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International Political Economy Series

Business, Government and

Economic Institutions in China

Edited by
Xiaoke Zhang and Tianbiao Zhu
International Political Economy Series

Series editor

Timothy M. Shaw
Visiting Professor
University of Massachusetts Boston, USA

Emeritus Professor
University of London, UK
The global political economy is in flux as a series of cumulative crises
impacts its organization and governance. The IPE series has tracked its
development in both analysis and structure over the last three decades. It
has always had a concentration on the global South. Now the South
increasingly challenges the North as the centre of development, also
reflected in a growing number of submissions and publications on indebted
Eurozone economies in Southern Europe. An indispensable resource for
scholars and researchers, the series examines a variety of capitalisms and
connections by focusing on emerging economies, companies and sectors,
debates and policies. It informs diverse policy communities as the estab-
lished trans-Atlantic North declines and ‘the rest’, especially the BRICS,
rise.

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/series/13996
 Xiaoke Zhang • Tianbiao Zhu
Editors

Business, Government
and Economic
Institutions in China
Editors
Xiaoke Zhang Tianbiao Zhu
Alliance Manchester Business School Institute for Advanced Study in
University of Manchester Humanities and Social Sciences
Manchester, UK Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

International Political Economy Series

ISBN 978-3-319-64485-1    ISBN 978-3-319-64486-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-64486-8

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017959575

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the pub-
lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institu-
tional affiliations.

Cover image © Rob Friedman/iStockphoto.com

Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Acknowledgements

As editors, we wish to thank all the authors for their willingness to respond
to our editorial suggestions and their valuable contribution to the book.
We also extend our appreciation to Wyn Grant, Gregory Noble, Richard
Whitley, Yongping Wu and the anonymous reviewer for their comments,
criticisms and support. While organizing the international symposium in
August 2014 and the publication workshop in January 2016 from which
this book was born, we received and gratefully acknowledge financial sup-
port from China’s National Social Science Fund (project number:
13BJL027) and the Zhejiang University Research Fund (project number:
188020-193810401/054). Finally, we are grateful to Timothy Shaw, the
series editor, and Christina Brian, editorial director for politics and inter-
national studies at Palgrave Macmillan, for encouraging the project.

Xiaoke Zhang
Tianbiao Zhu

v
 Contents

Part I Introduction   1

1 Understanding Business–Government Relations in China:

Changes, Causes and Consequences   3
Xiaoke Zhang and Tianbiao Zhu

2 State–Business Relations in China’s Changing

Economic Order  47
Tak-Wing Ngo

Part II Changes and Variations in Business–Government

Relations  79

3 The Evolution of Government–MNC Relations in China:

The Case of the Automotive Sector  81
Gregory T. Chin

4 Regional Business Associations in China: Changes

and Continuities 105
Juanfeng Liu and Jianjun Zhang

vii
viii CONTENTS

5 Trapped into Collusion: The Under-­Institutionalized

Taxation System and Local Business–State Relations
in China 139
Changdong Zhang

6 Chinese Private Entrepreneurs’ Formal Political

Connections: Industrial and Geographical Distribution 165
Jiangnan Zhu and Yiping Wu

7 International Context and China’s Business–Government

Relations 195
Tianbiao Zhu

Part III Institutional Consequences of Changing

Business–Government Relations 223

8 Business–Government Relations and Corporate

Governance Reforms 225
Richard W. Carney

9 The Changing Business–State Relations in China:

The View from Socialist Corporatism 255
Yukyung Yeo

10 State Structures, Business–State Relations,

and Multinational Corporate Behaviours: A Case
Study of Chinese Multinational Oil Companies 281
Jin Zhang

11 Business–State Interactions and Technology Development

Regimes: A Comparative Analysis of Two Metropolises 313
Xiaoke Zhang

12 Conclusions and Reflections 341

Tianbiao Zhu and Xiaoke Zhang

Index 345
 Notes on Contributors

Richard W. Carney is Fellow at the College of Asia and the Pacific,

Australian National University.
Gregory Chin is Associate Professor at the Department of Political
Science, York University, Canada.
Juanfeng Liu is Assistant Professor at the School of International
Relations, University of International Business and Economics, China.
Tak-Wing Ngo is Professor at the Department of Government and
Public Administration, University of Macau.
Yiping Wu is Associate Professor at the School of Public Economics and
Administration, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics.
Yukyung Yeo is Associate Professor at the College of International
Studies, Kyung Hee University, South Korea.
Changdong Zhang is Associate Professor at the School of Government,
Peking University.
Jianjun Zhang is Professor at the Guanghua School of Management,
Peking University.
Jin Zhang is Senior Research Fellow at the Cambridge China
Development Trust and university lecturer at Judge Business School,
University of Cambridge.

ix
x Notes on Contributors

Xiaoke Zhang is Professor at Alliance Manchester Business School,

University of Manchester.
Jiangnan Zhu is Associate Professor at the Department of Politics and
Public Administration, University of Hong Kong.
Tianbiao Zhu is Executive Dean and Professor at the Institute for
Advanced Study in Humanities and Social Sciences, Zhejiang University.
 List of Figures

Fig. 6.1 The distribution of LPC across provinces 181

Fig. 6.2 The distribution of CPPCC across provinces 182
Fig. 8.1 The contribution of SOEs and private firms to the industrial
output of Shanghai and Guangdong, 2005–2011  235
Fig. 9.1 Profits and numbers of central state firms, 2003–2014 264
Fig. 9.2 Five hard years 265
Fig. 9.3 China’s anti-monopoly regime 272
Fig. 10.1 Governance structure of the Chinese oil industry  293

xi
 List of Tables

Table 1.1 Four ideal types of business–government relations 11

Table 1.2 State and market influences on the four varieties of
business–government relations 30
Table 2.1 Expectations of government–business relations under
different frameworks 50
Table 2.2 China in comparison with dominant models of state–business
relations52
Table 5.1 Typologies of state-business relationships 142
Table 5.2 Basic facts of seven counties 145
Table 5.3 Entrepreneurs with different levels of political connection
and their enterprise sizes 153
Table 6.1 Number of firms classified by industries in the sample 173
Table 6.2 Number of firms classified by provinces in the sample 174
Table 6.3 Average level of political connections across sectors 175
Table 6.4 Average level of political connections across provinces 179
Table 6.5 Overall LPC distribution across sectors 184
Table 6.6 Overall CPPCC distribution across sectors 185
Table 6.7 Overall LPC distribution across provinces 186
Table 6.8 Overall CPPCC distribution across provinces 188
Table 8.1 Business–government relations and their corporate
governance implications 234
Table 9.1 Return on assets of central SOEs 266
Table 9.2 SOE financial performance 266
Table 9.3 NDRC’s approval of investment projects, 2005–2013
(Yeo 2012) 269

xiii
xiv LIST OF TABLES

Table 10.1 Corporate governance and overseas investment of the

Chinese multinational oil companies 283
Table 10.2 State structure and state-business relations 284
Table 10.3 Co-evolution of state structure, industry structure, and
corporate governance in the Chinese oil industry 285
Table 10.4 Multinational corporate behaviour and state-business
relations287
Table 11.1 Divergent technology development regimes 318
Table 11.2 Business–state interactions and technology development
regimes330
Table 11.3 Business–state interactions, technology development
regimes, and innovation outcomes (2013) 337
 PART I

Introduction
 CHAPTER 1

Understanding Business–Government
Relations in China: Changes, Causes
and Consequences

Xiaoke Zhang and Tianbiao Zhu

Introduction
This book brings together conceptual and empirical analyses of the causes
and consequences of changing business–government relations in China
since the 1990s, against the backdrop of the country’s increased integra-
tion with the global political economy. More specifically, it provides an
interdisciplinary account of how the dominant pattern of interactions
between state actors, firms and business organizations has changed differ-
ently across regions and industries and how the changing varieties of these
interactions have causally interacted with the evolution of key economic

X. Zhang (*)
Alliance Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
T. Zhu
Institute for Advanced Study in Humanities and Social Sciences, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou, China

© The Author(s) 2018 3

X. Zhang, T. Zhu (eds.), Business, Government and Economic
Institutions in China, International Political Economy Series,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-64486-8_1
4 X. ZHANG AND T. ZHU

institutions in China. The basic theoretical premise of the book is that

business–government relations comprise a key linchpin that defines the
Chinese political economy and calibrates the character of its constitutive
institutional arrangements.
In line with this analytical focus, the book has three different yet inter-
related objectives. In the first place, building on the recent comparative
political economy literature (Crouch et al. 2009; Hancke et al. 2007;
Zhang and Whitley 2013), it develops a typological framework for identi-
fying key dimensions to be included in cross-regional and cross-sectoral
comparisons and for establishing the guiding principles for elucidating the
diversity of business–government relations in China. Furthermore, the
book advances novel theoretical propositions concerning the primary
causes of changes and variations in the organization of state and business
actors and in the configuration of power relations and interactions between
them. Finally, it explores the causal pathways through which business–
government relations, as a key set of sociopolitical structures and pro-
cesses, have shaped emergent systems of economic control and coordination
across the regional and sectoral levels of analysis.
This introductory chapter sets the general backdrop against which the
central analytical objectives of the book are defined and its major contribu-
tions to theoretical and policy debates specified. It introduces a typology
of business–government relations, advances the main causal propositions
of changes and variations in business–state interactions, and explores the
impact of such interactions on the emergence of new market institutions.
It does so by drawing on, but not confining itself to, empirical evidence
presented in individual contributions to the book. The chapter concludes
by discussing the organization of the volume.

Key Contributions
By focusing on the above-mentioned three analytical objectives, the book
is intended to make a number of contributions to current theoretical and
policy debates on the changing nature of business–government relations
and its impact on newly emerging economic institutions in China.
To begin with, existing studies of business–government relations in
China have tended to be narrow in theoretical focus and fragmented in
analytical perspectives. Some have shown political actors in the state domain
as the causal agents of changes in business–government interactions and
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