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Loved One

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.
 definitely know. It is true that nearly all the girls have at
some time been employed and that many of them have been
working under conditions which were not favorable.
“Girls who have worked in kitchens, restaurants, offices,
factories, stores, on the stage and in different workshops
have many strange stories to tell, and one realizes that girls
going out into the world of work are subject to many
temptations. Girls crave some fun and amusement, and it is a
very natural, normal thing. They do not seek it in dangerous
places, but the truth is that few others are open to them. To
an increasing extent vice is being linked with amusement and
recreation. The men who procure girls for immoral purposes
from city and country, and who send them to the streets to
earn money for their own enrichment, are responsible, to a
great extent, for the constantly increasing supply of women
who enter upon a life of prostitution.”
That the association has work to do is strikingly evidenced by the
following table, showing the nature of the dispositions of cases in
the night court for women.
“During the year from August 1, 1909, to July 30, 1910, 7,896
complaints were taken against girls and women in the night
court, for offenses relating to immorality and prostitution.
These included soliciting on the streets for purposes of
prostitution, accosting men, associating with dissolute and
vicious persons, and violating the tenement house act by
carrying on prostitution in a tenement house.
“The disposition of the cases was as follows:

Discharged 2,648
Fined $1 to $10 3,913
Committed to the Workhouse 1,071
Placed on probation 156
Placed under Good Behavior Bond 71
Committed to N. Y. State Reformatory at Bedford 6
Committed to N. Y. Magdalen Benevolent Society 9
Committed to Protestant Episcopal House of Mercy 3
Committed to Roman Catholic House of the Good 12
Shepherd
Committed to Immigration Authorities 7
Total 7,896

“Of the total number, 84 per cent were almost at once

returned to the streets by being discharged, fined, or placed
under a good behavior bond. Fourteen per cent of the
remaining 16 per cent were committed to the workhouse, and
in only two per cent of the cases was some helpful measure
tried—probation or a reformatory.
“The association has during 1910 developed a plan for
preventive work to aid more of those girls who are in danger
and to seek to understand better the conditions in the
different districts tending to bring the girls into trouble. Many
of this class have already been referred to the association,
and it has been possible to help them by putting them in
touch with helpful influences in the neighborhood, or by
securing their removal from the district. For the purpose of
the preventive and after-care work, the city has been divided
into six districts. Some of the work in these districts is being
done by volunteer workers who are not able to devote
sufficient time in view of the extent and character of the
work.”

NOTES FROM COLORADO

From a total of eighty persons aided in 1904 to total of 517 aided in
1910 has been the growth of the work of the Colorado Prison
Association.[1] That more care is being exercised in the aid given is
indicated by the facts that during 1905-6 the average expenditure
per person was $24, during 1907-8 it was $18, and during 1909-10
it was $12.
In the biennial report of the president of the association, Mr. E. R.
Harper, says:
“The working of convicts on the public roads has attracted the
attention of the world, and fully demonstrated that it is
feasible and highly beneficial to so handle the men. It would
have been difficult some few years ago to believe that
penitentiary convicts could be placed in camps, in the wild
and rugged sections of our state, in the mountains, the most
ideal situation for safe ‘get-aways,’ without a guard or gun in
camp, and yet not have wholesale escapes. But penitentiary
prisoners, upwards of 300 in number, have been so handled
during the past three or four years, under just such
conditions, with the most gratifying results—a long step,
indeed, in the right direction. And this condition was brought
about partly through the work and influence of this
association.
“However, to make such progress in these matters as ought
to be, additional assistance is essential, mainly in the way of
new laws. The most needful just now are: A law giving the
trial judge the right to parole first offenders; an amendment
to the present law regarding the feeding of jail prisoners,
doing away with the possibility, if not the probability, of
exorbitant and unnecessary expenses to the counties; a law
providing for working jail prisoners on the highways, and for
the work allowing them some little compensation to go
toward the support of dependent ones. Measures to cover
these essential matters have been introduced in the present
 legislature, and we earnestly hope for their enactment into
law.
“Still in the future, but we trust not too far, Colorado should
take the next important step and allow each penitentiary
prisoner something for work done, so that it can either go
toward assisting those depending on him, or be accumulated
to his credit, in order that he may have at least a little with
which to get out into the world of action and usefulness
again. When that condition prevails, very much, if not all, of
this association’s work will be accomplished; and its charitable
force can be directed in some other channel of service.”
Though called in November, 1910, to take charge of the work of the
Associated Charities of Denver, Colo., W. E. Collett has continued to
act as general secretary of the prison association, serving in that
capacity without pay.

THE PLEDGE AND OTHER WORK OF A CITY COURT

One of the features of the probation system, as practiced during the

past year by Judge James A. Collins, of the City Court[2] of
Indianapolis, Indiana, has been the required “taking of the pledge”
in a number of cases of persons found guilty of drunkenness. In his
annual report for 1910 Judge Collins says:
“In all cases of first offenders charged with being drunk and
in those cases where the defendant had others dependent
upon him for support, the court has made it a condition on
withholding the judgment or suspending the sentence that
the defendant take the pledge for a period varying from six
months to one year. At the close of the year one hundred and
one persons had taken the pledge, and of this number all but
ten had kept the same faithfully. Eighteen of these were
women, of whom all but three are reported to have kept the
pledge faithfully.”
Judge Collins has also set aside Wednesday afternoon exclusively for
the hearing of the cases of women and girls. Since the law provided
for no paid probation officers, and since it was desired that for the
separate trials of women and girls there be an adequate system of
investigation and supervision, the Local Council of Women
guaranteed the expenses of a woman probation officer.
The court has instituted also a “missionary box,” into which is put all
unclaimed money obtained in gambling raids. The funds so collected
have been used to furnish transportation for runaway boys and girls,
to provide necessaries for the destitute, and on several occasions to
return veterans to the Soldiers’ Home at Marion or at Lafayette.
One operation of sterilization for degeneracy was performed during
the year at the direction of the court.
Certain offenders have been allowed to pay their fines in
installments.
“The old method of collecting money fines which compelled
the defendant to pay or replevy the same the moment he was
fined was always a source of great hardship on the poor. It
was unreasonable to expect a common laborer arrested late
at night and convicted in the morning to be prepared to settle
with the state. If he was unable to pay or make arrangements
to have his fine stayed for the statutory period, he was sent
to prison, not because the judge had given him a term of
imprisonment, but because he was poor, which is in effect
imprisonment for debt.
“In those cases where a defendant had others dependent
upon him for support he has been released on his own
recognizance and the case held under advisement for thirty or
sixty days, as the circumstances seemed to justify, at the
expiration of which time he was required to report to the
court that he had paid in the amount designated as the fine
and costs to be entered against him.
 “At the close of the year eight hundred and thirty persons had
been given an opportunity to pay their fines in this way. Of
this number 64 were re-arrested and committed for their
failure to pay their fine, and the affidavits in 32 other cases
are held for re-arrest. The balance lived up to their obligation
with the court, and paid in more than $7,100.
“This plan operates to the benefit of the defendant in several
ways: It saves him his employment; it saves his family from
humiliation and disgrace, as well as from the embarrassment
incident to imprisonment; but more than all it saves him his
self-respect. With but a single exception not one to whom this
opportunity has been given and who has paid his fine in full
has been in court a second time.”
Of the suspended sentence and the withheld judgment Judge Collins
says:
“During the past year sentence has been suspended in two
hundred and thirty-six cases and judgment withheld in thirty-
four hundred and seventy-four. The majority of these were
first offenders. In those cases where the judgment was
suspended the court has had to set aside and commit the
defendants in only two cases, and where the judgment has
been withheld less than two per cent have been returned to
court for a second or subsequent offense.”

SIR EVELYN RUGGLES-BRISE REPORTS OFFICIALLY.

London, April 7.—The English home office publishes the report of Sir
Evelyn John Ruggles-Brise, chairman of the English prison
commission and the British representative at the Prison Congress
held at Washington last October. In his report Sir Evelyn commends
American state prisons and reformatories, but condemns the system
in vogue in city and county jails. He says that among the latter
“many features linger which called forth the wrath of John Howard,
the great English philanthropist, noted for his exertions in behalf of
prison reform at the end of the eighteenth century.
“Promiscuity, unsanitary conditions, the absence of supervision,
idleness and corruption—these remain features of many places,”
says the report.
After describing some of the evils he saw Sir Evelyn concludes:
“Until the abuses of the jail system are removed it is
impossible for the United States to have assigned to her by
general consent a place in the vanguard of progress in the
domain of ‘la science penitentiare’.”

MOVEMENT FOR NEW JERSEY WOMEN’S REFORMATORY

The Woman’s Reformatory Commission of New Jersey has decided to

ask the legislature to appropriate $200,000 to carry out the
provisions of a law enacted in 1910 by which such a reformatory is
established and its organization and administration provided for. This
appropriation will be sufficient to secure a site and to erect the
necessary buildings, consisting of six cottages to accommodate from
twenty-five to thirty each, their estimated cost with equipment being
$25,000 each. The site is to be in the country, approximately two
hundred acres, which with necessary administrative and other
buildings will cost $30,000. For sewage disposal $15,000 will be
needed, and $5,000 will be necessary for preliminary expenses.
A census of women who were serving sentences in penal and
reformatory institutions in New Jersey on the first of November last,
including girls over sixteen years of age at the state home for girls at
Trenton, numbered 336; the number between sixteen and thirty
years of age was 210.
*****
A definite move has been made in Michigan legislature looking to the
treatment of habitual drunkenness on farms provided by the state. A
bill directing the governor to appoint a commission of five to
investigate the subject of farm colonies for inebriates and other
minor offenders who at present are confined in jails has been
introduced by Senator George G. Scott of Detroit. The commission is
authorized to extend its investigations to methods in force in foreign
countries as well as this. The report will be made to the next
legislators.
 EVENTS IN BRIEF
[Under this heading will appear each month numerous paragraphs of general
interest, relating to the prison field and the treatment of the delinquent.]

Families of Prisoners Excite Discussion.—The subject of prisoner’s

pay for work done during incarceration is receiving wide-spread
discussion in this country. The note constantly struck is the need for
support of those dependent on the imprisoned bread winner.
In Rhode Island a bill has been introduced to the assembly
increasing the wages of jail term offenders from 25 cents to one
dollar a day.
The members of the board of control of the prison at Jackson, Mich.,
favor a change in the method of paying the inmates employed in the
binder twine plant of the institution. The present law gives the men
10 per cent of the net profits of the plant each year. Some of the
evils of this arrangement are thought to be that the men have to
wait too long for their pay, and that they are kept in unnecessary
doubt as to the amount they shall receive. The plan of the prison
board is that they shall be paid from 10 to 15 cents a day for their
services.
In Massachusetts the Springfield Republican, among other papers,
has recently advocated the extension of the present law, providing
that prisoners be paid nominal wages for the benefit of their
families, to include the inmates of work houses and all places of
detention. Says the Republican:
“In the workhouse the convicted mis-doer is set to broom
making. Why should not his family have the aid of part of
such earnings? Why should not all prisoners, in all parts of
 the country, contribute, through state officials, to the support
of their hapless families? Wife and children have not broken
the law—they should not then be left to starve.”
*****
Finds Canadian Prisons Better Than Ours.—Considerable newspaper
prominence has been given to a report on Canadian prisons made
recently by the Rev. Dr. John Handley, who was commissioned by the
Governor of New Jersey to visit Canada and examine her prisons.
The Tribune of Providence, R. I., concludes from this report that
Canadian prisons are “somewhat in advance of ours in some
respects.” The Tribune thus discusses Dr. Handley’s report:
“The Canadian idea is that reformatory should be a large
custodial school rather than a penal institution; that it should
be removed as far as possible from the thought of felony and
the disgrace that attaches to any young man or boy who has
violated the law and thus become subject to a reformatory
sentence. And in accordance with that idea each Canadian
prison has a large farm attached, to which prisoners are sent
to work. From the federal prison at Toronto, for example, at
least half the prisoners are put to work on a farm where there
are no surrounding walls, no regiment of guards and no rigid
surveillance, and yet from which in two years only five
prisoners attempted to escape.
“Dr. Handley has returned to New Jersey strongly in favor of
this farm idea as an aid in reformatory work. It is not,
however, an altogether new idea in the States. In several of
our penitentiaries men are allowed to work out of doors even
a long distance away, under only a light guard, and very few
have attempted to escape. The State homes, too, ordinarily
have no high walls around them, and the inmates are allowed
many liberties.
 “How far farm regulations could be applied to offenders who
have been sentenced to state prison is another question, and
one not easy to answer. The experiment seems to work well
in Canada, however; and if farms could be utilized for the
benefit of the prisoners there would not be the objection
made by organized labor to most other forms of prison
employment, since there is always a market for farm products
and nothing that could thus be raised would affect farm
wages or the prices of staple products. Moreover, much of the
farm yields would go toward the maintenance of the
prisoners.”
*****
A Bibliography For The Student.—A helpful tool for the student of
criminology and allied subjects has just been furnished in the form
of a “bibliography on crime, its causes and prevention, criminals,
punishment and reformative methods, with special reference to
children,” The pamphlet is the work of Mr. Paul A. Wiebe, of Meriden,
Conn., and comprises a bibliography of books, senate documents,
magazine articles, circulars, addresses and the publications of
various organizations, together with a brief list of German
publications. The collection is not so exhaustive as to be confusing.
*****
Tuberculosis Among Prisoners.—That 16,000 persons infected with
tuberculosis are annually sent out into society by the prisons of this
country is a statement attributed to Dr. J. B. Ransom, physician to
Clinton Prison, New York. In the course of a recent address Dr.
Ransom showed the good results flowing from the special care in
New York prisons of those with tuberculosis.
In a similar connection the Lincoln, (Neb.) News says:
“Not long ago the statement is alleged to have been made by
the warden of the western penitentiary of Pennsylvania that
approximately 300 out of 1,300 inmates of that institution
 were suffering from tuberculosis. In private conversation,
says the Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, the warden
of one of the eastern state penitentiaries expressed his belief
that six per cent of the inmates of his institution had
tuberculosis in some degree.
“Only twenty-one prisons in fifteen states and territories have
provided special places for the treatment of their tuberculosis
prisoners and these have accommodations for only 800
patients. In three-fourths of the major prisons and in
practically all of the jails of the country the tuberculosis
prisoner is allowed freely to infect his fellow prisoners, very
few restrictions being put upon his habits.”
*****
A French Study of Vagrants and How To Treat Them.—An interesting
classification of so-called “non-producers,” or vagabonds, has been
made by Etienne Flandid, who has recently conducted a study of the
criminal classes of France. M. Flandid has made his studies the basis
of a report which is being considered by the French senate.
He divides vagabonds into three classes. In the first class are the
infirm and aged. These, he believes, should be properly clothed and
fed and housed by the state or municipality. The second class
contains the “accidental out-of-works.” Under M. Flandid’s
recommendation these will be sent to a penal labor colony, where
they will be kept and put to work until employment is found for them
outside of the colony. It will be the duty of the state to seek to
secure employment for them, and to notify them and release them
from the colony at the earliest possible date. The third class contains
the professional tramps, the fellows who do not want work and who
would not accept employment if it were tendered them. This class is
to be shut up in penal colonies for periods of from five to ten years.
After serving the first sentence, if they do not secure employment,
they will be returned to the penal colonies and kept there for life,
with plenty of good, wholesome work to do. By ridding society of
these three classes of people, or by providing for them in the
manner stated, he believes that crime will be so greatly lessened
that there will hardly be any use for the police forces, save to gather
in the few vagabonds as they develop. He argues that nearly all
crime is committed by one or the other of the three classes named,
especially by the third class.
Speaking editorially of this report, the Dayton, Ohio, News says:
“Practically every country on earth today has its problems of
the unemployed. France is not alone in the matter. Even in
this country, where there is so much to be done, where
conditions are better than almost anywhere else on earth, we
have the three classes referred to by the Frenchman, and we
have done little to improve conditions. We have our civic
societies, and our reform organizations and our bodies of
philanthropists. But we have not gone to the root of the
matter as have the French, and we have no students devoting
as much time to the study of the question as can be found in
other countries. We complain much about the cost of living—
as we have a right to—and we print thousands of columns
about the trusts and the tariff, as is well that we should. But
we are overlooking one of the real questions of economy
when we fail to study and to understand the problems
presented to us in the way of the unemployed.”
*****
Resignations Follow Criticism of Juvenile Court of Louisville, Ky.—A
somewhat acute situation has developed among those interested in
the work of the juvenile court and juvenile probation in Louisville, Ky.
As a result of what is by some persons characterized as the courts’
“totally irresponsible methods in caring for dependent and
delinquent children,” Bernard Flexner and several other members of
the Juvenile Court Advisory Board have resigned their positions. The
straw which broke the camel’s back was the appointment by Juvenile
Judge Muir Weissinger of a probation officer who is declared not only
to be unfit for such a delicate position, but also to have a
noteworthy political reputation. The Social Workers’ Conference held
a mass meeting on March 16, at which were adopted resolutions
calling for the removal of the probation officer in question. Speakers
at the meeting declared that for a year conditions in the juvenile
court have been intolerable; that children have been dragged into
court and brow-beaten, some have been wrongfully placed in
unworthy homes, and that all efforts to do something for them have
come to naught. Judge Weissinger declared that he would not
remove the objectionable probation officer until better evidence that
he was unfit had been adduced.
*****
Domestic Relations Courts.—In view of the interest with which the
whole country is watching the work of the domestic relations courts
newly instituted in the larger cities of New York, it is important that
the court’s own story of its activities be set before the public.
Recently such a court was instituted in the city of Chicago. Pointing
in this same direction is a recommendation contained in the 1910
report of the Boston Associated Charities that the delinquent
husband and father shall be constantly under the supervision of the
court during the continuance of its direction to him to pay for the
maintenance of his wife and child.
The domestic relations court for the Borough of Brooklyn, New York
City, has put out a report of its work for the four months ending
December 31st, 1910, these being the first four months of its
existence. Judge Edward J. Dooley says:
“That the predictions of the opponents of a separate domestic
relations court, that its organization would serve to promote
more antagonism in the family, that it would tend to harass
the husband, father and provident relative unnecessarily,
have not been fulfilled. Statistics show that the number of
cases brought herein since September 1st last, a period of
four months, has been 574, which would be at the rate of
 1,722 cases for the year 1910, for abandonment and non-
support in the borough of Brooklyn. The number of cases of
abandonment and non-support in the borough of Brooklyn for
the year 1909 was 1,907, thus actually showing an apparent
decrease of 185 cases of non-support for the year 1910, as
compared with the year 1909.
“The provisions of Chapter 168, Laws of the year 1905, of the
State of New York, which provides that the abandonment and
non-support of a minor child or children is made a felony and
extraditable has been put in execution, and it can be said that
on a meritorious case the negligent father who actually
abandons and neglects to support his minor child or children
will be pursued to the extreme boundaries of these United
States, arrested and brought into the jurisdiction of this court
to stand trial for such desertion and non-support.
“No statistical information can be obtained as to the amount
of money received in the magistrates courts of the borough of
Brooklyn for the year 1909, but from my personal knowledge
I venture to say that less than $1,000 was received therein to
be applied to the benefit of neglected wives and children
during the year 1909, or any year previous thereto, within the
last decade. For four months, from September 1st to
December 31st, 1910, inclusive, there has been paid into the
hands of the probation officers of this court, the sum of
$4,968.45 or at the rate of about $15,000 a year.”
Something of the spirit in which the domestic relations court was
conceived, and of the end which it was designed to further, may be
glimpsed from the following paragraph from Judge Dooley:
“To make the improvident and negligent husband and father,
as well as those who are liable for the maintenance of the
dependant relatives, namely, the grandparents, parents,
children, grand-children and relatives of a poor person of
sufficient ability, realize the obligations that the law has cast
 upon them, to advise and admonish in the first instance as to
their duty to their dependants, and to punish if advice be not
followed, has been the rule and practice of the court. In other
words, it is not a tribunal constituted for vengeance, spite,
anger or petulant temperaments, to give vent to their wrath,
but rather for the calm, cool and considerate treatment of
each individual case in order that the greatest good may be
accomplished to those entitled to its consideration and help,
and that the basic foundation of the state, to wit, the family
unit may be maintained if possible.”
The total number of persons arraigned in the court during the four
months in question, including those transferred on September 1st,
1910 from the various magistrates’ courts, was 881 only two of
whom were women. Forty of these were convicted. 379 were
discharged, and the cases of the remaining 462 were still pending at
the close of the year. As to the nature of the offenses charged, 795
were accused of abandonment of wives and children, and 86 of
failure to support poor relatives. The following table reveals some
aspects of the probation system as used by the court:

Number of persons placed under probationary oversight 198

Completed probationary period and discharged with 23
improvement
Completed probationary period and discharged without 4
improvement
Re-arrested and committed 14
Absconded or lost from oversight 3
Pending on probation 154

*****
Charges of “Crime Wave” Lead to Grand Jury Investigation.—In an
open letter to the newspapers of the city, published during the latter
part of March, Magistrate Joseph E. Corrigan declared that crime
was flourishing in New York City more flagrantly than it had for
years, that criminals were allowed to carry on their work with little
molestation, that the police force was demoralized and cowed, and
that the responsibility for these conditions lay upon the shoulders of
Mayor Wm. J. Gaynor and upon his reforms in the police
administration.
Within less than two weeks after the publication of this letter the
grand jury was at work, under the direction of special assistants to
the district attorney, upon the task of investigating these charges, in
an effort to ascertain their truth, and to fix responsibility for the
conditions described, in the event that those conditions were found
actually to exist.
Meanwhile the newspapers, public bodies and private societies, to
say nothing of the general community, were engaged in an intense
and aggressive discussion of the situation of the city with reference
to crime, heated tempers were being displayed in more than one
quarter, crimination was being met by recrimination, and only such a
catastrophe as the Asch building fire could divert the attention of the
city from the discussion of the “crime wave” and its causes.
Magistrate Corrigan’s general charges were followed by an array of
specific facts and instances, presented by himself, by some of the
newspapers, and by many private individuals, including social
workers. It was freely alleged that Mayor Gaynor’s doctrine of
“personal liberty,” and his discouragement of “needless and
unjustifiable arrests,” were responsible for the demoralization of the
police force, and the consequent influx of criminals of every sort.
To all this Mayor Gaynor finally entered a general and emphatic
denial. He praised the police force, scouted the idea of
demoralization, declared that the laws were being efficiently
enforced, and characterized the whole agitation as but a periodic
recurrence of a long series of similar protestations. Such outcries, he
said, were as regular in their coming as is the spring marble season
among boys.
The grand jury investigation bids fair to be thorough. Police
Commissioner Cropsey has been called upon for some extended
testimony, and the district attorney has declared his intention to
probe the situation to the bottom.

[1]From other extracts from report of this association see REVIEW for
February, 1911, page 10.
[2] For other information see the March REVIEW, page 24.
 Transcriber's Note:
Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and moved
to the end of the book. Dialect, obsolete and
alternative spellings were left unchanged.
The following items were changed:
Changed publication title to small caps in the first
paragraph of the third article.
Removed duplicate anchor to footnote [2] from
subtitle.
Added a missing endquote to text.
Spelling corrections:
‘orignated’ to ‘originated’
‘pyschopathic’ to ‘psychopathic’
‘centry’ to ‘century’
‘physican’ to ‘physician’
‘necessitious’ to ‘necessitous’
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REVIEW; VOL.
1, NO. 4, APRIL, 1911 ***

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