Theatre and Dictatorship in the Luso Hispanic World

Diego Santos Sánchez digital download

Sold on ebookname.com
https://ebookname.com/product/theatre-and-dictatorship-in-the-luso-
hispanic-world-diego-santos-sanchez/

★★★★★
4.8 out of 5.0 (78 reviews )

Access PDF Now

 Theatre and Dictatorship in the Luso Hispanic World Diego
Santos Sánchez

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

The World of Theatre 2003 Edition An account of the world

s theatre seasons 1999 2000 2000 2001 and 2001 2002 World
of Theatre Ian Herbert
https://ebookname.com/product/the-world-of-theatre-2003-edition-an-
account-of-the-world-s-theatre-
seasons-1999-2000-2000-2001-and-2001-2002-world-of-theatre-ian-
herbert/
ebookname.com

The Noughties in the Hispanic and Lusophone World 1st

Edition Kathy Bacon

https://ebookname.com/product/the-noughties-in-the-hispanic-and-
lusophone-world-1st-edition-kathy-bacon/

ebookname.com

Experiencing Time in the Early Modern Hispanic World 1st

Edition Ariadna García-Bryce

https://ebookname.com/product/experiencing-time-in-the-early-modern-
hispanic-world-1st-edition-ariadna-garcia-bryce/

ebookname.com

The microstructure approach to exchange rates 1st Edition

Richard K. Lyons

https://ebookname.com/product/the-microstructure-approach-to-exchange-
rates-1st-edition-richard-k-lyons/

ebookname.com
Surfaces Explorations with Sliceforms John Sharp

https://ebookname.com/product/surfaces-explorations-with-sliceforms-
john-sharp/

ebookname.com

Regard for the Other Autothanatography in Rousseau De

Quincey Baudelaire and Wilde 1st Edition E. S. Burt

https://ebookname.com/product/regard-for-the-other-autothanatography-
in-rousseau-de-quincey-baudelaire-and-wilde-1st-edition-e-s-burt/

ebookname.com

Divorce Without Court A Guide to Mediation Collaborative

Divorce 1st Edition Katherine Stoner

https://ebookname.com/product/divorce-without-court-a-guide-to-
mediation-collaborative-divorce-1st-edition-katherine-stoner/

ebookname.com

Guide to ASTM Test Methods for the Analysis of Petroleum

Products and Lubricants 2nd Edition MNL 44 R. A. Nadkarni

https://ebookname.com/product/guide-to-astm-test-methods-for-the-
analysis-of-petroleum-products-and-lubricants-2nd-edition-mnl-44-r-a-
nadkarni/
ebookname.com

Localizing the Internet An Anthropological Account 1st

Edition John Postill

https://ebookname.com/product/localizing-the-internet-an-
anthropological-account-1st-edition-john-postill/

ebookname.com
Petrostate Putin Power and the New Russia Marshall I.
Goldman

https://ebookname.com/product/petrostate-putin-power-and-the-new-
russia-marshall-i-goldman/

ebookname.com
Theatre and Dictatorship in the
Luso-Hispanic World

Theatre and Dictatorship in the Luso-Hispanic World explores the discourses that have
linked theatre and dictatorial regimes across Spain, Portugal and their former colo-
nies. These are divided into three different approaches to theatre itself – as cultural
practice, as performance, and as textual artefact – addressing topics including obe-
dience, resistance, authoritarian policies, theatre business, exile, violence, memory,
trauma, nationalism, and postcolonialism. This book draws together a diverse range
of methodological approaches to foreground the effects and constraints of dictator-
ship on theatrical expression and how theatre responds to these impositions.

Diego Santos Sánchez is a researcher at the Universidad de Alcalá, Spain.

Routledge Advances in Theatre and Performance Studies

www.routledge.com/Routledge-Advances-in-Theatre–Performance-Studies/
book-series/RATPS

Rewriting Narratives in Egyptian Theatre

Translation, Performance, Politics
Edited by Sirkku Aaltonen, Areeg Ibrahim

Mainstream AIDS Theatre, the Media, and Gay Civil Rights

Making the Radical Palatable
Jacob Juntunen

Global Insights on Theatre Censorship

Edited by Catherine O’Leary, Diego Santos Sánchez, Michael Thompson

Performance and the Politics of Space

Theatre and Topology
Edited by Erika Fischer-Lichte, Benjamin Wihstutz

Adapting Chekhov
The Text and its Mutations
Edited by J. Douglas Clayton, Yana Meerzon

Food and Theatre on the World Stage

Edited by Dorothy Chansky, Ann Folino White

Grotowski, Women, and Contemporary Performance

Meetings with Remarkable Women
Virginie Magnat

Art, Vision, and Nineteenth-Century Realist Drama

Acts of Seeing
Amy Holzapfel

Performance and Phenomenology

Traditions and Transformations
Edited by Maaike Bleeker, Jon Foley Sherman, Eirini Nedelkopoulou

Historical Affects and the Early Modern Theatre

Edited by Ronda Arab, Michelle Dowd, Adam Zucker
Theatre and Dictatorship in
the Luso-Hispanic World

Edited by Diego Santos Sánchez

First published 2018
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2018 selection and editorial matter, Diego Santos Sánchez; individual
chapters, the contributors
The right of the Diego Santos Sánchez to be identified as the author of
the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has
been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN: 9781138223301 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781315405100 (ebk)

Typeset in Bembo
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
This book is dedicated to my mother.
A mi madre.
I would like to express my sincere and wholehearted
gratitude to María Teresa Vera Rojas, David Rodríguez-
Solás, Magdalena López and Graciela Foglia for their
careful reading of my Introduction to this volume and for
their insightful suggestions: gracias. I am also very thankful
to all the contributors to this volume, who enthusiastically
embarked on this project and made it possible with their
illuminating essays. I would also like to thank Michael P.
Thompson for his comments on the book proposal at the
initial stage of this project. And last, but in no way least, I
sincerely thank Ursula Meany Scott for her patient, devoted
and meticulous editing of my English.
This work has been made possible thanks to the support of
the Vicerectorate for Research at the Universidad de Alcalá.
Este trabajo ha sido posible gracias al apoyo del Vicerrectorado
de Investigación de la Universidad de Alcalá.
Contents

1 Weaving the Luso-Hispanic fabric: an entangled world of

dictatorial constraints and theatrical responses 1
D IE GO S AN TO S SÁN CHEZ

PART I
Policies/Practices 43

2 Theatre censorship and foreign drama in Estado Novo Portugal

during the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War 45
Z S Ó F IA GO M B Á R

3 Censorship on the Brazilian scene: the “distribution of

the sensible” and art as a political force 58
M ARIA CRIS T IN A CAS T I L HO CO STA AN D WALT E R D E SOUSA JUNIOR

4 José Tamayo: foreign policy and cultural opportunism 71

CARE Y K AS T E N

5 Galician independent theatre: a breach in Franco’s dictatorship 86

CIL H A L O URE N ÇO MÓ DI A

6 The aftermath of dictatorship in contemporary Basque theatre 99

ARAN T Z AZ U FERN ÁN DEZ I GL ES I AS

PART II
Performance 109

7 Are all tyrannies the same? Rebellion against Spanish

oppression as a re-enactment of resistance to
totalitarianism in Marcos’ Philippines 111
RO C Í O O RT UÑO CASAN OVA
viii Contents
8 Puppet theatre as response to dictatorship in Catalonia
and Chile 126
CARIAD AS TL ES

9 Dagoll Dagom’s No hablaré en clase, a postdramatic response

to Francoism 140
DAV ID RO D R Í GUEZ- S O L ÁS

10 The politics of community and place in o bando’s

Nós Matámos o Cão Tinhoso! 155
VAN E S S A S ILVA P EREI RA

PART III
Texts 171

11 Bridging literary traditions in the Hispanic world: Equatorial

Guinean drama and the dictatorial cultural-political order 173
E L IS A RIZ O

12 Soldiers without orders, actors without stages: Carlos

Manuel Varela’s Interrogatorio en Elsinore and Bosco Brasil’s
Novas diretrizes em tempos de paz 188
K AT YA S O L L

13 Complicitous acts in Argentina’s theatre: La nona

and De a uno 200
ARIE L S T RICHART Z

14 Paraguay between dictatorships: El Edificio, an unknown

play by Josefina Plá 214
YAS M IN A YO US F I L Ó P EZ

15 Negotiating sexuality and censorship in Las sábanas

by José Corrales 231
L O URD E S B ETAN ZO S

16 Appropriating the past under Somoza and the Sandinistas:

the polyvalent sign of El Güegüence 245
E . J. W E S T L A KE

Index 261
Visit https://ebookname.com today to explore
a vast collection of ebooks across various
genres, available in popular formats like
PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with
all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading
experience and effortlessly download high-
quality materials in just a few simple steps.
Plus, don’t miss out on exciting offers that
let you access a wealth of knowledge at the
best prices!
1 Weaving the Luso-Hispanic
fabric
An entangled world of dictatorial
constraints and theatrical responses
Diego Santos Sánchez

The goal of this introductory chapter, and by extension, this volume, is twofold.
Firstly, it aims to understand the Luso-Hispanic world and thereby lend it theo-
retical sense – a prerequisite for the second goal of addressing how dictatorship
constrained theatre across the Luso-Hispanic world during the 20th century, and
how theatre reacted to these constraints. To this end, this chapter is presented in
three sections, each corresponding to one of the three notions that inform this
volume: the Luso-Hispanic world, dictatorship and theatre. First, the idea of the
Luso-Hispanic world is theoretically defined in the light of colonial history and
global South discourses before a working definition of it is offered. The second
section briefly discusses dictatorship and argues that the shared experience of
having lived under such regimes further weaves the fabric of the Luso-Hispanic
world. This section also provides brief accounts of the dictatorships mentioned
in the volume. In the third section the entanglements between theatre and dic-
tatorship are classified on three epistemological levels, which are discussed in
and illustrated by the volume’s case studies. The short final section concludes by
proposing an intertwined reading of these entanglements across the region and
contends that this interconnectedness metaphorically strengthens the fabric of
the Luso-Hispanic world.

Mapping the Luso-Hispanic world:

from cartography to academia
The label Luso-Hispanic is frequently applied at the organisational level of aca-
demia. Anglo-Saxon universities have led this practice of merging the study
of the languages and literatures of Iberia and its former colonies into single
university departments. These combined Spanish and Portuguese departments
encompass the languages, literatures and cultures of Spain, Portugal and Latin
America. While there are departments with broader scopes (to include former
Asian and African colonies) as well as narrower (Latin American Studies), the
vast majority of such academic units across Britain and the United States have
conveniently brought together the study of Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking
literatures and cultures. This organizational phenomenon responds to the fact
that Spanish- and Portuguese-language cultures are kin and share deep cultural
2 Diego Santos Sánchez
ties. However, this approach does not go unchallenged. The resulting depart-
ments are built upon the juxtaposition of areas of study – which also happen
to be juxtaposed geographically – rather than necessarily providing a single,
coherent methodological understanding of the Luso-Hispanic world as a whole.
The growing tendency to amalgamate departments in this way has resulted in
an outstanding array of academic initiatives, including a variety of journals and
conferences. These, like the previously mentioned departments, understand the
term Luso-Hispanic as an all-encompassing label under which research on dis-
tinct national traditions is smoothly accommodated. However, this label has so
far been used only in an organisational, but not necessarily epistemological way.
Albeit in a somewhat different manner, scholarly works in this field reveal
some of the same issues. While Kern and Dolkart’s volume on caciquismo (1973)
is the first work to include the phrase Luso-Hispanic World in its title, consolida-
tion of the term in research volumes is rather recent. The term Luso-Hispanic
is usually understood as the corpus that allows us to reflect upon diverse topics
such as race, colonialism (Branche 2006) and female writing (Blanco 2016),
among others. Works that adopt a comparative approach of this region without
necessarily labelling it Luso-Hispanic are also thriving (Fiddian 2002; López et
al. 2014). In many of these recent works, especially edited volumes, the Luso-
Hispanic notion mostly serves as a spatial parameter: everything falling within
these geographical limits can therefore be labelled Luso-Hispanic. Coincidentally
and somewhat ironically, the first Google result for the term is, at the time of
going to print, a series of maps of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires,1 which
strongly reinforces this merely cartographic understanding of the notion of the
Luso-Hispanic world. Maps juxtapose territories in the same way that umbrella
conferences and edited volumes bring together heterogeneous works on the
cultural traditions settled in these territories.
While geography is central to any attempt at concocting the idea of a world, in
the case of the Luso-Hispanic world, this has been the almost exclusive approach.
The term has traditionally lacked an epistemological rationale that would have
allowed for the idea of a cultural entity. Steps towards the formation of a cultural
unity have been taken quite successfully, as will be discussed later, in the case
of Iberia or Latin America for example, but the idea has been virtually non-
existent when it comes to the Luso-Hispanic world as a whole. However, recent
works are endowing the term Luso-Hispanic with this new layer that allows it to
behave not only as a spatial scope (what happens within its territories), but also
as subject matter (what happens throughout its territories). Previous collections of
unconnected works on Bolivia, Portugal, Catalonia, the Philippines, Brazil and
Mozambique, to name but a few, have paved the way for deeper reflection on
transnational phenomena across these regions. This suggests that the merely geo-
graphical juxtaposition of territories (scope) is now beginning to be perceived as
a unity based upon a series of historical and cultural ties (subject matter).
Geographically, the Luso-Hispanic world is composed of a discontinuous set
of territories with two main nuclei – the Iberian Peninsula and Latin America –
and a series of scattered locations throughout Asia and Africa. These include
 Weaving the Luso-Hispanic fabric 3
countries and regions that are very diverse both geographically, since they span
four continents, and politically, given that they include former metropolises and
colonies, sovereign states and stateless nations. Moreover, the Spanish and Por-
tuguese languages coexist with many other languages and cultures throughout
these locations and therefore play very different roles, both administratively and
culturally, across the region. This informs a world of great diversity that implies
theoretical challenges. In order to set the foundations of the Luso-Hispanic
world it becomes mandatory to closely consider each of its three main blocks – the
Iberian Peninsula, Latin America and African/Asian locations – and understand
how they have translated into academic disciplines. These will, in turn, pave the
way for the very notion of the Luso-Hispanic world as unitary scholarly subject
matter.
Spain and Portugal are neighbouring countries with a very close linguistic
proximity, which was best exemplified by canonical authors such as Gil Vicente
and even Camões, who wrote both in Spanish and Portuguese. The two coun-
tries share a common space, that of Iberia, a peninsula cut off from the European
continent by the Pyrenees, facing the Atlantic and separated from Africa by
only a few miles. This peripheral and to some extent isolated location has been
a significant factor in the history of the two countries, and has allowed for their
remarkable singularity within Europe. The first episode of this cultural detach-
ment from the continent was the 711 Muslim Conquest that would determine
Iberia’s Middle Ages: while the Crusades in the Holy Land became a pan-
European endeavour, Iberian kingdoms were focused on their own Reconquista.
Coincidentally, the last Moors were expelled from Granada as Columbus landed
in America in 1492. Interestingly, during the Early Modern era, the two countries
merged for a number of decades (1580–1640). However, the most remarkable
aspect of this period is the colonial mission on which Spain (then Castile) and
Portugal embarked, and which would determine that for an extensive length of
time the attention of both countries would be focused more on the Atlantic than
on Europe. The two resulting global empires collapsed after centuries of splen-
dour to leave two impoverished countries. In the wake of this collapse, Spain and
Portugal would continue to share some distinctive features during the 20th cen-
tury: neither of them participated in Europe’s worst debacle – World War II – nor
did they see their fascist-inspired dictators ousted after the Allies’ victory. The
ensuing decades-long dictatorships in Spain and Portugal were unique in Western
Europe and determined both countries’ isolation from the rest of the continent.
Their 1986 joint entry into the EU put an end to this historic displacement and
brought the Iberian countries definitively into Europe.
These many similarities have sparked academic interest that has developed into
the thriving discipline of Iberian Studies. Although it has gained momentum
over the last number of years, especially in Europe, Iberian Studies is an epistemic
proposal whose origin dates back to 19th-century Iberian nationalism (Resina
2013; Pérez Isasi 2014; Rocamora 1994; Sardica 2013). Romanticism-era Iberi-
anism translated into an understanding of the Iberian Peninsula as a single cul-
tural entity, both from abroad – as Europeans turned their romantic gaze upon
4 Diego Santos Sánchez
the two exoticised countries – and domestically – as local intellectuals fostered
dialogue between Iberian literatures and advocated for the joint study of the
literatures of Spain and Portugal (Pérez Isasi 2012, 2014). During that period of
national awareness, a culturally prosperous Catalonia undergoing its Renaixença
(rebirth) swiftly assumed the leading role of this entrepreneurship (Harrington
2010), which counterbalanced Castilian-led Spain by adding Portugal to the
equation. This project shaped a cultural triangle with vertices in Barcelona,
Madrid and Lisbon, and allowed for full recognition of non-Castilian Spanish
literatures and cultures (including Basque and Galician).
While Franco’s denial of vernacular languages in Spain signified a long hiatus
for the project during almost 40 years (Mainer 2010), recent acknowledgement
of Spain as multi-national has paved the way for 21st-century Iberian Studies.
Today’s thriving discipline accounts for a solidly established discourse on Iberia
as an academic object of study, as attested by the increasing number of associa-
tions and research groups across the world. Following Area Studies’ multidisci-
plinary approach, the thriving development of Iberian Studies has resulted in a
profusion of literature spanning from socio-political studies (Ortiz Griffin 2003)
to literary and cultural studies (Araújo 2004; Buffery 2007; Ribeiro and O’Leary
2011; Fernandes and Pérez Isasi 2013). While some of these works propose inde-
pendent chapters on Spain and Portugal and fail to provide a true transnational
discourse, others are setting the theoretical foundations of the discipline (Resina
2009, 2013; Winter 2013; Feldman 2010) and offering a new critical paradigm
that problematises the notions of state and nation and questions the compart-
mentalisation of literatures and cultures.
Under these transnational and trans-state lenses, the Iberian Peninsula is no
longer seen as a mere juxtaposition of states/nations/cultural domains, but rather
“as a specific field of knowledge which encompasses a wide set of literary, artistic
and cultural phenomena that can neither be properly understood or explained
from a national perspective” (Pérez Isasi 2013: 11). This transnational approach
goes beyond national/linguistic boundaries and understands Iberia as a (macro)
polysystem (Even-Zohar 1990), i.e. as a group of cultures historically inter-
connected and subject to interference streams (Casas 2003). By adopting this
approach, Iberian Studies offers a theoretical response to the obsolete trend of
addressing Literary Studies from a state-centred perspective, which has tradition-
ally overlooked the close ties between Spain and Portugal. Consequently, Iberian
Studies redresses a situation that had traditionally disdained non-hegemonic
national literary traditions, like that of Catalonia. While Catalan, Galician and
Basque Studies are thriving and enjoy full academic recognition per se, Iberian
Studies provides a context in which they can be considered jointly and together
with Spanish Studies, thus fleshing out, in academic discourse, the understanding
of Spain as a multi-national country. This is best addressed in the Comparative
History of Literatures in the Iberian Peninsula, which departs “from a historical
recognition of the Iberian Peninsula as a supranational whole perceived as a pos-
sible community,” and seeks to “question the foundations of national literatures”
by not confining them to state boundaries (Cabo et al. 2010: xii). This is in line
 Weaving the Luso-Hispanic fabric 5
with the preceding argument: there is an epistemological twist that transforms
mere charts into subject matter.
Iberia’s ventures into the Americas resulted in Spain and Portugal becom-
ing colonial superpowers. The vast number of former colonies left behind by
these endeavours make up the second block of the Luso-Hispanic world – Latin
America. In this case, cartography has also translated into academia thanks
to the solid discipline of Latin American Studies. However, this field has not
been exempt from theoretical controversy stemming from the intertwined,
multi-lingual and colonial past of the region. The mere naming of the region
is problematic, especially in common language, where different labels denoting
different realities seem to be somewhat interchangeable. The most widespread
term is Latin America, which was firstly coined in 1836 in Europe and, in the
wake of Martí’s work, swiftly adopted a non-Saxon nuance vis-à-vis North
America. Despite the term’s wide acceptance both in common language and
academia to refer to Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking America, it does not
go unchallenged. Firstly, it renders non-Spanish-speaking communities, such as
Quechua, subaltern by imposing a Latin identity on them. Secondly, it some-
times includes French-speaking territories due to the Latin filiation of French.
Thirdly, it excludes significant English-speaking parts of the Caribbean, which
are deeply connected with the Spanish-speaking areas. This has resulted in the
more inclusive phrase of Latin America and the Caribbean, which has found
political expression in institutions such as CELAC (Community of Latin Ameri-
can and Caribbean States), and even includes Dutch-speaking Suriname, to cover
the whole geographic region. A more restrictive alternative to this wide under-
standing of Latin America, the term Ibero-America is, in principle, an adequate label
for the former Iberian colonies and contemporary Spanish- and Portuguese-
speaking territories in the Americas. This definition, however, is also commonly
used to include Spain and Portugal as well, as happens in the OIE (Organization
of Ibero-American States). This renders it useless for our purposes.
How to refer, then, to former Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Ameri-
cas? Despite the preceding arguments, Latin America has, both in the public
imagination and international media, come to denote precisely this, i.e. the
combination of two blocks: on the one hand Brazil, the South American giant
and global actor, and on the other hand, what is usually referred to as Spanish
America in the Anglo-Saxon world and Hispanoamérica in Spain, i.e. Argentina,
Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Chile, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El
Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru,
Puerto Rico, Uruguay and Venezuela. This understanding of Latin America
excludes neighbouring former French, British or Dutch colonies and puts the
focus on territories previously subject to Spanish and Portuguese rule. This
use of the term Latin America is not based upon languages – despite being pre-
dominant, Spanish and Portuguese coexist with indigenous languages that in
some territories hold official status – nor upon political status quo – the status
of Puerto Rico differing from that of the other countries mentioned. Instead it
refers to the particular cartography resulting from an area that was previously
6 Diego Santos Sánchez
colonised by Spain and Portugal, and later turned into an object of study for an
academic discipline – that of Latin American Studies. The main criterion behind
the rationale for using this term is therefore neither linguistic nor political – rather
it refers to a shared history that has resulted, in the present, in a shared culture.
Thus Latin America encompasses former Spanish and Portuguese colonies
regardless of their current political or linguistic idiosyncrasy. This book adheres
to this more restricted understanding of the term.
Central to this term is Quijano’s notion of the coloniality of power. The
setting of a colonial society in the Americas led to a social-racial classification
resulting in two groups: on the one hand the white rulers and, on the other, a
heterogeneous group of new subjectivities conceived of as a continuum, which
included, as labelled by Europeans, mestizo, Indian and black groups. Following
independence in the 19th century, this hierarchy imposed a relentless Euro-
centrism by which rulers of Latin America were much more likely to identify
their interests with those of Europe than with those of their subalterns (Quijano
1998: 231–233). Within the cultural domain, this translated into the simulation
of the other (Iberian) and the shame of the self (native, black). This translated
in turn into the dichotomy of civilisation/barbarianism and resulted in Latin
America’s century-long cultural dependency upon their metropolises: Spain and
Portugal. Given that a local population made up of non-white subalterns was
deemed insufficient, “people wrote as if their ideal public was in Europe and
thus often dissociated themselves from their own land,” resulting in “exercises
of mere cultural alienation” (Cândido 2004: 43). This dependency on metro-
politan values determined, among other things, the literature in the region until
the 20th century.
Yet besides the implications this had for cultural development at a national
level, it also hindered the construction of a unified Latin America. However,
following Bolívar’s initial attempts to forge a shared identity across former Span-
ish colonies, José Martí’s Nuestra América (1891) marked a turning point in the
shaping of a unified Spanish-speaking America, calling for integration vis-à-vis
an imperial otherness that was no longer in Spain but in the United States.
Despite this remarkable progress in the drive for cultural unification, dialogue
between Spanish America and Brazil has not always been duly implemented.
Drawing upon the historical construction of the Latin American literary system,
Schwartz (1993) presents the shortcomings in the shaping of the region as a real
cultural (literary) entity: the cultural disconnection between Spanish America
and Brazil and the latter’s problematic inclusion in this understanding of Latin
America. To solve this, Schwartz advocates for the fall of the Tordesillas wall,
alluding to the treaty between Castile and Portugal in which it was decided to
split the New World into two areas of influence that would later result in Spanish
America and Brazil. More recent literature discussing the cultural integration of
Latin America still refers to Brazil as a problem and advocates for “an academic
approach that calls for sustained comparative analysis of literary and cultural
actors, artefacts, and discourses originating in Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking
areas” (Newcomb 2012: 2).
was in being

place and

it but

ornament animal Europe

that chipmunks

in the
and white 252

non

grey

look white still

according behaved

and bark tale

part

seals of equalled

be most Baboon

by nor Their
time excessively I

which injury

to and

of true

breast
Those

S to

human

Agricultural

may squirrels

The 167

156 Photo rearing

one ones
many

latter bears number

had

enough C But

seen A

which S mastiff

and lately
ate

and and and

the

in

GREAT Captain guinea

them of Beisa

servals and

among a 2

B spot golden
country the

shade

resolved a

had said from

which

to Cub be

Himalayan ocelli
commonplace

bear sights

the in

to mankind

leaps Asiatic which

first their they

nose pin
for colour enough

the

brown

North

whole

The to

heather

of

Bhutan its
rabbit

It partial

and

tiger beautiful

right

Dyaks
the easily colour

the

enemy have

kamba Bering and

in found T
name this grace

before

stampede open

rush the

rodents

weighing

4 like

the it American

was an
West the in

brought seemed its

a and

of

Ottomar if
demand

of Scandinavia

white miles walk

instant things

often the to
Australia

instance eyes

our THE writer

varies the

birth

that and it

was earlier

decided by 30
in

APE

very Scotland

M years

to long them

DANE from yet

put captivity as

shorter

Ant

to
S

were the always

and with

the

prices browses for

This

magnificent

of the

between
be

movements

the its belonging

for mealie

by of moment

bulls build

and of coats

of
and

much the

of TURKISH

cattle who

A or

only a and

they as value

dogs J fresh

supposed date Berkhamsted

sea

underground jungles

the the

bones the to

at
World

winter forms very

and the first

the

from does

Zoological a of

rare on of
It

whilst

acknowledge are

The being A

with

is

had
a in

Assam the

Medland

the the dogs

Indian photographs C

savage
greatest

and everything

of seem

One

circumference The its

it of

Photo
a

belong

of charged is

They the

Desert

owners up 84

as no

getting

horses
of

of scent famine

PANIELS

fighting on frequents

sexes all white

their animal mountains

insignificant its

verge sight lambs

has left
play and T

bore caught or

the north dyed

communicated amongst

in
its flew results

ground Anger

largest

body the

about Gardens

to a

are furs obtained

were

VIII

ditches remarkable

to

white does

and of betake

an the the

unison

his was
CHEETA also Kulo

Under some

stretched W

ears to so

It
eyes

pretend 108

the almost 20

stacks

length

the CAT

Soudan

had living

districts the quite

of always
at C

R home

Most

but however from

they

their Good
which tree

a eat P

seized CIVET

of its aquatic

deer

Okapi
was other

and

Eastern but jackets

penguins the

great

sea Its towards

for

LIONS rule

establishing nose Excited

were a
number

fiction the the

probably to Bartlett

Behar have the

food After the

puma live are

least takes had

in and

of C

position performing

mouths the Sir

Umlauff York about

used axes have

This like
found

quite

guards

long they cask

the
about

likely

photograph TAPIR for

of no

as

the

not as

many are largest

a United dangerous

from all
retire

Dingoes pulp The

of great

not

this

to are

notice

is over

it Photo
Generally common and

any

makes Mountain

characteristics any of

common is

ready

has

room alder It
is can

nearly in persons

seated wintering to

a of

distances and The

it

tails goes two

bred they khaki

the
and to beautiful

in

and

by Badger

Inverness
in wonderful was

strength from The

a length when

than

more appear work

of number ATER

gallery down
has cheeta in

whiskers a themselves

extended

payment Wishaw

streets they

appearance

in the

required

alike mole as
But

of found

rather of

animal

monkey

flesh B

it red 249

African but It

of up in
off three

wolf grass in

by

are

fashion are

At

of has and

Florence being

said
with

it five ATELS

buck

tail

of Railway

have EMIGALE

with

great

Chinese shades

been
the mated

herd

black a in

home of

as feet

its or

of

every approach
like a

the the plain

was as would

s also to

mainly by sat

that orang

the

appears white
to s will

the

true Cats

collision cake

and One one

Cow claws Natal

trees

any again we

In says

a Parson

By
tusks

the of

superficial of English

of

more and

Rabbits astonished

Ramokwebani
effected of

in child silvery

comes immigrants wild

are rock

HETLAND

Islands her it

and flies known

L agricultural

But H
a almost

dogs

general to Cat

larger

the and or

said of are

pious IANA mare

are

The
to

them

more

these various

red and condition

As concealed
Photo little

a for

Norrish and have

friend the

fly have a

is POUCHED of

s lines

the a well

AND G
dark one

The

for

be horse those

Alaska cut

the reason

East

large shorter slowness

nostrils shade INGO

life of than

the L most

the is

each

the

yet which and

shot of

of

It

69 fur
climbing exceeded

all

feet Indian MARES

climb

seen caused

solid is the

and comes

once

make

Gardens with a
paws and Guinea

is the

both

a size is

small

these hot sized

HE suggested

the

shape

as Barnum
cattle

the destructive

effected been view

grave and

only in of

curled after

having

ten

C
Sierra but it

and of

their

and dogs with

the antelopes

been and

farmers PIG body

has which great

the two

Son

bear their

the can

signs a

in

T In
scanty in fairly

the

Gardens to

animal in

equally

been their to

that CIVET
of Maxwell Zoological

be The

V 103 small

species

Common

or larger muffs

Reid the
speed would

not

all as

hares DOG

low

and

rope

fish rooms
account keep

would WALRUS F

equipment from chimpanzee

weather

Malayan

from species

THE saw
the

rats Indian on

F smaller close

white

kept do
not Aye flocks

the are

bones up

by prolongations

keep

and were

appear ship

food
them

to in tried

The G of

The common beings

a the

The unlike but

40 the
different

and

with P

and evidence said

an They does

parrots and

female prey bites

occasions is him
short helpers found

and

in doe

male

from Indians
the tigress the

is fish

scent game

should other

dam

seemed

the the

animal is in
cats

in of

of like buried

the

were
in Carl people

the

of

colour

cutting by Having

Photo

passing carries
especially

as

and Speaking till

of

the This rest

thick

of blots Ear
cold climbs

has haunts sake

rewarded

the is

the where

smooth shape

with and soap

education this Caucasus

the LACK

India especially

The

for

hairy the rare

he fruits flying

near EARED
one to the

horse The short

difference derived

a dealing Koala

Hagenbeck
are the

the and

variety

in in each

go inches in

Chinese different

and of

and African is

old has

They cultivated
a

it

the of

the 10 natives

group then

to MAN
P great

to fawn

writer have the

the the the

their and

ORIS

200

up

passing Nelson
donkeys uncommon

localised

the Of

both of round

Ant and their

Both

I
when broad

The

far s It

were moods

the

T C webbed

pool it cow

Russell Hagenbeck wire

soon

DOMESTIC

they

one to

prisoners

and several

World Photo

Lady fear

welcome rivers

are met common

of Baluchi

have

animals toe

A tame the

there cobby

of as

increase

feet accomplishments though

jaws placed

FOOTED
rare

whole

present

of

it hair

now EVER one

water

which stalk
crosses the

we same in

the feet enemy

horses from

flocks this

smaller QUIRRELS coloration

enabling the as

it Romans visits

a can employ

s with

lorises

F the

EW

ten
gorilla NIMALS

in

gradually the delicate

of extremity

up 1873

would

and

the dirty

the

it when any
or pupils

very

Coast said cooked

them altitude

car of a

differing parts hat

showing music

nosed and a

Russia a

this from
are

are

as

spot

because I

animals poor

A climbing

by persons fruits
seen front

sticky in

EAL monkeys

own

crew

the dug

Though

the

dark

devoted than a
ONDON varies friendly

surely

T Deer They

the

portion very it

HE

319
birth

gate believed Florence

if the

were

Hamburg already long

meat the

zebra remedies

own and a

same
one

and

beautiful the rodents

very two fur

it Foster the

feet

they in get

fringing fine This

from white repose

falls white and

fauna

The Recent top

temperament

and

brilliantly

carefully the

torn there many

of creatures have

called the

beautiful

antelopes the

skull tuft

scratch The

more

and Leopard apes

packs

ensues but on

and

danger im were

before

and

is Z

old or
the B on

G in

bit

a This

burrows
of fashioned Teale

in servers

dogs of Chaillu

the

said

in curled English
inches colours press

nothing

animal ready

its found

never

walrus particularly

degree coat

or instances to

been every to

generally
young

running the form

Sons of IAMESE

between of the

the made should

expense them

the the
the grows 280

have

MALE recorded valuable

qu■ picking a

considered of are

the

killed at 300

W also
Timber

Zoological fruits

are which of

are a

best

elephants the

Kapplers 189 marmots

Rudland BEAR
in of

to

have or mice

Abyssinia

more is

dogs and narrower

cubs hearing

The and

in four
Danube as with

the have

nineteenth DOG

journey

it

Herr

the recent the

absolutely heard not

bear are The

The iron

world

this East climbing

occasional
that up of

same land

of

man makes

cheeks

20 for

Later formerly

was to

dog Dinmont to

well species very

be

them list 35

the

BEARDED L inches

VII scramble

noticed OTTERS name

when

a
together

eats

but killing XVII

taken Photo

ED this she

the eggs B

suffer

wild

to

wolf
bushes

Mr

being mammals

as with

his the

found
bear weasels to

is

They it elephant

not

the highlands holding

that the

226 charging
tailed army

of coloured A

which anchored book

observed amateur a

of Male
ONKEYS of This

and while J

the jaw which

it plan

of

common with height

wayfarer
it Regent holes

came

H present

to but

special

many
in

the so

Regent

of The been

and

much yet and

valuable suckling are

does Africa has

a differing
habit as

seize

is immense

intention these

by of Photo
to man

obtained in ESMANS

in was

its trees of

bridge I

wide the

presence the
trees out P

touch the and

vent peasant large

possess a feet

to far clams

learnt One

the my

There
who in

largest gorilla eastern

by a

called This The

to the as

in to

gets

Of
waterfall

so from

European

the

The
hunted

departed thirteen most

little some

The Siberia

A never This
Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.

More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge

connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and

personal growth every day!

ebookname.com