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Tribal Knot A Memoir Of Family
Community And A Century Of Change

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.
with minute striæ and undulations; occasionally the whole surface is
covered with imbrications or scales.
They are produced abundantly in almost every sea and in many
rivers, but the finest species are found in the pearl-fisheries of
Ceylon.
The usual form of the Tellina is broad at one end and gradually
tapering towards the other. It derives its name from the Greek word
τελειω, to bring to a termination.
Shell of variable form, generally striated longitudinally and very
compressed; equivalve, more or less inequilateral; anterior side
longer and more rounded than the posterior; offers a flexuous plait
or twist at the inferior margin; summits little marked; hinge similar;
one or two cardinal teeth; two distant lateral teeth, with a pit at their
base in each valve; ligament external.
Tellina radiata.
T. unimaculata.
T. semizonalis.
T. maculosa.
T. virgata.
T. staurella.
T. crucigera.
T. Spengleri.
T. rostrata.
T. lutirostra.
T. elliptica.
T. albinella.
T. margaritina.
T. strigosa.
T. planata.
T. punicea.
T. depressa.
T. pulchella.
T. fabula.
T. tenuis.
T. sulphurea.
T. foliacea.
T. operculata.
T. rosea.
T. chloroleuca.
T. remies.
T. sulcata.
T. crassa.
T. lævigata.
T. linguafelis.
T. rugosa.
T. lacunosa.
T. gargadia.
T. pristis.
T. multangula.
T. polygona.
T. capsoides.
T. exilis.
T. donacina.
T itid
 T. nitida.
T. scalaris.
T. psammotella.
T. striatula.
T. scobinata.
T. decussata.
T. Brasiliana.
T. obliqua.
T. umbonella.
T. deltoidalis.
T. nymphalis.
T. solidula.
T. bimaculata.
T. sexradiata.
T. ostracea.

T. radiata. The radiated Tellen. Pl. 8, fig. 5.

Shell elongated; posterior side shorter and more narrow than the
anterior.

T. foliacea. The foliaceous Tellen.

Species transversely oblong; upon the edge of the front side of
either valve are rows of serrated teeth, running from the apex to the
margin.

T. bimaculata. The double-spotted Tellen.

Species orbicular, easily known by answering to its common name.

T. fabula. The false Tellen.

Shell very thin, pellucid, and oval; yellowish colour, darker
towards the umbo, which is nearly central, pointed and turned a little
to one side; anterior side slopes to an obtuse point; posterior side
large and rounded; hinge with three teeth in one valve and two in the
other.

T. scobinata. The rasp Tellen.

Species oval or sub-orbicular, sub-equilateral.

T. donacina. The Donax-like Tellen. Pl. 9, fig. 5.

 Sub-oval, flattish, semi-striated and semipellucid; hinge with two
teeth in one valve and one in the other; pale yellow, radiated
longitudinally with pink.

T. depressa. The depressed Tellen.

Oval, flat, pointed at the smaller end and slightly reflected; pale
yellowish colour, faintly striated concentrically; covered with a pale
brown epidermis.

5. Tellinides. One species.

Though this genus bears a great affinity to many others, it cannot

be united with any; having lateral teeth, it differs from the
Psammobia; by not having the valves twisted, it differs from the
Tellina; the valves closing, and having muscular impressions in the
interior, render it distinct from the Lucina.
Shell equilateral, rather elongated, almost without the flexuous
plait; two cardinal teeth diverging, and two remote lateral teeth, of
which the anterior is but little distant from the summit.

T. Timorensis. The Tellinides of Timor. Pl. 8, fig. 3.

The only type and species of this genus.

6. Corbis. One species.

This genus was at first classed by Lamarck with the Lucina; but
Cuvier, having discovered that the organization of the animals
differed, made this a distinct genus, which was adopted by Lamarck.
Shell transverse, equivalve, no flexuosity; apices curved inward,
opposed to each other; two primary and two lateral teeth, the
posterior one nearest to the hinge; muscular impression simple,
valves sometimes convex, strongly ribbed transversely, striated
longitudinally, margins serrated and closely interlocking.
 C. fimbriata. The fringed Corbis. Pl. 8, fig. 1.
Species white, rather thick, oval, a little elongated, almost
equilateral; the cardinal and the lateral teeth well marked; the
muscular impression anterior, rounded.

7. Lucina. Twenty species.

In the hinge and lateral teeth it much resembles the Tellina, but
differs from it in never being flexuous. This genus is more easily
characterized by the orbicular, compressed, general form of the shell,
than by the dental system, which is sometimes entirely effaced.
Shell compressed, regular, orbicular, sub-equilateral; summits
small and pointed, inclined anteriorly; hinge similar, but variable;
two divergent cardinal teeth, little marked, and sometimes entirely
effaced; two remote lateral teeth, with a pit at the base, sometimes
obsolete; posterior ligament more or less sunk; two widely-separated
muscular impressions, of which the anterior is narrow and long.
 Lucina Jamaicensis.
L. Pennsylvanica.
L. edentula.
L. mutabilis.
L. radula.
L. squamosa.
L. lactea.
L. undata.
L. circinaria.
L. columbella.
L. concentrica.
L. divaricata.
L. carnaria.
L. scabra.
L. reticulata.
L. sinuata.
L. pecten.
L. lutea.
L. digitalis.
L. globularis.

L. Jamaicensis. The Jamaica Lucina. Pl. 8, fig. 8.

Species lenticular, striated concentrically; the teeth of the hinge
variable, and sometimes obsolete.

L. undata. The waved Lucina.

Orbicular, thin, convex, undulated with fine irregular striæ;
exterior pale yellow, interior white; margin glossy and plain.

8. Donax. The Wedge Shell. Twenty-seven

species.

The singularity of form that gave rise to its common name renders
it easily distinguished. It very much resembles a wedge, being very
broad and thick at one extremity, and gradually tapering towards the
other. They vary in colour, but the most general is purple radiated on
a white ground, diverging from the beak to the margin; many have
an orange tinge, and others a pink hue; the interior generally
partakes of the colour of the exterior. There are not, perhaps, two
species that have absolutely the same hinge.
The Donax is found buried deep in the sand of the seashore, with
the short side uppermost.
Shell sub-trigonal, greater in length than in height, equivalve, very
inequilateral; posterior side much shorter than the anterior; summits
almost vertical; hinge complex, similar; two cardinal teeth in one or
both valves; one or two remote lateral teeth on each valve; ligament
posterior, short, and inflated; two rounded muscular impressions.
 Donax scortum.
D. pubescens.
D. compressa.
D. cuneata.
D. deltoides.
D. radians.
D. abbreviata.
D. triquetra.
D. ringens.
D. rugosa.
D. Cayennensis.
D. elongata.
D. denticulata.
D. granosa.
D. columbella.
D. veneriformis.
D. Australis.
D. epidermia.
D. bicolor.
D. vittata.
D. meroe.
D. scripta.
D. trunculus.
D. flabagella.
D. cinatinum.
D. Martinicensis.
D. cardioides.

D. scortum. The beaked Donax. Pl. 8, fig. 4.

Species oval, of which the posterior side is sub-truncated; with
decussated and muricated striæ.

D. trunculus. The common Donax.

Oblong, glossy, finely striated longitudinally, transversely banded
and radiated with purple; white, clouded with purple within; internal
margin of the valves distinctly dentated or crenulated.

D. denticulata. The denticulated Donax.

 Species of which the posterior side is truncated; furrowed from the
summit to the base.

9. Capsa. Two species.

This genus was separated by Lamarck from the Donax on account

of the peculiarity of the hinge.

Capsa lævigata.
Capsa Braziliensis.

C. lævigata. The smooth Capsa.

Triangular, sub-equilateral, obsoletely striated transversely;
covered with a greenish yellow epidermis; inside violet towards the
umbones.

C. Braziliensis. The Brazilian Capsa. Pl. 8, fig. 7.

Shell elongated, covered with epidermis; equivalve, close; the
cardinal teeth reduced to one large sub-bifid tooth on the right valve,
placing itself between two very thin ones on the left; ligament
external, on the short side.

10. Crassina. One species.

Distinguished from the Crassatella by the position of the ligament,

and from the Venus by having only two teeth on each valve; one of
them on the left valve projects very slightly.

C. Danmoniensis. The Devonshire Crassina. Pl. 6, fig. 1.

Solid, thick, sub-orbicular, sub-equilateral; two very large
divergent teeth on one valve, and two very unequal ones on the
other; regular parallel grooves and ribs; covered with a yellowish
epidermis; inside white; margin broad and plain.
 FAMILY IX.
Conchacea. Seven genera.
This family is divided into Conchæ fluviatiles, fresh-water shells,
and Conchæ marinæ, sea shells.

C. Fluviatiles. Three genera.

1. Cyclas. Eleven species.

The shells of this genus are very small, and are found buried in the
mud of fresh waters; the apices or summits are never eroded, and
some species are so thin as to be transparent.
Shell covered with a brown epidermis, oval or sub-orbicular,
regular, equivalve, inequilateral; summits blunt, contiguous, or
turned anteriorly; hinge similar, complex, formed by a variable
number of cardinal teeth, and by two remote lateral teeth with a
cavity at the base; ligament exterior, posterior, and convex; two
distant muscular impressions, without posterior sinus.

Cyclas rivicola.
C. cornea.
C. lacustris.
C. obliqua.
C. calyculata.
C. obtusalis.
C. fontinalis.
C. Australis.
C. sulcata.
C. striatina.
C. Sarratogea.
 C. cornea. The horny Cyclas. Pl. 9, fig. 7.
Species sub-orbicular, convex, thin, pellucid, with fine concentric
striæ; cardinal teeth a little variable, always very small, and
sometimes obsolete; summits not eroded, covered with a horn-
coloured epidermis; interior bluish white.

2. Cyrena. Ten species.

This genus of shells is found in rapid rivers and streams; it was

formerly classed with the Cyclas, from which, however, it greatly
differs in having three cardinal teeth on each valve, and also lateral
teeth. They are thick, solid shells, sometimes of a large size; the
apices always eroded or carious.
Shell rounded and trigonal, ventricose, inequilateral; hinge with
three teeth on each valve; two lateral teeth, one of which is near the
primary ones; ligament exterior, placed on the largest side; in some
species the lateral teeth are crenulated, in others they are entire.

Cyrena trigonella.
C. orientalis.
C. cor.
C. depressa.
C. Caroliniensis.
C. fuscata.
C. fluminea.
C. violacea.
C. Bengalensis.
C. Ceylanico.

C. fluminea. The river Cyrena. Pl. 6, fig. 7.

Species sub-trigonal or elongated oval; summits decorticated,
more anterior; three cardinal teeth, of which the two posterior are
forked; exterior greenish brown, interior variegated with white and
violet; sulcated transversely.
 3. Galathea. One species.

This beautiful shell is found in fresh waters, and is distinguished

from the Cyrena by the divergent form of the primary tooth.

G. radiata. The radiated Galathea. Pl. 6, fig. 8.

Shell equivalve, sub-trigonal, covered with a greenish epidermis,
beneath which the surface is of a milky white, highly polished, with
several violet or pale chestnut rays diverging from the apex to the
margin; primary teeth furrowed, two on the right valve joined at the
base, three on the other valve placed triangularly, the intermediate
one being advanced, separate, thick, and callous; the muscular
impressions are lateral, and appear double on each side.

C. Marinæ. Four genera.

4. Cyprina. Two species.

This shell is generally large, resembling the Venus, from which it

may be distinguished by having on the front side one impressed
lateral tooth, which is sometimes obsolete; the nymphæ or callosities
of the hinge large, arched, and terminated near the apices by a cavity,
sometimes very deep.
De Blainville says that this genus is intermediary to the Cyclas and
the Venus, and contains but one living species; Lamarck makes two,
though at first he characterized eight.

Cyprina tennistria.
Cyprina Islandica.

C. Islandica. The Icelandic Cyprina. Pl. 9, fig. 2.

Shell thick, regular, heart-shaped, covered with dark brown
epidermis; white interior; sub-striated longitudinally; apices very
strongly recurved anteriorly, and often contiguous; hinge thick, sub-
similar, formed by three cardinal teeth but little convergent, and by
one remote posterior lateral tooth, sometimes obsolete; ligament
very thick, convex, fixed to large, arched, nymphal callosities,
preceded by a cavity more or less deep, hollowed immediately behind
the summits; muscular impressions subcircular and very distant.

5. Cytherea. Seventy-eight species.

This genus was taken from the Venus, and is easily defined as
distinct from it by having four primary teeth on one valve, and only
three united on the other, with an isolated cavity, oval and parallel to
the margin; the lateral teeth divergent to the summit. In some
species the internal margin is entire, having the anterior cardinal
tooth with a striated canal or uneven sides; in others the anterior
cardinal tooth is entire, without a striated canal; sometimes the
internal margin is crenulated or dentated.
Shell solid, regular, equivalve, inequilateral; apices equal,
recurved, and slightly projecting; four primary teeth on one valve, of
which three are divergent and approximating at the base, and one
remote; three primary divergent teeth on the other valve, with a
distant cavity parallel to the edge.
Cytherea lusoria.
C. petechialis.
C. impudica.
C. castanea.
C. zonaria.
C. graphica.
C. morphina.
C. purpurata.
C. casta.
C. corbicula.
C. meretrix.
C. gigantea.
C. erycina.
C. lilacina.
C. impar.
C. erycinella.
C. pectoralis.
C. planatella.
C. florida.
C. nitidula.
C. Chione.
C. maculata.
C. citrina.
C. albina.
C. lata.
C. mactroides.
C. trigonella.
C. sulcatina.
C. Hebræa.
C. castrensis.
C. ornata.
C. picta.
C. tigrina.
C. scripta.
C. numulina.
C. muscaria.
C. pectinata.
C. gibbia.
C. ranella.
C t t di li
C. testudinalis.
C. divaricata.
C. cuneata.
C. placunella.
C. rugifera.
C. tripla.
C. Venetiana.
C. juvenilis.
C. rufa.
C. Guiniensis.
C. Dione.
C. Arabica.
C. trimaculata.
C. immaculata.
C. pellucida.
C. hepatica.
C. lucinalis.
C. lactea.
C. exoleta.
C. lincta.
C. concentrica.
C. prostrata.
C. interrupta.
C. tigerina.
C. punctata.
C. umbonella.
C. undatina.
C. pulicaris.
C. mixta.
C. abbreviata.
C. plicatina.
C. flexuosa.
C. macrodon.
C. lunularis.
C. squamosa.
C. lunaris.
C. cardilla.
C. cygnus.
C. dentaria.
 C. Chione. The Chione Cytherea.
Thick, solid, heart-shaped, covered with a smooth brown
epidermis, beneath which the shell is of a beautiful purple; radiated
longitudinally, faintly wrinkled transversely, anterior cardinal tooth
entire, and without a striated canal; apex turned sideways, with a
cordiform depression.

C. mactroides. The Mactra-like Cytherea. Pl. 9, fig. 4.

Species thin, convex, triangular; summits very marked; margins
sharp; anterior cardinal tooth entire.

C. pectinata. The pectinated Cytherea.

Species oval, thick, solid, more or less compressed, costated,
pectinated upon the edges.

6. Venus. Eighty-eight species.

This genus of shells is numerous and varied. It surpasses all

bivalve shells in beauty, and is in form very like the Cytherea, but
easily distinguished by the hinge, which almost invariably contains
three approximate teeth, and a lateral tooth diverging to the summit.
The internal margin of the valves is crenated or dentated, with or
without lamellar striæ.
The shells are of the most beautiful and lively tints; the exterior as
well as the interior colouring is of almost every possible shade and
hue. They are found buried a little below the surface on the sandy
shores of most parts of the world, particularly in warm climates.
Shell solid, thick, regular, perfectly equivalve and close, more or
less inequilateral; summits well marked, inclined anteriorly; hinge
sub-similar; the middle cardinal tooth forked, or three cardinal teeth
more or less contiguous and convergent towards the summit;
ligament thick, often arched, convex, and exterior; two distant
muscular impressions; cordiform depressions beneath the beaks.
Venus puerpera.
V. reticulata.
V. pygmæa.
V. corbis.
V. verrucosa.
V. rugosa.
V. casina.
V. crebiscula.
V. crenulata.
V. discina.
V. granulata.
V. marica.
V. cingulata.
V. cardivides.
V. grisea.
V. elliptica.
V. Dombeii.
V. mercenaria.
V. lagopus.
V. gallina.
V. gallinula.
V. pectinula.
V. sulcata.
V. lamellata.
V. exalbida.
V. rufa.
V. dorsata.
V. hiantina.
V. crassisulca.
V. corrugata.
V. Malabarica.
V. papilionacea.
V. adspersa.
V. punctifera.
V. turgida.
V. literata.
V. florida.
V. petalina.
V. bicolor.
V fl id ll
V. floridella.
V. catenifera.
V. pulchella.
V. sinuosa.
V. tristis.
V. plicata.
V. cancellata.
V. pectorina.
V. sulcaria.
V. textilis.
V. texturata.
V. geographica.
V. rariflamma.
V. decussata.
V. pullastra.
V. glandina.
V. truncata.
V. retifera.
V. anomala.
V. galactites.
V. exilis.
V. scalarina.
V. Scotica.
V. aurea.
V. virginea.
V. marmorata.
V. ovulæa.
V. laterisulca.
V. callipyga.
V. opima.
V. nebulosa.
V. phaseolina.
V. carneola.
V. flammiculata.
V. conularis.
V. strigosa.
V. aphrodina.
V. Perronii.
V. aphrodinoides.
V elegantina
 V. elegantina.
V. flammea.
V. rimularis.
V. vulvina.
V. vermiculosa.
V. subrostrata.
V. undulosa.
V. pumila.
V. ovata.
V. inquinata.

V. Casina. The Casina, or broad-ribbed Venus. Pl. 8, fig. 2.

Sub-orbicular, with transversely acute recurved ridges; lamellar
striæ; crenulated on the hind margin; slightly channelled behind the
depression.

V. decussata. The intersected Venus. Pl. 9, fig. 3.

Species sub-rhomboidal, with decussated striæ; margin not
denticulated; umbo placed near one end; the three teeth of the hinge
very contiguous and very weak; exterior brownish and marked with
purple lines.

V. aurea. The golden Venus.

Sub-orbicular, inequilateral, transversely and concentrically
striated; yellow golden colour.

V. corbis. The basket Venus.

Species sub-rhomboidal, deeply latticed; teeth very thick, ligament
entirely concealed, margin dentated.

V. puerpera. The convex or spotted Venus.

Species thick, solid, orbicular or sub-orbicular, with concentric
striæ, or, rather, laminæ; teeth very thick; margin dentated.

V. granulata. The granulated Venus.

Species thick, solid, cardium-shaped, radiated from the summit to
the base.
 7. Venericardia. One species.

This genus resembles the Venus, but has only two oblique cardinal
teeth on each valve.
Shell equivalve, inequilateral, sub-orbicular, sides generally with
longitudinal rayed ribs; hinge with two oblique cardinal teeth in each
valve, turned in the same direction.

V. imbricata. The imbricated Venericardia. Pl. 9, fig. 1.

Species almost round, having convex longitudinal ribs, covered
with imbricated rough scales; inferior margin rounded and dentated;
more and more equilateral; the two teeth short and oblique.
 FAMILY X.
Cardiacea. Five genera.

1. Cardium. Cockle, or Heart Shell. Forty-

eight species.

This genus received its name from its resemblance to a heart

(καρδια). It is so well defined by Linnæus that no alteration was
made by Lamarck, except in making two divisions of them; the first
distinguished by having the anterior side as large or larger than the
posterior, and no distinct angle at the apex; the second by possessing
carinated or angular umbones, and the posterior side often much
larger than the anterior. These shells are found at a small depth in
the sand on almost every seashore.
Shell inflated, equivalve, sub-cordiform (when seen anteriorly),
generally costated from the summit to the circumference; summits
very evident; slightly recurved forward; hinge complex, similar,
formed by two oblique cardinal teeth, articulating with the
corresponding teeth on the other valve; two distant lateral teeth on
each valve; ligament dorsal, posterior, and very short.
Cardium costatum.
C. Indicum.
C. ringens.
C. Asiaticum.
C. tennicostatum.
C. fimbriatum.
C. pseudolima.
C. aculeatum.
C. erinaceum.
C. tuberculatum.
C. Brasilianum.
C. apertum.
C. papyraceum.
C. bullatum.
C. ciliare.
C. echinatum.
C. lævigatum.
C. biradiatum.
C. eolicum.
C. pectinatum.
C. isocardia.
C. muricatum.
C. angulatum.
C. marmoreum.
C. elongatum.
C. ventricosum.
C. rugosum.
C. sulcatum.
C. serratum.
C. unedo.
C. medium.
C. fragum.
C. retusum.
C. tumoriferum.
C. rusticum.
C. edule.
C. Groenlandicum.
C. latum.
C. crenulatum.
C i
 C. exiguum.
C. minutum.
C. roseum.
C. scobinatum.
C. hemicardium.
C. cardissa.
C. inversum.
C. Junoniæ.
C. lineatum.

C. edule. The edible Cardium, or common Cockle. Pl. 10, fig. 2.

Species not gaping, with about twenty-six depressed ribs and
transverse obsolete scales; of a cream colour; beaks protuberant.

C. cardissa. Venus’s Heart.

Species heart-shaped, valves angularly flattened, umbones
alternating.

C. lævigatum. The smooth Cardium.

Species smooth or nearly so, anterior side as large as the posterior.

C. hemicardium. The half-heart Cardium.

Species ribbed, with elevated rough striæ; the anterior side is very
short and almost flat.

C. costatum. The high-ribbed Cardium.

No angle at the umbones; anterior side at least as large as the
posterior; rows of white, hollow, elevated ribs, situated at regular
distances, proceeding from the umbones to the margin, with the
spaces between them of a reddish brown colour.

C. unedo. The Strawberry Heart.

Species with ribs armed with small crescent-shaped scales.

C. tuberculatum. The tuberculated Cardium.

Species not gaping, with large ribs armed with nodules.

2. Cardita. Twenty-one species.

 Lamarck took this genus from the Chama on account of several
peculiarities in the shell as well as in the animal. It is not affixed to
other bodies by its lower valve, but, according to De Blainville, lies
exposed on the rocks. There is some difficulty in distinguishing this
genus from the Venericardia, without carefully examining the
position of the two teeth.
Shell regular, thick, solid, equivalve, more or less inequilateral;
summit dorsal, always very recurved anteriorly; hinge similar,
formed by two oblique teeth; one short cardinal placed beneath the
umbo, the other oblique, arched, marginal, and prolonged; ligament
elongated, sub-exterior, and inserted; two very distinct muscular
impressions.

Cardita sulcata.
C. ajar.
C. turgida.
C. squamosa.
C. phrenetica.
C. crassicosta.
C. rufescens.
C. calyculata.
C. subaspera.
C. nodulosa.
C. intermedia.
C. trepezia.
C. bicolor.
C. depressa.
C. concamerata.
C. sinuata.
C. aviculina.
C. citrina.
C. sublævigata.
C. corbularis.
C. lithophagella.

C. crassicosta. The thick-ribbed Cardita.

Species elongated, a little gaping at the inferior margin; ligament
concealed.
 C. sulcata. The furrowed Cardita. Pl. 10, fig. 3.
Sub-cordiform or oval, more transverse than longitudinal; colour
white, tesselated with brown; posterior depression heart-shaped;
longitudinal, convex, transversely-striated ribs.

3. Cypricardia. Four species.

Distinguished from the Cardita by having three teeth beneath the

apices, and a callous lengthened tooth or ridge.
Shell obliquely elongated, equivalve, inequilateral; valves striated,
but never ribbed; hinge with three teeth beneath the umbo, and one
lateral elongated tooth.

Cypricardia Guinaica.
C. angulata.
C. rostrata.
C. coralliophaga.

C. Guinaica. The Guinea Cypricardia. Pl. 10, fig. 6.

Species elongated, very inequilateral; summit rounded and
recurved anteriorly; two short divergent cardinal teeth, besides a
lamellous tooth; ligament very long, projecting or not; yellowish
white, covered with decussated striæ.

4. Hiatella. Two species.

Established by Daudin; classed by Linnæus with the Solen, but

Lamarck is of opinion that it more nearly approximates the Cardita.
Shell thin, sub-rhomboidal, equivalve, very inequilateral, gaping at
its inferior margin and posterior extremity; the summit very anterior
and recurved in front; dorsal hinge formed by a single tooth on one
valve corresponding to a semicircular slope on the opposite valve, or
by a small tooth with a cardinal cavity in each valve; ligament
probably exterior and dorsal; muscular impressions unknown.

Hiatella Arctica.
Hiatella biaperta.

H. Arctica. The Arctic Hiatella.

Shell small, transversely oblong; apices truncated, with two
divergent spring ridges; a small tooth on each valve; cream colour,
with decussated striæ; inside pearly.

H. biaperta. The double-clefted Hiatella. Pl. 10, fig. 4.

Species that has only a single tooth on one valve; yellowish white.

5. Isocardia. Three species.

Taken from the Chama of Linnæus on account of a peculiarity in

the shape of the cardinal teeth, and the singular curvature of the
umbones.

Isocardia cor.
I. semisulcata.
I. Moltkiana.

I. cor. The heart Isocardia. Pl. 12, fig. 4.

Shell free, regular, heart-shaped, equivalve, very inequilateral;
summits diverging, strongly recurved spirally, forward, and outward;
hinge dorsal, long, similar, formed by two flat cardinal teeth, with an
elongated lateral one behind the ligament, which is dorsal and
exterior, diverging towards the summits; muscular impressions very
distinct and rather small; slightly wrinkled longitudinally; exterior
reddish chestnut colour, interior white.
The Isocardia Moltkiana is a very rare shell, and the most elegant
species of this genus.
 FAMILY XI.
Arcacea. Four genera.

1. Cucullæa. One species.

Distinguished from the Arca by the muscular impression within, to

one side of which is an ear-shaped testaceous appendage; the shell is
more trapeziform, and the hinge by age becomes obsolete, giving the
teeth a more horizontal appearance.
Shell equivalve, inequilateral, trapeziform, heart-shaped; beaks
distant, and separated by the angular groove of the ligament, which
is altogether external; hinge linear, straight, with small transverse
teeth, having at its extremity from two to five parallel ribs; valves
marked with minute and strong longitudinal striæ, and sometimes
one valve overlaps; margins crenulated.

C. auriculifera. The eared Cucullæa. Pl. 10, fig. 1.

Species navicular or obliquely heart-shaped, with decussated
striæ; hinge completely straight, with two parallel ribs at each end,
the terminal teeth longer and more oblique than the others; exterior
chestnut colour, interior white, tinged with violet.

2. Arca. The Ark. Thirty-seven species.

This genus is easily known by its resemblance to the hull of a ship;

the hinge is peculiar, being composed of numerous sharp teeth
alternately inserted between each other. The Arca of Linnæus was
divided by Lamarck into the four genera that compose this family,
each possessing a strong distinctive character. All the shells of this
family are found in the sea at a little distance from the shore; they
are covered with a dark greenish lamellar or velvet-like epidermis,
frequently ending in a deep fringe at the margin.
Shell a little varied in form, but most generally elongated, and
more or less oblique at the posterior extremity; sometimes very
inequilateral; summits more or less distant, and a little recurved
forward; hinge anomalous, straight, or a little curved; long, and
formed by a line of short vertical teeth decreasing from the
extremities to the centre; ligament exterior, broad; sometimes the
margin is crenated.
Arca tortuosa.
A. semitorta.
A. Noæ.
A. tetragona.
A. umbonata.
A. sinuata.
A. avellana.
A. cardissa.
A. ventricosa.
A. retusa.
A. sulcata.
A. ovata.
A. Helbingii.
A. scapha.
A. barbata.
A. fusca.
A. Magellanica.
A. Domingensis.
A. lactea.
A. trapezina.
A. pistachia.
A. pisolina.
A. cancellaria.
A. callifera.
A. irudina.
A. bisulcata.
A. Indica.
A. senilis.
A. antiquata.
A. rhombea.
A. granosa.
A. auriculata.
A. Brasiliana.
A. corbicula.
A. squamosa.
A. Cayennensis.
A. inequivalvis.
 A. Noæ. Noah’s Ark. Pl. 10, fig. 5.
Species boat-shaped, oblong, striated transversely and ribbed
longitudinally; umbones remote and incurvated; margins entire and
gaping; hinge straight; whitish, with divergent zigzag chestnut
stripes; inside bluish white.

A. tortuosa. The twisted Ark.

A rare species; shell elongated, close, twisted; hinge completely
straight.

A. barbata. The bearded Ark.

Species with the hinge straight, not hollowed or not gaping
inferiorly, and of which the muscle is not adherent.

3. Pectunculus. Nineteen species.

This genus has the ligament partially inserted internally, and has
no exterior angular groove. The valves never gape, often have rayed
longitudinal ribs, are compressed, and the shell by age becomes thick
and ponderous, sometimes attaining a large size. The teeth in the
hinge are not so numerous as in the Arca and Cucullæa; the centre
teeth appear worn down.
Shell close, orbicular, doubly convex, equivalve, sub-equilateral;
summits almost vertical, and more or less distant; hinge formed on
each valve by a rather numerous series of small teeth, disposed in a
curved line, sometimes broken under the summit; ligament external
and large.
 Pectunculus glycimeris.
P. pilosus.
P. undulatus.
P. marmoratus.
P. scriptus.
P. angulatus
P. stellatus.
P. pallens.
P. violacescens.
P. zonalis.
P. pennaceus.
P. rubens.
P. castaneus.
P. pectiniformis.
P. striatularis.
P. nummarius.
P. pectinatus.
P. radians.
P. vitreus.

P. glycimeris. The delicious Pectunculus.

Sub-orbicular, umbones produced; finely striated transversely and
longitudinally; covered with epidermis, under which it is marked
with reddish chestnut spots or bands; inside white; margins
crenulated.

P. pilosus. The hairy Pectunculus.

Species convex, more or less smooth and hairy.

P. pectiniformis. The Pecten-shaped Pectunculus. Pl. 11, fig. 6.

Species lenticular, more compressed, pectinated, and more or less
rough.

4. Nucula. Six species.

 Shell small, more or less thick, sub-triangular, equivalve,
inequilateral; summits contiguous and turned forward; hinge
similar, formed by a numerous series of very pointed teeth,
pectinated and disposed in a line interrupted under the summit;
ligament internal, short, inserted in a small oblique cavity in each
valve; two muscular impressions; valves more or less pearly within.

Nucula lanceolata.
N. rostrata.
N. pella.
N. Nicobarica.
N. obliqua.
N. margaritacea.

N. rostrata. The beaked Nucula.

Species of which the margin is entire.

N. margaritacea. The pearly Nucula. Pl. 11, fig. 7.

Species of which the margin is crenated; numerous regular
pectinated teeth; obliquely ovate, trigonal; striæ minute and almost
obsolete; covered with a greenish epidermis; inside silvery, pearl-
like.
 FAMILY XII.
Trigonacea. Two genera.

1. Trigonia. One species.

Supposed to be in very deep places in the sea; it is a strong,

beautiful, pearly shell, sub-trigonal or sub-orbicular; thick, regular,
equivalve, inequilateral; summits slightly prominent, recurved,
anterodorsal; hinge complex, dorsal, dissimilar; two large oblong
teeth laterally compressed, joined angularly under the summit,
strongly furrowed on the right valve, penetrating into two
excavations of the same form, equally furrowed on the left valve;
ligament exterior and marginal; two distinct muscular impressions.

T. pectinata. The pectinated Trigonia. Pl. 11, fig. 4.

Species sub-orbicular, with radiated or divergent, prominent, and
somewhat scaly ribs; inside pearly; margin crenellated.

2. Castalia. One species.

This genus is found in fresh waters, and differs from the Trigonia
in the number and position of the lamellar teeth. The substance of
the shell is pearly.
Shell sub-trigonal, equivalve, inequilateral; umbones eroded,
covered with epidermis, and inflected anteriorly; hinge with two
lamellar teeth, transversely striated, one of them posterior, distant,
and shortened, the other anterior, lengthened, and lateral; ligament
exterior.

C. ambigua. The ambiguous Castalia. Pl. 11, fig. 5.

 Short, sub-trigonal; umbones truncated; longitudinally ribbed,
with distant transverse striæ; covered with epidermis, under which
the shell is of a pale chestnut brown, inside pearly; the lamellar and
præ-apicial teeth are well marked, more regular, and all striated
perpendicular to their length.
 FAMILY XIII.
Naiades. Four genera.

1. Unio. Forty-eight species.

The species of this genus become every day more numerous; they
are found in all countries, but particularly in North America. The
Unio is a fresh-water shell, and therefore, with great propriety,
removed from the Mya, which consists entirely of marine shells. The
substance is pearly; the exterior covered with a brown or green
epidermis; the apices eroded. They are found in the mud of rivers,
with their apices downward; some are slightly gaping, and some
species produce fine pearls.
Shell generally very thick, pearly within, covered with epidermis;
summits eroded, dorsal, and sub-interior; besides a long lamellous
tooth under the ligament, the hinge is formed by a double
precardinal tooth, more or less compressed, and dentated irregularly
on the left valve, simple on the right valve; ligament external, dorsal,
and post-apicial; muscular impressions well marked.