19.12
References and Suggested Readings 19.12
20. Fresnel Diffraction 20.1
20.1 Introduction 20.1
20.2 Fresnel Half-period Zones 20.2
20.3 The Zone-plate 20.4
20.4 Fresnel Diffraction-A More Rigorous Approach 20.6
20.5 Gaussian Beam Propagation 20.8
20.6 Diffraction by aStraight-Edge-20.10-- -
20.7 Diffraction of a Plane Wave by a Long Narrow Slit and Transition to The Fraunhofer Region 20.15
Summary 20.18
Problems 20.19
References and Suggested Readings 20.20
21. Holography 21.1
21.1 Introduction 21.1
21.2 Theory 21.3
21.3 Requirements 21.6
21.4 Some Applications 21.6
Summary 21.8
Problems 21.9
References and Suggested Readings 21.9

Part 5 Electromagnetic Character of Light

22. -Polarization and Double-Refraction 22.1 _
22.1 Introduction 22.3
22.2 Production of Polarized Light 22.6
22.3 Malus' Law 22.9
22.4 Superposition of Two Disturbances 22.10
22.5 The Phenomenon of Double Refraction 22.13
22.6 Interference of Polarized Light: Quarter Wave Plates and Half Wave Plates 22.17
xiv Contents
s
22.7 Analysis of Polarized Light 22.20
22.8 Optical Activity 22.21
22.9 Change in the SoP (State of Polarization) of a Light Beam
Propagating Through an Elliptic Core Single Mode Optical Fiber 22.22
22.10 Wollaston Prism 22.24
22.11 Rochon Prism 22.25
22.12 Plane Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media 22.26
22.13 Ray Velocity and Ray Refractive Index 22.30
22.14 Jones Calculus 22.32
22.15 Faraday Rotation 22.33
22.16 Theory of Optical Activity 22.34
Summary 22.36
Problems 22.37
References and Suggested Readings 22.39
23. Electromagnetic Waves 23.1
23.1 Maxwell's Equations 23.1
23.2 Plane Waves in a Dielectric 23.2
23.3 The Three-dimensional Wave Equation in a Dielectric 23.4
23.4 The Poynting Vector 23.5
23.5 Energy Density and Intensity of an Electromagnetic Wave 23.8
23.6 Radiation Pressure 23.9
23.7 The Wave Equation in a Conducting Medium 23.10
23.8 The Continuity Conditions 23.11
23.9 Physical Significance of Maxwell's Equations 23.12
Summary 23.14
Problems 23.14
References and Suggested Readings 23.15
24. Reflection and Refraction of Electromagnetic Waves 24.1
24.1 Introduction 24.1
24.2 Reflection at an Interface of Two Dielectrics 24.1
24.3 Reflection by a Conducting Medium 24.14
24.4 Reflectivity of a Dielectric Film 24.15
Summary 24.16
Problems 24.17
References and Suggested Readings 24.18

Part 6 Photons
25. The Particle Nature of Radiation 25.3
25.1 Introduction 25.4
25.2 The Photoelectric Effect 25.4
25.3 The Compton Effect 25.6
25.4 The Photon Mass 25.10
25.5 Angular Momentum of a Photon 25.10
Summary 25.12
Problems 25.13
References and Suggested Readings 25.13

Part 7 Lasers & Fiber Optics

26. Lasers: An Introduction 26.3
26.1 Introduction 26.3
26.2 The Fiber Laser 26.9
26.3 The Ruby Laser 26.11
 Contents xv

26.4 The He-Ne Laser 26.13

26.5 Optical Resonators 26.14
26.6 Einstein Coefficients and Optical Amplification 26.18
26.7 The Line-shape Function 26.24
26.8 Typical Parameters for a Ruby Laser 26.25
26.9 Monochromaticity of the Laser Beam 26.26
26.10 Raman Amplification and Raman Laser 26.27
Summary 26.30
Problems 26.31
References and Suggested Readings 26.32
27. Fiber Optics I: Basic Concepts and Ray Optics Considerations 27.3
27.1 Introduction 27.2
27.2 Some Historical Remarks 27.2
27.3 Total Internal Reflection 27.4
27.4 The Optical Fiber 27.6
27.5 Why Glass Fibers? 27.7
27.6 The Coherent Bundle 27.7
27.7 The Numerical Aperture 27.8
27.8 Attenuation in Optical Fibers 27.9
27.9 The Attenuation Limit 27.11
27.10 Pulse Dispersion in Multimode Optical Fibers 27.11
27.11 Dispersion and Maximum Bit Rates 27.14
27.12 Fiber Optic Sensors 27.15
Problems 27.16
References and Suggested Readings 27.26
28. Fiber Optics II: Basic Waveguide Theory and Concept of Modes 28.1
28.1 Introduction 28.1
28.2 Te Modes of a Symmetric Step Index Planar Waveguide 28.2
28.3 Physical Understanding of Modes 28.5
28.4 Te Modes of a Parabolic Index Planar Waveguide 28.7
28.5 Tm Modes of a Symmetric Step Index Planar Waveguide 28.8
28.6 Waveguide Theory and Quantum Mechanics 28.8 -- - - ---
Problems 28.10
References and Suggested Readings 28.11
29. Fiber Optics III: Single Mode Fibers 29.1
29.1 Introduction 29.1
29.2 Basic Equations 29.1
29.3 Guided Modes of a Step Index Fiber 29.3
29.4 Single Mode Fiber 29.6
29.5 Pulse Dispersion in Single Mode Fibers 29.7
29.6 Dispersion Compensating Fibers 29.9
Problems 29.12
References and Suggested Readings 29.12

Appendix A: Gamma Functions and Integrals Involving Gaussian Functions A. 1

Appendix B: Evaluation of the Integral B. 1

Appendix C: Diffraction of a Gaussian Beam C. 1

Appendix D: TE and TM Modes in Planar Waveguides D. 1

Name Index I. 1

Subject Index I. 1
Other documents randomly have
different content
 Chemistry - Summary Sheet
Second 2023 - School

Prepared by: Dr. Jones

Date: August 12, 2025

Exercise 1: Case studies and real-world applications

Learning Objective 1: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 1: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 2: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Practical applications and examples
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 5: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 8: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 9: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Summary 2: Key terms and definitions
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 11: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 12: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 13: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 14: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 15: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 18: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 3: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Example 20: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 25: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 27: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 28: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 29: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Discussion 4: Practical applications and examples
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 31: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 31: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 32: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 32: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Discussion 5: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 41: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 44: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 47: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 6: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Example 50: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 7: Fundamental concepts and principles
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 61: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 62: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 64: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 64: Key terms and definitions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 8: Practical applications and examples
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 72: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 73: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 74: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 76: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Section 9: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 81: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 82: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 84: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 87: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice 10: Theoretical framework and methodology
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 93: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 94: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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