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General Editor:
David W. Baker
Ashland Theological Seminary
edited by
Ben C. Ollenburger
Eisenbrauns
Winona Lake, Indiana
2004
Ç 2004 by Eisenbrauns.
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the
American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper
for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.†
04 05 06 07 08 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CONTENTS
Series Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Editor’s Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Part 1
The Background
Ben C. Ollenburger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Old Testament Theology before 1933
Otto Eissfeldt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
The History of Israelite-Jewish Religion and Old Testament
Theology
Walther Eichrodt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Does Old Testament Theology Still Have Independent
Significance within Old Testament Scholarship?
Part 2
Old Testament Theology’s Renaissance:
Walther Eichrodt through Gerhard von Rad
Introduction (Ben C. Ollenburger) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Walther Eichrodt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Covenant
Theodorus C. Vriezen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
The Nature of the Knowledge of God
George Ernest Wright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
God the Warrior
Gerhard von Rad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Eighth-Century Prophecy
Part 3
Expansion and Variety:
Between Gerhard von Rad and Brevard Childs
Introduction (Ben C. Ollenburger) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Walther Zimmerli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Life before God
v
vi Contents
Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Old Testament scholarship is well served by several recent works which de-
tail, to a greater or lesser extent, the progress made in the study of the Old
Testament. Some survey the range of interpretation over long stretches of
time, while others concern themselves with a smaller chronological or geo-
graphical segment of the field. There are also brief entrées into the various
subdisciplines of Old Testament study included in the standard introductions
as well as in several useful series. All of these provide secondary syntheses of
various aspects of Old Testament research. All refer to, and base their discus-
sions upon, various seminal works by Old Testament scholars which have
proven pivotal in the development and flourishing of the various aspects of
the discipline.
The main avenue into the various areas of Old Testament inquiry, espe-
cially for the beginner, has been until now mainly through the filter of these
interpreters. Even on a pedagogical level, however, it is beneficial for a stu-
dent to be able to interact with foundational works firsthand. This contact
will not only provide insight into the content of an area, but hopefully will
also lead to the sharpening of critical abilities through interaction with vari-
ous viewpoints. This series seeks to address this need by including not only
key, ground-breaking works, but also significant responses to these. This al-
lows the student to appreciate the process of scholarly development through
interaction.
The series is also directed toward scholars. In a period of burgeoning
knowledge and significant publication in many places and languages around
the world, this series will endeavor to make easily accessible significant, but
at times hard to find, contributions. Each volume will contain essays, ar-
ticles, extracts, and the like, presenting in a manageable scope the growth
and development of one of a number of different aspects of Old Testament
studies. Most volumes will contain previously published material, with syn-
thetic essays by the editor(s) of the individual volume. Some volumes, how-
ever, are expected to contain significant, previously unpublished works. To
facilitate access to students and scholars, all entries will appear in English
and will be newly typeset. If students are excited by the study of Scripture
ix
x Series Preface
and scholars are encouraged in amicable dialogue, this series would have ful-
filled its purpose.
David W. Baker, series editor
Ashland Theological Seminary
Publisher’s Note
Articles republished here are reprinted without alteration, except for minor
matters of style not affecting meaning. Page numbers of the original publica-
tion are marked with double brackets ([[267]], for example). Other editorial
notes or supplementations are also marked with double brackets, including
editorially-supplied translations of foreign words. Footnotes are numbered
consecutively throughout each article, even when the original publication
used another system. No attempt has been made to bring transliteration sys-
tems into conformity with a single style.
In the introductions to each part below, reference to works included in
the respective “additional reading” sections is made by in-text citation; biblio-
graphic information for all other works is provided in footnotes.
Editor’s Foreword
xi
xii Editor’s Foreword
all of the diverse proposals in part 5 are new; the earliest dates from 1977.
But each of them stands in some critical relation to previous approaches and
continues to challenge contemporary ones.
Nine of the twenty-eight authors represented here are new to this edi-
tion. However, simply adding new material would have expanded the book
beyond manageable size. Thus, some of the earlier chapters have been elimi-
nated and others abbreviated. The aim of these changes has been to include
as many excerpts as possible while still providing students, and their profes-
sors, adequate orientation and context. In recent years, John H. Sailhamer
(1995), Walter Brueggemann (1997: 1–114), Paul R. House (1998: 1–57, 548–
59), and James Barr (1999) have assessed, from particular and quite different
points of view, Old Testament theology’s history and the current state of its
questions (cf. more briefly Martens 1997a; Ollenburger 1999). Students may
be directed to one or more of these works, as well as to earlier assessments of
the field such as those by Gerhard F. Hasel (1991), John H. Hayes and Fred-
erick C. Prussner (1985), Robert C. Dentan (1963), and Emil G. Kraeling
(1955). Elmer A. Martens has provided a very useful annotated bibliography,
with coverage until 1996 (Martens 1997b). But it is especially to be hoped
that students will read further in Old Testament theology, and in the Old Tes-
tament itself.
That term—Old Testament—has been controversial for some time, given
its Christian provenance and possibly supersessionist (or even worse) associa-
tions. It is retained here, both because none of the proposed substitutes has
proved adequate and because it figures prominently, and sometimes inten-
tionally, among the authors here represented. When that designation is in-
appropriate, as in reference to Jewish authors, other terms are used. Similar
considerations attach to the divine name Yhwh. When authors vocalize it, it
is printed that way; otherwise, it remains without vowels. The same principle
obtains elsewhere: the language of the authors remains their own.
Finally, I should like to thank David Baker, series editor, for promoting a
revised edition, and Jim Eisenbraun, publisher, for patiently shepherding it
through publication. Beverly McCoy, editor at Eisenbrauns, is a genial model
of competence and efficiency. I also owe a particular debt to my colleagues in
the first edition, Elmer A. Martens and the late Gerhard F. Hasel. Professor
Martens first introduced me to Old Testament theology. He also took the
lead in conceiving SBTS 1 and bringing it to life. The Associated Mennonite
Biblical Seminary granted time and support for my work on this volume. To
the seminary and to the Bible department’s assistant Amy L. Barker, who gra-
ciously performed mundane tasks and provided wise counsel, I am most
grateful.
Ben C. Ollenburger
Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminary
Abbreviations
General
A.T. Altes Testament
E Elohist writings
ET English translation
J Jahwist writings
LXX Septuagint
MT Masoretic Text
NF Neue Folge (New Series)
NIV New International Version
NJB New Jerusalem Bible
NJPSV New Jewish Publication Society Version
NJV New Jewish Version
NLB New Living Bible
NRSV New Revised Standard Version
NT New Testament
OT Old Testament
P Priestly writings
REB Revised English Bible
RSV Revised Standard Version
R.V. Revised Version
xiii
xiv Abbreviations
infanti
aliud
es
darf
den 4 available
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