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Paranoia

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.
665 Rushworth, Historical Collections, ii. 320. Frankland, The
Annals of King James and King Charles the First, 476. In
the Exchequer Order Book, under date 5th May, the
following entry occurs: “Whereas Sr William Beecher, Kt,
one of the clerks of his Mats most honorable pryvy
councill, did this daye deliver in Court to the Lord
Treasurer, Chauncillor, and Barons of the Courte, a booke
lately published by John Selden, Esqr., entituled Mare
Clausum seu de dominio maris, to be kept in this Courte
as a faithfull and stronge evidence for the undoubted right
of the Crowne of England to the Dominion of the Bryttishe
seas, which saide booke the said Clerke of the Councill did
deliver according to an order in that behalfe made by the
King’s most excellent Matie and the Lords of His Highness
privy councell at Whitehall, the third of Aprill last past, a
coppie of which said order is alsoe delivered with the said
booke: It is, therefore, nowe ordered by the said Lord
Treasurer, Chauncillor, and Barons that the said booke bee
receaved by his Maties Remembrancer of this Courte, and
by him kypt of record amonge the Records of the Courte
as his Maties evidence. And as well the said order of the
third of Aprill before mentioned as this present order to
bee inrolled upon Record.” Charles I. Decrees and Orders,
Series iii., No. 19, fol. 3b.

666 Besides the Romans and the Carthaginians, he mentions

as among these the Cretans, Lydians, Thracians,
Phœnicians, Egyptians, Lacedemonians, and a great many
more; but in most cases the evidence adduced shows
merely that naval power was exercised.

667 Lib. i. cap. xvii.

668 Lib. i. cap. xx. “Quod ad genus primum attinet (commerce,

travelling, navigation); humanitatis quidem officia exigunt,
 ut hospitio excipiantur peregrini etiam ut innoxius non
negetur transitus.”

669 Lib. i. cap. xxii. “Sed vero ex aliorum piscatione,

navigatione, commerciis ipsum mare deterius Domino
cæterisque ejus jure gaudentibus fieri non raro videmus.
Scilicet minui, quod alias inde percipi posset, commodum.
Quod manifestius cernitur in marium usu, quorum fructus
sunt uniones, corallium, id genus cætera. Etiam minuitur
in horas marium hujusmodi abundantia, non aliter ac sive
metalli fodinarum ac lapicidinarum, sive hortorum, quando
fructus eorum auferuntur.... Et similis sane ratio
qualiscunque piscationis.”

670 Lib. ii. cap. xiii.

671 (1) Ioannis Seldeni Mare Clavsvm sev de Dominio Maris

Libris Dvo. Quorum argumentum paginâ versâ. Juxta
exemplar Londinense. Will. Stanesbeii pro Richardo
Meighen, CIƆ IƆc xxxvi. (12o); (2) with the same title and
the following addition: Accedunt Marci Zverii Boxhornii
Apologia pro navigationibus Hollandorum adversus Pontvm
Hevtervm et Tractatvs Mvtvi commercii et navigationis
inter Henricvm VII. Regem Angliæ et Philippvm
Archidvcem Austriæ. Londini, juxta exemplar Will.
Stanesbeii pro Richardo Meighen, MDCxxxvi. (8o); (3) with
the title as in the original London edition, and Lvgdvni
Batavorvm apud Joannem et Theodorvm Maire, 1636 (4o).
The original London edition was a small folio. In all the
Dutch editions the plates are badly copied. No. 1 is
sometimes referred to by English writers as the original
edition. No. 2 is the one alluded to by Charles in his
proclamation of 15th April 1636.

672 Resol. Holl., 11/21 Dec. 1635. Quoted by Arendt,

Algemeene Geschiedenis des Vaderlands, iii., stuck 5, p. 8.
673 Resol. Holl., (31 March)/(10 April) 1636. Muller, Mare
Clausum, 283.

674 “Ego, cum Suecia,” he wrote to his brother on January 14,

1636, “multum teneat oræ maritimæ, quid aliud præstare
possum quam silentium?” Grotii, Epistolæ, 864.

675 Digby to Lord Conway, January 21/31, 1636. State Papers,

Dom., cccxliv. 58.

676 The treatise was entitled, Th. Graswinckelii, Jurisc. Delph.

Maris Liberi Vindiciæ adv. virum clarissimum Johannem
Seldenum. Arendt, loc. cit.; Muller, loc. cit. Goffe, writing
from Holland to Archbishop Laud on 2nd February 1637,
stated that the book in answer to Selden’s Mare Clausum
was “ready to come forth, and the author is neither so
modest nor discreet that the Elector should trust him with
any written assurance in that kind,”—that Charles would
not interrupt the Dutch fishery that year (State Papers,
Dom., cccxlvi. 23). We shall again find Graswinckel in the
thick of the controversy during the first Dutch war, p. 411.

677 Joh. Isacii Pontani Discvssionvm Historicarvm Libri Duo,

quibus præcipuè quatenus et quodnam mare liberum vel
non liberum clausumque accipiendum dispicitur
expenditurque, &c., Harderwick, 1637.

678 Jacobi Gothofredi De Imperio Maris, in Hagemeier, De

Imperio Maris Variorum Dissertationes.

679 Mare Balticum (anon.), 1638; Ante-Mare Balticum, scilicet,

an ad Reges Daniæ, an ad Reges Poloniæ, pertineat
(anon.), 1639; Azuni, Systema dei Principii del Diritto
Maritimo.

680 The Case of Ship-Money briefly discussed, according to the

Grounds of Law, Policy, and Conscience. Presented to the
 Parliament, November 3, 1640. Stubbe, A Further
Justification of the Present War against the United
Netherlands, 76.

681 Gardiner, Hist. Engl., x. 208. Clarendon, iii. 113.

682 Rushworth, Collections, v. 312.

683 Penn, Memorials of the Professional Life and Times of Sir

William Penn, Knt., from 1640 to 1670, i. 224.

684 State Papers, Dom., dxv. i. 37, 38, 39. There is also in one
of the collections a quotation from Selden’s Mare Clausum,
that it was treason not to acknowledge the King of
England’s dominion in his own seas by striking sails.

685 Instructions given by the Committee of Lords and

Commons for the Admiralty and Cinque Ports, to be
observed by all captains, officers, and common men
respectively in this fleet, provided to the glory of God, the
honour and service of the Parliament, and the safety of
the three Kingdoms, March 30, 1647. Ibid., dxv. 40.

686 Rushworth’s Collections; Penn, op. cit., i. 242.

687 Loccenius, De Jure Maritimo, x. s. 10.

688 State Papers, Dom., 27th Feb. 1649.

689 17th January 1650. A Collection of the State Papers of

John Thurloe, i. 134.

690 Penn, Memorials, i. 365, 379.

691 Geddes, History of the Administration of John de Witt, i.

102, 106, 150-157. Gardiner, History of the
Commonwealth and Protectorate, i. 353, 356.
692 Geddes, op. cit., 157, 159, 165. Gardiner, op. cit., 359. The
Nicholas Papers, i. 230.

693 “Wee doe tender the ffriendshipp of the Com̃ onwealth of

England unto the High and Mighty Lords the States
Generall of the Vnited Provinces, and doe propound that
the Amitye, and good Correspondency which hath
aunciently beene betweene the English Nation and the
Vnited Provinces, be not only renewed, and preserved
inviolably, But that a more strict, and intimate Allyance,
and Vnion, be entred into by them, whereby there may be
a more intrinsicall, and mutuall interest of each in other
then hath hitherto beene for the good of both.” Submitted
25 March/6 April. “A briefe Narrative of the Treatie at the
Hague betweene the honoble Oliver St John, Lord Chiefe
Justice of the Court of Com̃ on Pleas, and Walter
Strickland, Esq., Embassadors extraordinary of the
Parliament of the Com̃ onwealth of England, to the great
Assembly of the States Generall of the Vnited Provinces
begun upon the 20th of March 1651 and continued vntill
the 20th of June 1651 and then broke of re infectâ.” State
Papers, Foreign, Treaty Papers (Holland), No. 46, 1651.

694 “We propound, That the two Com̄ onwealths may be

confederated friends, ioyned, and allyed togeather for the
defence and Preservation of the Libertyes, and ffredomes
of the people of each, against all whomsoever that shall
attempt the disturbance of either State, by Sea or Land,
or be declared enemyes to the freedome and Libertie of
the people liveing under either of the said Governments.”
Submitted, 17th April. Ibid., p. 7.

695 Narrative of the Ambassadors (ibid.) Geddes, op. cit., 157,

159, 165, 171. Gardiner, op. cit., 359, 362, 363. Tideman,
De Zee Betwist: Geschiedenis der Onderhandelingen over
de Zeeheerschappij tusschen de Engelsche Republiek en
 de Vereenigde Provinciën vóór den ersten Zee-Oorlog, 39-
47. Thurloe’s Collections, i. 176, 179, 181-186, 188, 193.
Aitzema, Saken van Staet en Oorlogh, 657-660.

696 See Appendix K. Narrative of the Ambassadors, p. 23.

Aitzema, op. cit., iii. 698-700. MS. of Duke of Portland in
Hist. MSS. Com. Thirteenth Report, App. I., 605. Tideman,
op. cit., 47, 48, 49. Geddes op. cit. 178.

697 Articles 17-33, Narrative of the Ambassadors. These

articles are given in Appendix K. Tideman, op. cit., 50.
Aitzema, op. cit., iii. 695.

698 “Over het strijken van vlaggen ende andere Ceremonieën

daeruyt meenichmael differentien in zee coomen te
ontstaen.” Resol. der Groote Vergadering, 15/25 May
1651. Tideman, op. cit., 52.

699 St John and Strickland left The Hague on 20th June, and
the Act was recommended to the Parliament by the
Council of State on 5th August, and passed on 9th
October (Gardiner, op. cit., ii. 82). The essence of the Act
was to prohibit the importation of extra-European
commodities into any territory of the Commonwealth
except in English vessels, or from Europe unless in English
vessels or vessels belonging to the country in which the
commodities were manufactured or produced. The
importation of salt-fish or fish-oil, and the exportation of
salted fish, were to be permitted only in English vessels,
but the importation of fresh fish was not forbidden. Early
in the next year two Dutch doggers, driven into Yarmouth
by contrary winds, exposed their cod and haddocks for
sale and were seized by the bailiffs; their release was
ordered by the Council of State.
700 Geddes, op. cit., 192, 193. Tideman, op. cit., 89, 96.
Gardiner, op. cit., ii. 108. Gardiner, Letters and Papers
relating to the First Dutch War, 1653-1654, Navy Records
Society. In the third volume (1906) of this valuable work
the papers are brought down to 10th February 1653.

701 Tideman, op. cit., 96. Aitzema, op. cit., iii. 696.

702 They were Whitelocke, John Lisle, Bond, Scott, Viscount

Lisle, and Purefoy.

703 Cats’ Verbael. Tideman, 94-108. Geddes, 198.

704 The conferences on the articles were on 3rd, 5th, 6th,

10th, and 13th May. The incorporation and union of
Scotland with England was proclaimed at Edinburgh on
the 21st of the preceding month.

705 Cats’ Verbael, App., 21. Tideman, op. cit., 117.

706 “De dispuyte over ’t recht hetwelck de Engelsche

pretenderen privative over eenigh ghedeelte van de Zee te
hebben, ende in allen ghevalle aan deselve geen
soodanigh recht in eenigher wijse toe te staen, ende
alleen te handelen over de vryheijdt ende seeckerheijdt
van wederzijts visscherije.” Tideman, op. cit., 119.
Aitzema, op. cit., iii. 708.

707 Cats’ Verbael. Tideman, 118.

708 Aitzema, iii. 713. Tideman, 124, 130, 132. The draft
instructions were dated (April 30)/(May 10), and were
approved on May 6/16. A translation of the 7th Article is
as follows :“The superior officers and captains either
already in command of the aforesaid squadrons or
hereafter appointed, are to be charged to free the ships of
this country from all search by any one whatever, and to
 defend them against all who try to do them injury, and to
release them to the uttermost of their power from every
one who may have captured them, and further to do
whatever their ordinary instructions in their commission
requires in a sailor-like fashion for the service of the
country.” By the 5th Article, fifteen men-of-war were to be
sent for the protection of the “great” (herring) fishery,
“which is of so great importance to the State,” along with
the ordinary national convoy-ships, and the ships which
the towns of Enkhuizen, Delft, Rotterdam, and Schiedam
were accustomed to add. Gardiner, Letters and Papers, i.
155.

709 Tromp’s memorandum was dated (28 Feb.)/(9 March),

1651. The original is apparently lost (Tideman, De Zee
Betwist, 68); but an account of it is given by his
contemporary, Aitzema (iii. 731), and is printed in
Appendix L. Tromp, in his Rescript of 14/24 October 1652,
justifying and explaining his conduct with regard to the
meeting with Blake, refers to a memorandum on the
subject of the flag which he presented to a committee of
the States on “Jan. 6/16, 1650/1651,” and which they
considered in arranging his instructions of “(Feb.
21)/(March 3), 1650/1651” (Gardiner, Letters and Papers,
i. 422). The dates here are those given by Tideman.

710 “Sonderlinge de swackste sijnde.”

711 Tideman, op. cit., 68. Resol. Holl., 1/11 March 1651.

712 Hollantsche Mercurius, April 1651, p. 49: “Seer jalours,

omdat hij niet terstond gereedt was voor haar te
strijcken.”

713 Resol. St. Gen., 7/17, 12/22 Oct. 1651. Aitzema, iii. 731.
Tideman, 68, 92.
714 Add. MSS. Brit. Mus., 11,684, fol. 30.

715 Bourne’s letter in The Answer of the Parliament of the

Commonwealth of England to three Papers delivered to
the Council of State by the Lords Ambassadors
Extraordinary of the States-General of the United
Provinces: and also a Narrative of the Late Engagement,
&c., Brit. Mus., (517, k, 15)/(36), p. 12.

716 Letter to States-General, May 30. Hollantsche Mercurius,

May 1652. The Answer of the Parliament. Geddes, 209.
Tideman, 130.

717 Blake’s letter, The Answer of the Parliament, p. 8.

718 Tideman, 128, 129. Geddes, 210, 211.

719 Young’s despatch, 14th May 1652, in The Answer of the

Parliament, p. 20. Penn’s Memorials, i. 419. Tideman, 197.
Gardiner, Letters and Papers relating to the First Dutch
War, i. 178. The French Occurrences, &c., Brit. Mus., E,
665, 6. It may be noted that Tromp, in his Rescript to the
States-General (see note, p. 398), mentioned that
Huyrluyt and van der Saen had received instructions to
strike only to royal squadrons.

720 In the Dutch writings the place was described as “Fairle,”

“Fayrleigh,” “Virly,” “Vierly,” &c. Its position is shown, as
Fairlee, in the reproduction of the chart from Selden in
this book (Fig. 3, p. 121).

721 The Answer of the Parliament. Gibson, Collections of Naval

Affairs, Add. MSS., 11,684, fol. 5b. Geddes, op. cit., 212.
Gardiner, op. cit., ii. 118; Letters and Papers, i. 172.
Tideman, op. cit., 135. The Dutch accounts, which vary in
certain particulars from the English and from one another,
are unanimous in saying that the first broadside came
 from Blake’s ship, the James, which would have been
according to custom, since Tromp did not lower his flag
after the third shot.

722 See his memorandum, p. 398. Tromp wrote to Blake from

Calais four days afterwards ((23 May)/(2 June)), saying he
had intended to salute him, and asking for the restoration
of a ship taken. In reply Blake accused him of having
sought out the English fleet, and “instead of performing
those usual respects which of right belong unto them, and
which yourself have often done,” had attacked him. In The
Answer of the Parliament, p. 11, it is said that one of the
Dutch captains who had been taken prisoner stated that
when he struck to some English men-of-war at Calais a
few weeks before, Tromp asked him “why he did strike sail
to them,” saying, “Were you not as strong as they? And
being so, why were you afraid?” As the above-mentioned
letter from Tromp to Blake is given by Gardiner (Letters
and Papers, i. 216) only as “translated from a Dutch
translation of the French original,” an authenticated copy
of the French original is given in Appendix M, from
Tideman (De Zee Betwist, App. C, p. 202). It is from the
archives at The Hague (Lias Engeland, 1652 (Copie), and
is endorsed by Job. Corñ. Rhees, and again by N. Ruysch,
as identical with the authentic copy. The original of Blake’s
reply is also given. It is printed by Gardiner as
“retranslated from the Dutch translation” (ibid., i. 257),
and differs in some points from the original.

723 The Answer of the Parliament, p. 4.

724 Resol. St.-Gen., (25 May)/(4 June), 3/13 June 1652.

Tideman, De Zee Betwist, 164. Articulen van Vreede ende
Confederatie, &c. Brit. Mus., 8122, ee. 12—“Dat hij
aengaeñ het voeren ofte strijcken van vlagge in de
Rencontre mette Engelsche Vlooten of Schepen hem bij
 provisie respectivelijck sal hebben te gedragen en te
reguleren in sulcker voegen als bij tijden van voorgaende
Coningen van Groot-Britaignen is gedaan ende
gepractiseert geweest.”

725 Tideman, 171.

726 State Papers, Dom., xxiv. 15.

727 Cats, Schaep, and van de Perre to the States-General, 27th

June 1652. Add. MSS., 17,677, U, fol. 162. Pauw was
officially informed by the Council of State that the fleet
had put to sea “to execute its designs.” Geddes, op. cit.,
223. Gardiner, Letters and Papers, i. 301. The number of
Blake’s fleet was variously stated as 60, 64, 66, 68, 72
vessels: 60 were counted passing Dunbar.

728 Letter from Leyden, 4/14 August 1652. Mercurius Politicus,

Brit. Mus., E, 673, 1. The accounts vary somewhat.
Severall Proceedings in Parliament, Brit. Mus., E, 796, 11.
A Perfect Diurnall, E, 796, 14. French Occurrences, E, 669,
6. Onstelde-Zee, p. 34, (8122, ee. 6)/(11). Hollantsche
Mercurius, 1652, p. 70. Gibson in his narrative (supra)
says he was on board one of the ships (the Assurance)
that attacked the busses, and that they found them
“northwards of the Dogger Bank”; but there is no doubt
that the locality was far north of the Dogger, off Buchan
Ness, Brit. Mus. Add. MSS. 11,684.

729 Memoirs of Edward Ludlow, 420.

730 Proc. Council of State, 20th July 1652.

731 Resol. Holl., 1652, pp. 343, 364, 387. Hollantsche

Mercurius, 1652, p. 86. Beaujon, Hist. Dutch Fisheries,
363. Groot Placaet-Boeck, ii. 506. Aitzema, Saken van
Staet, iii. 810. Penn’s Memorials, i. 526, 527. State Papers,
 Dom., xxv. 25; xxxii. 15; xxxvi. 15, 29, 55; xxxviii. 116;
xxxix. 73; xli.

732 The Declaration and Speech of the Lord Admiral Vantrump,

and his setting up a great Standard of Broom for the
States of Holland, for the Cleering of the Narrow Seas of
all Englishmen: New Broom sweepes clean, p. 4. Brit.
Mus., E, 689, 13. A Perfect Account of the Daily
Intelligencer, Brit. Mus., E, 689, 14. Gardiner, Hist. of
Commonwealth, ii. 151. Geddes, op. cit., 270, 319.

733 Journals of the House of Commons, vii. 145.

734 State Papers, Dom., Interregnum, xxix. 42-47.

735 This collection is in a treatise in the British Museum

(Harleian MSS., 4314), entitled “The Sovereignty of the
English seas vindicated and proved by some few Records
(amongst many others of that kynd) remayning in the
Tower of London,” Collected by William Ryley, senior.
Among the State Papers (Dom., xxxv. 35) is a copy of the
ordinance of John, in Latin, French, and English, endorsed
by Bradshaw, “A transcript of a record in the time of King
John touching the striking of sail; brought in by Mr Ryley,
Keeper of the Records in the Tower, by order of the
Council of State.” It contains the following note by Ryley,
referring, presumably, to the Black Book of the Admiralty:
“The French is in a very ancient and fair MS. book
amongst the rest of the maritime laws, and undoubtedly
was a record of the Admiralty Court, then in the
possession of the registrar of that Court, the names of the
Lord Admiral and registrar being written at the beginning
of the book, which is now remaining with Mr Selden, and
is of no less authority than antiquity.”

736 State Papers, Dom., Interregnum, xxix. 48.

737 Masson, Life of Milton, iv. 149, 226.

738 Of the Dominion or Ownership of the Sea, written at first

in Latin and entituled Mare Clausum seu De Dominio Maris
by John Selden, Esqr: translated into English and set forth
with some Additional Evidences and Discourses by
Marchamont Needham. Published by special Command,
London, 1652. Another edition, by “J. H. Gent,” was
published in 1663, “perfected and restored.” It is,
however, so far as Selden’s text is concerned, merely
Needham’s translation, careful inspection showing that it
was printed from the same type.

739 State Papers, Dom., Interregnum, xxxiv. 31-49; vol. 33,

No. 14. The copy belonging to Cromwell, and bearing his
autograph, was sold in 1908.

740 In some dedicatory verses Neptune thus addresses the

Great Commonwealth of England:—

“Go on (great State!) and make it known

Thou never wilt forsake thine own,
Nor from thy purpose start:
But that thou wilt thy power dilate,
Since Narrow Seas are found too straight
For thy capacious heart.
So shall thy rule, and mine, have large extent:
Yet not so large, as just, and permanent.”

The work appeared when Tromp was lord of the narrow

seas; the preface is dated 19th November, the day before
Blake’s defeat.

741 De Dominio Serenissimæ Genvensis Reipublicæ in Mari

Ligustico. Rome, 1641.
742 Maris Liberi vindiciæ adversus Petrum, Baptistam Burgum
Ligustici Maritimi Dominii Assertorem. Hagæ Comitum,
1652.

743 Cap. vi. p. 118. See supra, p. 367.

744 Joannis Seldeni vindiciæ secundum integritatem

existimationis suæ, per convitium de Scriptione Maris
Clausi, petulantissimum mendacissimumque insolentius
læsæ in Vindiciis Maris Liberi adversus Petrum Baptistam
Burgum, Ligustici Maritimi Dominii assertorem. Hagæ
Comitum jam nunc emissis. London, 1653.

745 Maris Liberi Vindiciæ adversus Gulielmum Welwodum

Britannici Maritimi Dominii assertorem. Hagæ Comitum,
1653. Other works were Mord. von der Reck, Disputatio
juridica de Piscatione, 1652; Martin Schook, Imperium
Maritimum, Amsterdam, 1653; Stephen S. Burman, Mare
Belli Anglicani injustissimè Belgis illata, Helena, 1652. The
latter contains a pretty full account of the old “Burgundy”
treaties, and of others concluded by England with various
countries in the seventeenth century, in which, as the
author points out, no claim was made to the sovereignty
of the seas.

746 For example, Robinson, Briefe Considerations concerning

the Advancement of Trade and Navigation, 1649.

747 Stubbe, A Further Justification, 91.

748 Geddes, i. 282, 289, 292. Gardiner, ii. 128, 183, 329.
Aitzema, iii. 804.

749 Geddes, i. 315. Gardiner, ii. 340. Verbael gehouden door

de Heeren H. van Beverningk, W. Nieuport, J. van de
Perre, en A. P. Jongestal, als Gedeputeerden en
Extraordinaris Ambassadeurs van de Heeren Staeten
 Generael der Vereenigde Nederlanden, aen de Republyck
van Engelandt, i. 7, 12.

750 Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars, vi.
607. Gardiner, op. cit., ii. 111.

751 Verbael of the Ambassadors, 10, 21, 35.

752 Ibid., 84. Thurloe’s State Papers, i. 394.

753 21st July 1653. Verbael, 53.

754 25th July, Verbael, 56, 59, 62. Geddes, i. 341. Thurloe, i.
382.

755 The Deputies to the Council, (27 July)/(6 August); reply of

the Council, 1/11 August. Verbael, 64, 66, 70.

756 Verbael, 75, 142, 143, 150. Thurloe, i. 370, 417, 418.
Geddes, i. 362. Gardiner, ii. 350,

757 Verbael, 155. “7. Dat alle schepen onder het ressort van
haer Ho. Mog. t’ huys behoorende, in alle rencontres in de
Zee, aen Oorloghschepen van de Republyck van Engelandt
sullen draegen het selvige respect, ende deselve eere
doen, als sy ooit voor desen syn gewoon geweest te
doen.”

758 Stubbe, A Further Justification, 92. Stubbe says he had an

account of part of the proceedings from one of the English
commissioners; he had also the use of official
manuscripts.

759 Verbael, 189. “Syn Excellencie ... gesyt ... dat sy daerom
voor af meenden, dat moeste vaststellen haer Reght ende
Dominie in de naeuwe Zee, ende het stuck van haere
Visscherye, ende ... eyndelyck besluytende dat die pointen
 van de Zee ende Visscherye geadjusteert synde, het
vordere werck seer souden faciliteren.”

760 Verbael, 189, 190, 196, 198, 214.

761 Art. xviii. Verbael, 203.

762 Stubbe, A Further Justification, 62.

763 Art. xv.

764 Gardiner, Letters and Papers, i. 49, 170.

765 Art. xvi. Verbael, 203.

766 Art. xiv. “That the inhabitants and subjects of the United
Provinces may, with their ships and vessels, furnished as
merchantmen, freely use their navigation, sail, pass and
repass in the seas of Great Britain and Ireland, and the
Isles within the same, (commonly called the British Seas)
without any wrong or injury to be offered to them, by the
ships or people of this Commonwealth, but on the
contrary shall be treated with all love and friendly offices;
And may likewise with their men of war not exceeding
such a number as shall be agreed upon in this treaty, sail,
pass and repass through the said seas, to and from the
countries and parts beyond them: but in case the States-
General shall have occasion to pass the said seas with a
greater number of ships of war, they shall give three
months before notice of their intentions to the said
Commonwealth, and obtain their consent for the passing
of such fleet, before they put them forth upon these seas,
for preventing all jealousies and misunderstandings
between the States by means thereof.” Verbael, 202.

767 Sir H. Vane, who was the chief director of the war, is
reported to have said that the interests of the two
 countries “were as irreconcilable as those of rivals, trade
being to both nations what a mistress is unto lovers; that
there never could intervene any durable peace, except
both nations did unite by coalition, or the English
subjugate the others and reduce them into a province, or
by strict conditions and contrivances ensure themselves
against the growth and future puissance of the Dutch.”
Stubbe, op. cit., 119.

768 The Ambassadors to the States-General, 18/28 November.

Verbael, 215. Geddes, i. 372.

769 Verbael, 216, 219.

770 Verbael, 229, 230, 236.

771 See pp. 78-81.

772 Art. xviii. “Antiqui intercursus et commercii tractatus,

provisionaliter pristinam vim et auctoritatem obtineant.”

773 Beukelsz, who invented the modern method of pickling

herrings, is said by some to have died in 1347, by others
in 1397, and by a few in 1401. Stubbe says the deputies
assigned the year 1414 to the discovery, but no year is
mentioned in their report.

774 Verbael, 237, 238, 240-243. Stubbe, op. cit., 64.

775 The statement referred to the licenses for fishing on the

Zowe. See p. 65.

776 Whitelock to Thurloe, 10th March 1654. Thurloe’s

Collection, ii. 158.

777 Council of State Order Book, 6th Aug. 1653. State Papers,
Dom., Interregnum.
778 Dumont, Corps Diplomatique, VI. ii. 125. “X. Subditis
Serenissimi Regis Sueciæ liberum erit, per Maria atque
Littora, quæ in Ditione hujus Reipublicæ sunt, piscari,
atque Haleces, aliosque Pisces capere; dummodo mille
Navium numerum piscantes non excedant. Neque inter
piscantes ullum iis impedimentum, aut, molestia asseratur
Neque à Navibus præsidiariis hujus Reipublicæ, neque ab
iis quibus Diplomate permissum est, res suas privatim suo
marte repetere, nec a piscantibus in Boreali plagâ
Britanniæ, piscationis nomine onera aliqua exigantur,
immo omnes humaniter atque amice tractentur, usque
retia in Littore siccare, quemque opus est commeatum ab
eorum Locorum Incolis, justo pretio comparare sibi
licebit.”

779 Stubbe, op. cit., 68. Robinson, England’s Safety in Trades

Encrease, 1641. Ibid., Considerations Concerning the
Advancement of Trade and Navigation, 1649.

780 The Deputies to the States-General, 7/17 December 1653.

Verbael, 246.

781 It may be noted that Philip Meadows now became Latin

Secretary to the Council in place of Milton. He was
afterwards an extremely able opponent of the English
claims to the sovereignty of the sea, and wrote the best
book against them. See p. 524.

782 Verbael, 260, 261. MS. Commentary, Stubbe, op. cit., 60.

783 “Ende dat sy alleenlyck spraecken van de naeuwe Zee.”

784 Verbael, 231.

785 Verbael, 272.

786 Stubbe, op. cit. Geddes has shown that Beverning, acting
secretly with De Witt, had clandestine communications
with Cromwell as early as 8th December, clearly with
reference to the exclusion of the Prince of Orange. Op.
cit., i. 385.

787 Verbael, 273.

788 Ad. 15. ut ad angustum mare (quod Britannicum vocant)

ibique ad certas regulas cum distinctione locorum et
littorum ita restringatur, ut idem ille honor eademque
dignitas, quæ vexilli supremi et veli dimissione unquam
delati aut observati fuerunt, in posterum adhuc deferantur,
et observentur. Verbael, 275.

789 “Ende met eenen voortgaende tot het 15 Artikel raekende

het stryken van de Vlagge, &c., syn wederom gerepeteert
alle de argumenten ende redenen, die in voorige
Conferentien syn geallegeert geweest, ende wierdt ten
uytersten by den Heer Generael daer in gepersisteert,
alleenlyck, dat hy die explicatie byvoeghde op haere
laetste antwoorde, daer sonder eenige distinctie van de
rencontres in zee gesprooken wordt, dat sy dat
verstonden van de naeuwe Zeën die de Britannische Zeën
genoemt worden.” Verbael, 278, 27 December 1653/4
January 1654.

790 Secrete Resol. St. Generael, 9/19 Feb. 1654. Verbael, 300.

791 “Met seer scherpe woorden, ende hatelycke illatien

tegensprack.” Ibid., 307.

792 Ibid., 320. “Angustum mare, quod vulgo Britannicum mare

appellatur.”

793 “Tot de naeuwe Zee expresselyck gerestringeert.” Ibid.,

288.
794 Verbael, 283, 285, 289.

795 Geddes, op. cit., i. 380.

796 Ibid., 290, 293, 311, 319. Geddes, i. 378-393. Gardiner,

op. cit., ii. 368, 369.

797 “Gelyk sy in ’t 14 van de 27 Artikelen haere Brittannische

Zën selver gedefinieert hadden.” Verbael, 396.

798 “Daer op syne Hoogheyt in colere seyde, dat sonder de

versoghte elucidatie ende interpretatie, hy de Ratificatie
niet konde uytwisselen.” Ibid., 397.

799 Next day Cromwell entertained the Dutch ambassadors

and their wives to a sumptuous banquet, and after dinner
he passed them a paper with the remark, “We have
hitherto exchanged many papers, but in my opinion this is
the best.” It was the first verse of Psalm cxxxiii., which
they all then sang together solemnly—

“Behold, how good a thing it is,

And how becoming well,
Together such as brethren are
In unity to dwell.”

Verbael, 419. Aitzema, iii. 927. Geddes, i. 422.

800 Dumont, Corps Diplomatique, VI. ii. 75. Verbael of the

Ambassadors, 356.

801 XIII. Item, quod naves et navigia dictarum Fœderatarum

Provinciarum, tam bellica et ad hostium vim propulsandam
instructa, quam alia, quæ alicui e navibus bellicis hujus
Reipublicæ in maribus Britannicis obviam dederint,
 vexillum suum e mali vertice detrahent, et supremum
velum demittent, eo modo, quo ullis retro temporibus, sub
quocunque anteriori regimine, unquam observatam fuit.

802 Lawson, from the Fairfax, at Aberdeen, to the Admiralty

Committee, 13th May 1654. Same to Blackburn, 13th May.
State Papers, Dom., lxxi. 78, 79.

803 Cockraine to the Admiralty Committee, 11th Aug. 1654.

Ibid., lxxiv. 39.

804 Heaton to the Admiralty Committee, 15th Aug. 1654. State

Papers, Dom., lxxiv. 61, 62.

805 The Skagerreef or Scaw, the north point of Jutland,

Denmark. The ships were going to the north in connection
with the war between Denmark and Sweden.

806 Richard Cromwell, the Protector, to General Montague,

18th March 1659. Thurloe’s Collections, vii. 633.

807 The Information of William Gunnell, and others, of Great

Yarmouth, 25th September 1654. Verbael of the
Ambassadors, 600, 601.

808 Ibid., 612, 614, 646, 689, 711. From the sworn depositions
made before the Burgomasters of Enkhuisen, it appears
that that town had at least 246 busses at the Yarmouth
fishing in 1654.

809 Brit. Mus. MSS. Stowe, 152, fol. 135.

810 Proc. Council of State, 9th June 1654. Vice-Admiral

Lawson, in transmitting to the Admiralty the request from
the Governor of Calais, said it had been the practice for
the French and Spanish men-of-war to suffer the
fishermen of each nation to fish freely, although the war
 between these Powers had lasted so long. State Papers,
Dom., xcviii. 13.

811 Bills to repeal it were introduced into the Commons in

1656, 1657, and 1658. Commons’ Journals, vii. 451, &c.

812 An Act for the Encouraging and Increasing of Shipping and

Navigation, 12 Car. II., c. 18, cl. v. 1660.

813 An Act for the Encouragement of Trade, 15 Car. II., c. 7,

ss. xiii., xiv. 1663.

814 An Act against importing Cattle from Ireland and other

parts beyond the Seas, and Fish taken by Foreigners, 18 &
19 Car. II., c. 2, s. ii. Any ling, herring, cod, pilchard, fresh
or salted, dried or bloated, or any salmon, eels, or conger,
taken by aliens and brought into the realm, were liable to
be seized by any person for his own benefit and the
benefit of the poor of the parish. The prohibition to import
stockfish and live eels was withdrawn by 32 Car. II., c. 2,
1680.

815 “To the High and Mighty Monarch Charles ye Second, &c.,
the humble petition of Simon Smith, late agent for the
Royall Fishing,” MS. prefixed in a copy of The Herring-
Bvsse Trade, and A True Narration of the Royall Fishings of
Great Brittaine and Ireland, bound together in vellum,
elaborately ornamented in gold, and bearing the royal
arms and the letters C. R. on both sides.

816 Sir Edward Nicholas to the Lord Mayor, 23rd July 1660.
Remembrancia, p. 143. There is an undated copy among
the State Papers (Domestic) erroneously calendared under
September 1662 (vol. lix. 6: compare vol. xli. 19, under
date September 1661). The original is in the Guildhall.
Simon Smith was employed in the preliminary work
connected with the Society, and in 1662 rendered an
 account of his disbursements, amounting to £456,
including £150 “for setting the poor to work so as to breed
up teachers for making nets, &c.” State Papers, Dom., liv.
77.

817 Commons’ Journals, viii. 179. State Papers, Dom., Charles

II., xxi. 27.

818 Commons’ Journals, viii. 203, 215, 222, 228. Lords’

Journals, xi. 228b. According to the Dutch ambassador,
the Bill was not passed without much debate and
opposition (De Witt’s Brieven, iv. 68), no doubt principally
owing to the provisions concerning fish-days. An
amendment was carried limiting Wednesday to be a fish-
day in all inns, taverns, and victualling houses.

819 Lords’ Journals, xi. 239. De Witt’s Brieven, iv. 66. The
preamble was of the usual kind: that the honour and
greatness of the king and the power and wealth of the
kingdom depended upon shipping and commerce, the
fisheries being one of the greatest means thereto; and it
proceeded to say that the kingdom was specially suited
for fishery by reason of the number of harbours, and the
sea from which foreign nations took such great wealth, set
their people on work, and made their towns populous and
prosperous. The foreigners were not content with a
temperate and moderate exercise of the liberty of fishing
on our coasts, which was permitted to them by favour of
the king, but fished with illegal instruments which served
to destroy the brood of fish in some places, causing the
greatest poverty; and in other places they came with
whole fleets among the nets and boats of subjects, to the
great damage and hindrance of their lawful business. The
king was therefore most humbly beseeched to establish
completely and vigorously and maintain the rights of his
crown over the seas, and to give such orders and
 instructions to the admirals and commanders at sea as
might be necessary to this effect. The first clause
prohibited trawling, whether by subjects or foreigners,
within eight miles of the coast of Sussex and the coast to
the westwards, and other clauses prohibited the use of
set-nets or other nets with small meshes on the coast “or
within half seas over,” or the use of seines by foreigners
within ten miles of any part of the coast to the hindering
of subjects in their fishing. Offenders were to be brought
in as prize. These provisions were in part aimed against
the French.

820 Act for the Fishings and Erecting of Companies for

promoting the same, 12th June 1661. Acta Parl. Scot., vii.
259.

821 Records Convent. Roy. Burghs, iii. 523, 15th September

1660. The commissioners, taking into consideration how
advantageous it would be to the increase of trade and the
common weal of the whole burghs and kingdom “that the
fisching tread be erected within the samyn, and
wnderstanding by thair registeris and wther paperis in
thair clarkis handis that the said tread hes bein
endevoured in former tymes but not takin full effect,”
instructed that the records be searched, and the matter
represented to Parliament.

822 Rec. Conv. Roy. Burghs, iii. 626. Acta Parl. Scot., vii. 64,
103, 195, &c. Ibid., William and Mary, c. 103.

823 State Papers, Dom., xli. 20.

824 ΙΧΘΨΟΘΗΡΑ, or the Royal Trade of Fishing, Discovering

the inestimable Profit the Hollanders have made thereof,
with the vast Emoluments and Advantages that will
redound to his Sacred Majesty and his three Kingdoms by
 the Improvement of it. Now seasonably published by
Command for the Benefit of the Nation. London, 1662.

825 State Papers, Dom., 1663, lxxiii. 56; lxxxvi. 104, 105, 106;
xci. 53; ciii. 130; cix. 2. “But Lord!” says Pepys, “to see
how superficially things are done in the business of the
Lottery, which will be the disgrace of the Fishery, and
without profit.” Diary, iv. 369 (ed. 1893).

826 Commons’ Journals, viii. 378, 383. 14 Car. II., c. 28.

827 Lord Southampton to the Masters of the Trinity House,

31st July 1662. The Masters to the Lord Treasurer, 23rd
August. The Lord Treasurer to the king, 2nd Sept. State
Papers, Dom., lix. 7; Entry Book, vii. 258. Pepys’ Diary, ii.
403, 404.

828 Commons’ Journals, viii. 497, &c. Lords’ Journals, xi. 555,
&c. 15 Car. II., c. 16. All herrings, white or red, were to be
“justly and truly packed, and of one time of taking,
salting, saving, or drying, and equally well packed in the
midst and every part of the barrel.” This was to be done
by a sworn packer, and the barrel branded after the Dutch
method.

829 John Collins, Salt and Fishery, 2. 1682.

830 State Papers, Dom., ciii. 130.

831 Diary, vol. iv. 177, 192, 233, 263, &c.

832 The ambassadors were Van Beverwaert (Louis of Nassau),

Simon van Hoorn, the burgomaster of Amsterdam,
Michael van Gogh, and Joachim Ripperda. Pontalis, John
de Witt, i. 263. Brieven, geschreven ende gewisselt
tusschen de Heer Johan de Witt, Raedt-Pensionaris en
Groot-Segelbewaerder van Hollandt en West-Vrieslandt,
 ende de Gevolmaghtigden van den Staedt der Vereenigde
Nederlanden, &c., iv. 1, 46.

833 De Witt’s Brieven, iv. 109, 119. Clarendon’s Memoirs, iii.

434. There are numerous papers referring to these
negotiations and the subsequent treaty, including “the
articles which the States’ Ambassadors Extraordinary are
to procure from his Majesty of Great Britain,” among State
Papers, Foreign Treaty Papers (Holland), 1651-1665, Bdl.
46.

834 Res. Holl., 13th Sept. 1659, 261. Ibid., 1660, p. 749; 1661,
p. 181.

835 Hollantsche Mercurius, 1661, pp. 9, 10. De Witt’s Brieven,

iv. 48, 61, 68, &c.

836 De Witt to Van Beuningen, 27 December 1660/6 January

1661; the same to Van Beverwaert and Van Hoorn, 4/14
Jan. 1661; Van Beverwaert to De Witt, 3/13, 4/14 Jan.
1661. Brieven, i. 344; iv. 65, 66, 68. Pontalis, John De
Witt, i. 267.

837 “Dutch Ambrs Memoriall desiring the Act of Parliament

about fishing may not pass,” 17th Dec. 1660. Copy in S. P.,
Dom. Collection, Chas. II., vol. 339, p. 581. It is to the
effect that the extraordinary ambassadors were informed
that a Bill had been introduced into the Lower Chamber
regarding the herring fishery, in which foreigners were to
be prohibited from fishing within eight or ten “leagues”
(“huiet ou dix lieuës”) from the coast, and praying the
king to prevent the said Bill from becoming an Act of
Parliament. It contains the usual arguments as to
immemorial possession, treaty rights, &c.

838 Brieven, i. 344; iv. 66, 69, 81, 87, 89, 105, 109.
839 Boreel to De Witt, (25 Nov.)/(5 Dec.) 1653. Ibid., i. 54.

840 Letters from Van Beuningen to De Witt, 1/11 Feb. 1661 to

(20 Feb.)/(2 March) 1662; from De Witt to Van Beuningen,
3/13 Oct. 1661 to 12/22 March 1662. Brieven, i. 432-514.
Secreete Resolutiën van de Staaten van Holland en West-
Vriesland, ii. 246. Pontalis, John de Witt, i. 276. Pontalis
scarcely grasps the question of the fishery when he says:
“The free right of fishing still more directly concerned the
States-General; they could not prevail in England to allow
them the enjoyment of it, so long as it had not been
accorded to them by France, and they therefore made it a
condition of their treaty with Louis XIV.”

841 Dumont, Corps Diplomatique, VI. ii. 412. Aitzema, Saken

van Staet en Oorlogh, x. 305. The article was as follows:
“IV. L’obligation reciproque de s’entr’aider et deffendre,
s’entend aussi pour estre Sa Majesté et lesdits Seigneurs
Estats Generaux, leurs Pays et Sujets, conservez et
maintenus en tous leurs Droits, Possessions, Immunitez et
Libertez, tant de Navigation, que de Commerce et Pêche,
et autres quelconques par Mer et par Terre, qui se
trouveront leur appartenir par le Droit commun, ou estre
acquis par des Traitez faits ou à faire, en la maniere
susdite, envers et contre tous Roys, Princes, Republiques,
ou autres Estats Souverains,” &c.

842 “Herr Downingh de voorsz. antwoorde begonde te

justificeren, door de gepretendeerde Souverainiteyt van
de Engelschen op de Zee, ... ende hebbe ick rondt uyt
verklaert, dat eer wy die imaginaire Souverainiteyt souden
erkennen, ofte by maniere van concessie van de
Engelschen ontfangen, die vryheydt tot het bevaeren ende
bevisschen van de Zee, die ons van de nature, ende nae ’t
Volckeren-reght competeerde, wy alle den laetsten
druppel bloedt daer by souden laeten.” De Witt to Van
 Beverwaert and Van Hoorn, 14/24 June 1661 (Brieven, iv.
144); the same to Van Beuningen, 4/14 Dec. 1661 (ibid.,
i. 471).

843 Dumont, op. cit., VI. ii. 424. “X. Item, quod naves et
navigia dictarum Fœderatarum Provinciarum, tam bellica
et ad hostium vim propulsandam instructa, quam alia,
quæ alicui e navibus bellicis dicti Domini Regis Magnæ
Britanniæ in maribus Britannicis obviam dederint, vexillum
suum e mali vertice detrahent, et supremum velum
demittent, eo modo quo ullis retro temporibus, unquam
observatam fuit.”

844 State Papers, Dom., lv. 14.

845 State Papers, Dom., xliv. 64. Pepys’ Diary, ii. 135, 151.
According to Rugge (Brit. Mus. Add. MSS., 10, 116),
quoted by Lord Braybrooke, Holmes insisted upon the
Swede’s lowering his flag, and had even fired a shot to
enforce the observance; but the ambassador sent a
message to the English frigate to assure the captain, on
the word of honour of an ambassador, that the king by a
verbal order had given him leave and a dispensation, and
upon this false representation he was allowed to proceed.
The Swedes, it may be added, were always disinclined to
strike to English ships.

846 Pepys’ Diary, ii. 145, 146, 148, &c.

847 Pontalis, op. cit., i. 313. It would appear that on a previous

occasion Lawson had returned the salute with the flag, for
in the controversy with France on the striking of the flag a
few years later, the Dutch stated, as an instance of the
custom with England, that Lawson had shown this
courtesy to De Ruyter off Tangiers. De Witt’s Brieven, ii.
474.
848 Commons’ Journals, viii. 548, 553; Lords’ Journals, xi. 599,
614; Parlt. Hist., iv. 291, 308; Clarendon’s Memoirs, ii.
235-237, 288; Hume, Hist. of England, lxiv.; Pepys’ Diary,
iv. 31, 42, &c.; Pontalis, John de Witt, i. 309.

849 The Dutch Drawn to the Life, 1664. “Never was anything
so unanimously applauded by men of all persuasions and
interest as a Dutch Warre, which is the universal Wish of
the people.”

850 16 & 17 Car. II.

851 The king to the Duke of York, 22nd March 1665. State
Papers, Dom., cxv. 76.

852 The author of The Dutch Drawn to the Life expatiated on

the inestimable benefit the Dutch derived from the British
seas by encroaching on our fisheries, and asserted that
the only way to keep them under was “by commanding
the narrow sea, their coast and ours,”—the narrow sea,
according to this writer’s view, or at least the “right and
dominion of England,” extending as far as the
Mediterranean (p. 75).

853 See Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon History;

Colomb, Naval Warfare; Pontalis, op. cit.; Clarendon’s
Memoirs, ii. 111.

854 Groot Placaet-Boeck, inhoudende de Placaten ende

Ordonnantien van de H. M. Heeren Staten Generael der
Vereenighde Nederlanden, iii. 291-293. Resol. Holl., 1665,
24, 59, 78, 210, 383. State Papers, Dom., cxiv. 104. Ibid.,
Warrant Book, 18, p. 213; 23, pp. 283, 475. Ibid., clxxviii.
172.

855 S. P., Dom. Collection, Chas. II., vol. 339, p. 591. It is a

copy in English. The petition was from the “Burgomasters,
 Eschevins, Counsellors, and the rest of the body of
Citizens.”

856 “Warrant to ye Lord Chancellor for affixing ye great seale

to an instrument containing a grant of fishinge in these
seas for a certain number of boates belonging to ye City
of Bruges, yearely,” July 17, 1666. State Papers, Warrant
Book, 23, p. 27. “Patent in favour of the Citie of Bruges in
fflanders for a libertie of fishing in the British Seas with 50
saill of ships,” 29th August 1666. Advoc. MSS., 25. 3. 4.
The draft or copy of the Royal Letter which followed upon
the Warrant is given in Appendix N.

857 See p. 617.

858 Resol. Holl., 11/21 Jan. 1665, p. 54. Hollantsche

Mercurius, 15th Oct. 1665, p. 143. State Papers, Dom.,
4th Nov. 1665, cxxxvi. 35.

859 Groot Placaet-Boeck, iii. 295, 296.

860 State Papers, Dom., clxvi. 8, 46, 77, 100; clxvii. 148; clxxv.
146; clxxxi. 113.

861 Ibid., clxxi. 30; clxxii. 7, 41. At the Yarmouth fishing this
year (1666) “the sea was fuller of herrings than was ever
known”; no sooner were the nets in the water than they
were full of fish, and many herrings had to be thrown
overboard, so that it was locally rhymed, “twelve herrings
a penny fills many a hungry belly.” The exceptional
abundance was attributed by the fishermen to the war
having practically put a stop to the Dutch fishing off our
coast, so that the shoals came to the inshore grounds in a
body and not broken up. The herring fishing was also
unusually successful during the third Dutch war. In 1666,
however, the herring fishing in Ireland was likewise
 uncommonly productive. Ibid., clxxiv. 52, 100, 129, 156;
clxxv. 49.

862 Resol. Holl., 21 June/1 July 1667, p. 210. State Papers,

Dom., ccxvi. 143; ccxvii. 77.

863 De Witt to Van Beuningen, 12/22 July 1666 to 18/28 July

1667; Van Beuningen to De Witt, (21 June)/(1 July) 1666
to 12/22 July 1667. “Raisons par lesquelles il paroît, que le
contre-salut du Pavillon, aux rencontres des Flotes de Sa
Majesté Très-Chrétienne et des États Généraux, est d’une
justice toute évident.” De Witt’s Brieven, ii. 473, &c.
Pontalis, op. cit., i. 353.

864 Articles touching Navigation and Commerce, concluded at

Breda, 21/31 July 1667.

865 “Dat de scheepen van oorlois (sic) van den Coninck van
Groot Brittannien door die van desen staet met het
strijcken van de vlagge gesalveert werdende, van haere
sijde vervolgens met het strijcken van haere vlagge contra
salueren sullen.” Extract from Secret Resolution, States-
General, 11th May 1667, Instructions to Ambassadors.
Treaty Papers (Breda), 1667, Bdl. 73.

866 Art. xix. See p. 455. Van Beuningen to De Witt, 5/15 April
1667. De Witt to Van Beuningen, 18/28 April, 20/30 June,
(27 June)/(1 July) 1667. Brieven, ii. 483, 487, 528, 533.

867 Treaty of Breda, Art. vii. It may have been in connection

with the interpretation of this clause that the High Court
of Admiralty asked the Trinity House their opinion as to
the end of the English Channel westwards, and got the
following answer: “We shall not presume,” said the
Masters, on 2nd January 1668, “to determine matters that
have for some ages past been controverted, and for
anything that we at present know have not had a full
 resolution or any precedent for deciding questions relating
thereunto;” but the opinion of “the past and present age,”
with which they concurred, was that when any
commander brought Scilly N.N.W. he had entered “the
Channel of England.” Brit. Mus. Add. MSS., 30,221.

868 Treaty of Peace and Alliance between Charles I. and Louis

XIV., concluded at Breda, 21/31 July 1667. Article xvii.

869 Treaty of Peace and Alliance between Charles II. and

Frederick III., concluded at Breda, 21/31 July 1667. Art. ii.

870 In the negotiation of subsequent treaties, controversy was

usually occasioned about the wording of these articles
relating to the date of cessation of hostilities on the sea,
the United Provinces or France pointing to the treaty of
Breda as a precedent, while the English took their stand
on Cromwell’s treaty of 1654. In the treaty of Ryswick in
1697, between the United Provinces and France, the term
“British Channel” was employed in conjunction with the
Baltic and North Sea (Art. ii.); and in the treaty between
William III. and Louis, signed at Ryswick on the same day,
the words were “in the British and North Seas, as far as
the Cape St Vincent” (Art. x.) In the negotiation with
France in 1712 for a suspension of hostilities, the French
insisted on the words, “the seas which surround the
British Isles,” citing the treaty of Breda, while the British
were equally obstinate to have the term in maribus
Britannicis inserted, as in the treaty of 1654, arguing that
the “error” of Breda had been rectified in the later treaty
of Ryswick; the result being that in one article “the
Channel, the British Sea, and the North Sea” were
specified, and in another the phrase was “in the Channel
and North Sea.” Dumont, Corps Diplomatique, VIII. i. 306.
Burchett, A Complete History of the Most Remarkable
Transactions at Sea, &c., p. 38.