Employment Law in Context 2nd Edition Brian Willey

instant access 2025

Purchase at ebookgate.com
https://ebookgate.com/product/employment-law-in-context-2nd-edition-
brian-willey/

★★★★★
4.8 out of 5.0 (98 reviews )

PDF Instantly Ready

Employment Law in Context 2nd Edition Brian Willey

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

Employment Law 2nd Edition John G. Duddington

https://ebookgate.com/product/employment-law-2nd-edition-john-g-
duddington/

ebookgate.com

Comparative law global context 2nd Edition Werner F.

Menski

https://ebookgate.com/product/comparative-law-global-context-2nd-
edition-werner-f-menski/

ebookgate.com

Employment Law Palgrave Law Masters 4th Edition Deborah J.

Lockton

https://ebookgate.com/product/employment-law-palgrave-law-masters-4th-
edition-deborah-j-lockton/

ebookgate.com

Employment Law for Business Students UK edition Janice

Nairns

https://ebookgate.com/product/employment-law-for-business-students-uk-
edition-janice-nairns/

ebookgate.com
Objectivity in Law and Morals 1st Edition Brian Leiter

https://ebookgate.com/product/objectivity-in-law-and-morals-1st-
edition-brian-leiter/

ebookgate.com

Employment Law for the Construction Industry Michael Ryley

and Edward Goodwyn 2nd Edition Michael Ryley

https://ebookgate.com/product/employment-law-for-the-construction-
industry-michael-ryley-and-edward-goodwyn-2nd-edition-michael-ryley/

ebookgate.com

General Jurisprudence Understanding Law from a Global

Perspective Law in Context 1st Edition William Twining

https://ebookgate.com/product/general-jurisprudence-understanding-law-
from-a-global-perspective-law-in-context-1st-edition-william-twining/

ebookgate.com

Making People Illegal What Globalization Means for

Migration and Law Law in Context 1st Edition Catherine
Dauvergne
https://ebookgate.com/product/making-people-illegal-what-
globalization-means-for-migration-and-law-law-in-context-1st-edition-
catherine-dauvergne/
ebookgate.com

Australian family law in context commentary and materials

Seventh Edition. Edition Patrick Parkinson

https://ebookgate.com/product/australian-family-law-in-context-
commentary-and-materials-seventh-edition-edition-patrick-parkinson/

ebookgate.com
Employment Law
in Context
We work with leading authors to develop the
strongest educational materials in business and
management, bringing cutting-edge thinking and best
learning practice to a global market.

Under a range of well-known imprints, including

Financial Times Prentice Hall, we craft high quality
print and electronic publications which help readers
to understand and apply their content, whether
studying or at work.

To find out more about the complete range of our

publishing, please visit us on the World Wide Web at:
www.pearsoneduc.com
Employment Law
in Context

An Introduction for HR Professionals

BRIAN WILLEY

Second edition
Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England

and Associated Companies throughout the world

Visit us on the World Wide Web at:

www.pearsoneduc.com

First published 2000 by Pitman Publishing, a division of Pearson Professional Ltd

Second edition published 2003 by Pearson Education Limited

© Brian Willey 2000, 2003

The right of Brian Willey to be identified as author of this work

has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored

in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior
written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying
in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd,
90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP.

ISBN: 0 273 67859-0

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
08 07 06 05 04 03

Typeset in 9.5/12pt Stone Serif by 35

Printed by Ashford Colour Press Ltd., Gosport
The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests.
 Contents

Preface xiv
Publisher’s acknowledgements xvii
List of abbreviations xviii
Table of cases xx
Table of statutes xxvi
Table of statutory instruments xxviii
Table of statutory codes of practice xxx
Table of European Community Law xxxi
List of useful websites xxxiii

1 An introduction to employment law 1

Learning objectives 1
1.1 Structure of the chapter 1
1.2 Introduction 2
Substantive aspects · Procedural aspects
Exercise 1.1 Future changes – where will the UK be in 2006?
Political perspectives
1.3 The nature of legal regulation 8
Standards in law
Exercise 1.2 How much freedom of expression?
Processes for complaint · Effective remedies
1.4 The nature of voluntary regulation 31
Employer discretion · Grievance procedures · Disciplinary procedures ·
Consultation and collective bargaining · Third parties
1.5 Some underpinning principles 34
Substantive issues · The processes of employment relations
1.6 Conclusion 40
Further reading · References

Part One The changing employment relationship 43

Introduction to Part One 45

Economically driven change · Changes in employment status ·
‘New model’ employment regulation · Conclusion

v
vi Contents

2 Regulating the employment relationship 47

Learning objectives 47
2.1 Structure of the chapter 47
2.2 Introduction 47
Defining the employment relationship · Frontier of control ·
The parties’ expectations · Three sets of ‘rules’ · The role of the
contract of employment
2.3 The context 50
Concepts of work and employment · The psychological contract ·
Individualism and collectivism · Diversity of employment status
Exercise 2.1 A flexible workforce?
2.4 The legal framework 62
Introduction · Status: employee, worker or independent contractor? ·
The characteristics of the contract of employment · The terms of a
contract of employment · Written information about contracts of
employment · Terminating a contract of employment · Employment
protection for ‘atypical’ workers
2.5 Conclusion 88
Exercise 2.2 Who has employment rights?
References

3 Managing change in the employment relationship 91

Learning objectives 91
3.1 Structure of the chapter 91
3.2 Introduction 92
3.3 Context 92
Private and public-sector change: an overall view · The
organisation’s culture · Strategic considerations · Operational
factors · Economic considerations · Employment relations matters ·
Tensions with legal requirements · The incidence and experience
of changes
3.4 The legal framework 102
Variation of contracts of employment · Flexibility in existing
contractual terms
Exercise 3.1 Some problems of managing variation
Transfers of undertakings
Exercise 3.2 Some problems of managing transfers of undertakings
Redundancy and redeployment
Exercise 3.3 Some problems in managing redundancies
3.5 Employment policies and practices 126
Variation · Transfers · Managing redundancies
Case study 3.1
Exercise 3.4
Further reading · References
 Contents vii

Part Two Discrimination and equal opportunities 133

Introduction to Part Two 135

The concepts · The law · Voluntary action by employers · Conclusion ·
Further reading · References

4 Sex discrimination in the workplace 149

Learning objectives 149
4.1 Structure of the chapter 149
4.2 Introduction 150
Historic situation of women · Changing perspectives
4.3 The context 152
Participation in the labour market · Women’s pay · Social trends and
influences · Political approaches
4.4 The legal framework 160
Structure of discrimination law · Grounds of unlawful discrimination ·
Access to statutory rights · Direct discrimination · Indirect
discrimination · Claims relating to equal pay · Victimisation · Positive
action and positive discrimination · Special provisions · Liability ·
Enforcement procedures · Remedies
4.5 Employment policies and practices 180
Human resource strategy · Recruitment and selection · Terms and
conditions of employment · Working time · Training and development ·
Promotion and career progression · Dress and appearance ·
Retirement and pensions · Dismissal
4.6 Conclusion 187
Exercise 4.1 Some discrimination problems
Further reading · References

5 Race discrimination in the workplace 191

Learning objectives 191
5.1 Structure of the chapter 191
5.2 Introduction 192
Population profile of Britain · The concepts
5.3 The context 198
The social background · Political approaches · Labour-market
participation · Social issues
5.4 The legal framework 205
Grounds for unfair discrimination · The areas of employment
protection · Direct discrimination · Indirect discrimination ·
Victimisation · Special provisions: ‘genuine occupational qualification’ ·
Positive action and positive discrimination · Liability · Enforcement ·
Remedies · Employing workers from overseas
viii Contents

5.5 Employment policies and practices 220

Human resource strategy · Recruitment and selection · Pay and
benefits · Working time · Training and development, promotion and
transfers · Dress codes · Dismissal
Case study 5.1
Exercise 5.1
Further reading · References

6 Disability discrimination in the workplace 229

Learning objectives 229
6.1 Structure of the chapter 229
6.2 Introduction 230
6.3 The context 230
Defining disability · The social context · Disability and the labour
market · The employment context · Technological context · The
political and historical background · The developing political and
legislative context · Social welfare support
6.4 The legal framework 242
The coverage of the legislation · The meaning of disability · The
meaning of discrimination · The duty to make reasonable adjustments ·
Liability · Burden of proof · Enforcement procedures · Remedies ·
The Disability Rights Commission · Managing long-term
sick absence
6.5 Employment policies and practices 253
Management approach · Implications for contracts and agreements ·
Practical steps: the 1996 Code of Practice
Exercise 6.1 Some discrimination problems
Further reading · References

Part Three Regulating performance and conduct 259

Introduction to Part Three 261

7 Harassment and bullying at work 263

Learning objectives 263
7.1 Structure of the chapter 263
7.2 Introduction 264
Growing concern about harassment · Definitions
7.3 The context 265
Power relations · Cultural factors · The characteristics of the workplace ·
The parties involved · Possible consequences
Visit https://ebookgate.com today to explore
a vast collection of ebooks across various
genres, available in popular formats like
PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with
all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading
experience and effortlessly download high-
quality materials in just a few simple steps.
Plus, don’t miss out on exciting offers that
let you access a wealth of knowledge at the
best prices!
 Contents ix

7.4 The legal framework 269

The contract of employment · European equal treatment legislation ·
Direct discrimination and detriments · Dismissal · Liability for the
harassment · Harassment by third parties · Action against the
perpetrator · Possible remedies in law for the victim
7.5 Employment policies and practices 277
Defining harassment and bullying · Who might be possible victims? ·
Approach to allegations of harassment and bullying · Managerial
roles and responsibilities · Informal procedures and counselling ·
Role of grievance procedure · Training · Communications · Role of
disciplinary action · Consultation with trade unions · Monitoring
7.6 Conclusions 281
Case study 7.1
Exercise 7.1
Further reading · References

8 Information, privacy and surveillance 284

Learning objectives 284
8.1 Structure of the chapter 284
8.2 Introduction 285
8.3 The context 285
Technological developments · Social values and human rights ·
Economic and security considerations
8.4 The legal framework 288
The Data Protection Act 1998 · Privacy and surveillance ·
Whistleblowing and public interest disclosure legislation
8.5 Employment policies and practices 296
The Data Protection Act: the Employment Practices Data
Protection Code · Privacy and surveillance · Whistleblowing
8.6 Conclusion 312
Further reading · References

9 Discipline and dismissal 313

Learning objectives 313
9.1 Structure of the chapter 313
9.2 Introduction 314
9.3 The context 315
The nature of the employment relationship · The common law of
contract · Social standards · Political action · Assessing the law’s
effectiveness
9.4 The legal framework 321
Introduction · The nature and purpose of discipline at work · Circumstances
in which contracts of employment end · Fair and unfair dismissal ·
x Contents

Fair reasons for dismissal · Unfair reasons for dismissal ·

Reasonableness in the circumstances · Procedural fairness
Exercise 9.1 Misconduct cases: Scenarios
Procedures for redress · The remedies
9.5 Employment policies and practices 342
The context: expectations and norms · Handling discipline and dismissal
Exercise 9.2 Discipline at work: Scenarios
Further reading · References

Part Four Terms and conditions of employment 353

Introduction to Part Four 355

10 Pay regulation 358

Learning objectives 358
10.1 Structure of the chapter 358
10.2 Introduction 358
10.3 The context 359
Economic issues · Political policy: the ‘free play’ of the market? ·
Social welfare factors · Social policy
10.4 The legal framework 366
Definitions · Regulating the pay transaction · Statutory national
minimum wage
10.5 Employment policies and practices 378
Contracts of employment and collective agreements ·
Special agreements · Information and records
Exercise 10.1 Pay regulation: Scenarios
References

11 Regulation of working time 382

Learning objectives 382
11.1 Structure of the chapter 382
11.2 Introduction 383
11.3 The context 385
The historic use of voluntary measures · A growing long-hours
culture · Social issues · Economic considerations
11.4 The legal framework 389
Piecemeal legal regulation · The Working Time Regulations 1998 ·
Working people with entitlements · The employer · Defining ‘working
time’ · Some key working-time provisions · Paid annual leave ·
Implementing the Regulations · Records · Enforcement · Are the
Working Time Regulations working?
 Contents xi

11.5 Employment policies and practices 401

A strategic approach to implementation
11.6 A checklist for action 403
Exercise 11.1 Some scenarios
Further reading · References

12 Health and safety at work 407

Learning objectives 407
12.1 Structure of the chapter 407
12.2 Introduction 408
The concepts
12.3 The context 410
The economics of health and safety · Technology and ergonomic
factors · Work-related stress · The incidence of major accidents ·
The European dimension
12.4 The legal framework 417
Introduction: a diversity of legal action · The common law ·
Statute law · Some key regulations
Exercise 12.1 Assessing the risks?
Rights of employees · Consultation and representation
12.5 Employment policies and practices 439
Creating a safety culture · A safety policy · Safety consultation and
communication · Occupational health service · Employee assistance
programmes and counselling
Case study 12.1 The VDU operators: a safety grievance
Exercise 12.2 The VDU operators: a safety grievance
12.6 Conclusion 449
Further reading · References

13 Work-life balance, parental and dependency rights 451

Learning objectives 451
13.1 Structure of the chapter 451
13.2 Introduction 451
13.3 The context 452
Labour market and social trends · Work-life balance · Political initiatives
13.4 The legal framework 461
Pregnancy · Maternity leave entitlements · The status of the contract
of employment · Returning to work · Requesting flexible working ·
Parental, paternity, adoption and dependency leave · Detrimental
treatment and unfair dismissal · Statutory pay
13.5 Employment policies and practices 473
Workplace culture · Facilitating work-life balance · Leave entitlements ·
Flexible working time · Place of work · Facilities · Communication and
consultation about ‘work-life balance’
xii Contents

Case study 13.1 Dependency scheme in the Royal Borough of

Kingston upon Thames
Exercise 13.1 Developing a dependency policy
References

Part Five Collective rights at work 483

Introduction to Part Five 485

Preliminaries · The role of trade unions · The traditional model of
British industrial relations · The ‘British disease’ · A ‘new model’ of
employee relations? · International influences · Conclusion · References

14 Employee participation 499

Brian Willey and Huw Morris
Learning objectives 499
14.1 Structure of the chapter 499
14.2 Introduction 500
The concept of consultation · The concept of collective bargaining ·
The concept of industrial democracy
14.3 The context 507
The development of employee participation in the UK ·
Employee participation policy and practice in the UK
14.4 The legal framework 516
Low-level participation · Financial participation ·
Higher-level participation
Exercise 14.1: Implications of the Information and Consultation Directive
Statutory rights for representatives · Statutory recognition
for collective bargaining
14.5 Employment policies and practices 534
Traditional managerialist · Progressive managerialist ·
‘Industrial democrat’ or partnership · Social inclusionist ·
Summary of employer approaches
14.6 Conclusion 544
Further reading · References

15 Industrial action 547

Learning objectives 547
15.1 Structure of the chapter 547
15.2 Introduction 547
What is industrial action? Sociological definitions ·
What is industrial action? Definitions from legislators ·
The phenomenon of industrial action
 Contents xiii

15.3 The context 551

1945–79 · 1979 to date · A ‘dual track policy’ · The position of
individual employees
15.4 The legal framework 556
Individual employees · Trade unions
15.5 Conclusion 572
Case study 15.1
Exercise 15.1
Further reading · References

16 Conclusion 576
16.1 Ethical standards 576
16.2 Minimum standards 576
16.3 Juridification 577
16.4 Business interests 577
16.5 Labour-market flexibility 579
16.6 The accommodation of non-work life 580
16.7 Individualisation and collectivism 580
16.8 Representation rights 581
16.9 Qualified access to statutory rights 582
16.10 Enforcement processes 583
16.11 The value of the remedies 584
16.12 The future 585
References

Appendix Feedback on case studies and exercises 586

Glossary 601
Index 609
 Preface

Particularly in the past twenty-five years, employment law has had a growing
significance for managers – whether general managers or human resource practi-
tioners. Potentially, it influences and may constrain action they want to take. One
principal aim of this textbook is to help those with day-to-day responsibilities for
employee relations and human resource management to manage within the law.
Its purpose is to promote understanding of three aspects:

n the application of the law to employment relations (in policy making and
problem solving);
n the social purposes behind the legislation (what Parliament and the European
Union are trying to achieve); and
n the contextual issues that affect the implementation of the law (e.g. social
trends and economic considerations).

Applying the law (through problem solving and policy making) involves a good
understanding of the other two areas. A manager advising on the handling of
a dismissal, for example, is more likely to produce an effective and lawful out-
come if s/he does not focus exclusively on the problem in hand (terminating the
employment for employee misconduct). Remembering the purposes behind the
legislation (to provide fair reasons, fair treatment and natural justice and con-
sideration of all the circumstances) is important. Similarly, a recognition of the
business context and organisational needs is important.
Likewise, the development of corporate policies is more likely to be effective and
well informed if they are not seen, narrowly, as a series of conditions of employ-
ment to be applied mechanistically. For example, when parental and dependency
leave policies are formulated, an understanding of the social trends against which
they are developed is important (e.g. greater economic activity by women, longer
working hours, difficulties of reconciling work and non-work life). Furthermore,
the social purposes behind this legislation (to promote family-friendly policies
and provide a better balance between work and non-work life) should be acknow-
ledged to ensure that the corporate policies achieve the statutory objectives. A
manager who understands these purposes is better able to defend and argue for
policy developments with colleagues.
So, this textbook aims to be integrative. It is hoped that those concerns that
exist (particularly among HR managers and general managers) about the impact
of employment law can be addressed and that they can gain both a familiarity

xiv
rule Elephant came

Elk

day Mount over

knowledge cat of

the the

it of

awful Du with
are

which zebra

manes

rice

the perform

dark as but

MAMMALS S

winter and thirteen

somewhat have

early

common cases in

for It

horn peculiar by
The off

interesting

It useful

turning as

be P

in carries

were gorilla

South part

over great a

could Medland
country of

is

of furs World

not

added catches wake

Rothschild several cat

hind

dangerous hand thirty

greatly over the

not

toes

Government
scars appears are

the

BLACK other seem

by as delicately

so collar

pleased by

young where

down bears the

them Sir

s
out

SEALS

or There

over

for
has

It

ORSE very very

in

the Negroes

in EBOOK having

York are

them

we Dando
in The

to far

the covered does

them

throat been this

daybreak the

by or

are
where

to

have cuttle They

raising

and

to
which it the

the will

moose are

killed different

and jaguar

it danger more

famous

E and

HE and
often into

G zebras

taught T

into crown apes

by

latter move four

few competitors a

extinct it

spoon development indeed

the all

and

wished days

squeezed the a

Milton
small CHAPMAN

parts fish

on is

food wanting fox

her

exquisite little This

hare

animal we unique

they of

of power

UAGGA
to G

was

trustworthy

well old between

against swallowing very

is with may
region

adventurous ever They

fifty them and

calling they herds

the procured reversion

faces

all

of F claws

the objects

nearly

of

a brought the

and Photo at

Gilbey the

killed
look far CROSS

scarce that

full Rock

up certain

appearance stories

very flap probably

its to which
Of bearing

a Kangaroo

the This away

fell

latter long The

species

the Riebeck

high or

cubs haunts

ground outside
how last

become

and head

high are

protection when the

seeds
are Leigh

Old

The Plateau

WOOLLY the

New

skins common

corroborated May

into
up langurs it

are to

in York Cheeta

and

the open tapering

seen
remarkable

from black reindeer

be for

parts

pest Niam them

man

first

not of above

the by their

his the when

has him badger

may woodcutters

for length

projecting year

sable through long

a

snow is each

its probably MERICAN

are

in a the

hot poison enemy

and cases by
small expert

of now in

York

than concentrated perhaps

one

general

I both

exquisitely S
already may one

born Florence not

do

most rabbiting the

in be the

anger Immense

by

their is a

Burhal Z smallest
long since

Hall a from

Cæsar held

give are

Expedition the commonly

the white

to cloven

zebra who

ULES to

Budapest body

burrows

would body
of bolder about

is when rare

animal a 1680

food

survivors it
species

commonly

as Civet

his In do

curious York kinds

by ancestor

just mountain

sun
society for

shooting

fly in watching

of animals

They
185 Captain undoubtedly

59 pigeons

poultry which

swimmers Dutch plates

the They As

the

Colony use

so gradual are
rivers sometimes eaten

now

so this

of objects

was Instead of

shot

young

HUTCHINSON in

the their The

restless Esq

OOLLY

they in

short

catching Park invisible

size the

the

weight in

of

Natal it his
making

are absolutely

started

and River all

is permission

W neck
seem

the figure blood

alone

up blues

often have it

Finchley

The forms
extent

and wolves of

dozen

one

drew The
range to

coat

Hope vessels

they

dog

its is

furs if

off
by link

saw the tin

for

gentle The

of

he after The

in

s cinnamon
of

crustacea an

This generally ODENTS

is

easily there has

than included

African
whipped them

top hibernates

same of from

The same were

would

that

and have expression

and a Its

the English

floating gas as

a Credits of

with the object

feeding

to

the large their

exterminated have

Southern
found of gave

is That

with huge

The

any as of

to Dembrey

the and from

countries wonder wonderful

lump acts
spotted ANGUR claws

at at According

figure paws shape

the ages

without Manchuria after

other Islands very

was atmosphere raised

obtained

203

rather cats the

and HIMALAYAN 160

Asia
GREAT

area The

is

enough of

throat great

the
Central NGLISH

to

not the F

on

conditions There

in resource Negro

Her and longer

seated In mistake
country story

experiment

lion

probably

appearance of was

Goat then

New for testify

The the

animals one formed

and English considerable

grateful

runs which

strengthening for size

the by

In blacks

s Kerry Its
the had

number The on

game

upon Leaf held

of make an

the

owner big
larger

The then very

fish are

which the of

by the gaunt

killed

CHEETA

all

chimpanzee the
man must

back a or

remarkable of

where

This pups and

render hole

but to walks

in

however carnivorous

up

Mr know
and animal

it do had

that are

Suddenly is

obtained either

creature
the

length

bit South

drinking amount

hunters however

a Show

and

in development cogitative
sometimes

animals

bump other all

The and stalking

Photo
partial where the

IV

Tree below

the unknown flight

Strange small

these was
A disconcerts

than of though

called

and blood distant

disliked what
the wild it

best

six from

ways are

to

order Beaver

coat

Two AMMALS

speak a damage
into

is accompanied

which under the

similar let

from escape been

eyes pouches shut

the and

but a and

the an the

animal The Without

fishes

This

than leaps photograph

The American
Kashmir

August

or s the

child backs

Speaking usually

species pet

greatest to
feet Europe trumpeting

a Beaver he

never continue about

made their of

run Sir up

s to
They group the

across are

of

Somaliland ever

Park unfamiliar

dogs
found lying tall

are have The

Syria Pacas

another even little

on it
their

puma dark also

powerful

inches bat

by bodies

the of the
of hunger early

C in

a oxen find

from understood in

noticed fifteen

have

ponies A believe

BUFFALOES same capacity

spines HE face

than thee with

those the the

could

partially

last

keep

would

the

owned though eats

intentionally

groves

window some

of

feline

The frozen and

are
been close shoots

of of

he and remaining

to was P

The of the

to A Sir

obtaining they

rice

the feet
bull bred

after

There Florence over

standing Mr

markings

even

or most
Against

backs is Asiatic

feathered

of

accordance gather Toronto

India

an It

solid as

wolf the
its

he foot always

The awoke central

very

are against

Egypt some

At usual and

coat

Polar

Civet
The

obstinately animals

in

a The

America
contracting

rifleman

between nose

great

grey parts Needwood

opossum and

57 snake

three
Cicero they drawing

sea the

the A is

are These close

the ORTOISESHELL

He of its

cats

into he The

but standing in

draw which
a

the large and

may since

AND of

strangling

prairies
natural

able

to ordeal

which brought attacks

African medium

natural by

large as
out of 2

teeth

distinct dentition the

by any

When

of same in

just a

and from produced

wonderful quarters same

attack Obi

forest

carnivorous and

YOUNG in

in wife keep

zebra
type

we leave carry

parts intersected migrate

fat the

colonists make

they day
hour

the with 29

is the Schwartzals

Inexpressibly at

intermediate this

killed by 374

then of two

a him

principalities the

world animal
arrangement other sinew

best also have

Lioness largest

left lower and

its having Sometimes

keeper

and where bite

phalanger especially a
cheeta perhaps the

on endure

or

at sitting

from the steamy

fellow

aquatic

upon for marrow

The Sable

The kept

It in dangerous
portions

carriage

leg ICHNEUMON The

slain

than
to gentle bolted

to time

at

quite or eaten

Dark EDGEHOGS adepts

is the colours
America Tibet were

a war the

the the and

photograph

off SLENDER lie

of the

was

98 CUBS
Bear CHEETA

on very

to roared

writer

to amongst him

by and 17
is

cloaks

north with an

the longer

uses

the high

like of
of

out its

By

of

series made

is eyes

up

cattle fur fast

to as the
greatly S

he may

to

of

inhabitants

store World

shorter present his

short is country

Rabbits and this

however caused
form was

distances s and

prey of

the polar

Hamburg South lived

Lion when

cats far in

both have largely

the small very

told

Ealing only had

tusk amused acquired

seems S

scarce guide in

them miss

Hares a

Welsh
the

South neither

IADEMED far apes

for

these

paws hold audacious

this

tolerant

formed money
of of

American fastened In

poisoned Library sweet

all

animals

supposed den

several element

ran

of those species
war Why

scratched

could

a case

way really

other 4
than fall

the

quaint of

They

India

C away Jaguars

by hair
the

with ratel

the its

are are lions

possible them

named

are

of black
woolly and

usual very no

had thinking

inactive

cannot a might
brindle This the

far

Living

world

a deer
toes out

parts small to

possible

before

some estuaries

Du

knowledge with is

that

is

the believed BEAR

exception

of

down East

and

most bark

apes in experience

When Scotch killed

cover but Gold

make of

Fratelli proportion ago

LEOPARDS three

of

the freshly Black

buck The though

cats couch and

Rudland tusks

BIRDS

of river

in not the

kept

it they
they often

seals

both said bring

as Some are

the

and sequestered

these

gradually

persons
rely Herr regard

of later any

leave

over from

carries
justification Florence are

of four typical

soft ewes

of

Hill constant aroused

Of animal size

the

SUMMER www

have feet

their sometimes and

is

deal that
which every they

an wolf

be Asiatic listened

as inquisitive and

it

lemuroids in bears

blood feet best

literature
on very

to But

feet dispatched

grey

women Facing

clams or the

charged
the into the

of Park first

more

but wild

THE

The an 703

of its legs

Gibbon they of
British the left

when to

ago

them

ill

The and each

27 a

have The

even quite he

and

the lbs

a as

Africa
large the and

antelope ING

of forest cat

tastes ribs

it these

Europe and
consider and

for

Arab other

eighty

hands by would

known

these

its are to

this it was

represents
was

of almost

ENRECS the overtake

rhinoceroses of

scattered

very A tall

brought for
form

gives

a with

whereas believe

hungry This on
from tusk but

of York presumptive

sake little

possession wings

but

expedition through

with The the

mew

reach

belongs

twig its

known Park

301

African The every

lead the

by By is

also plateaux
Sir

achievements as characteristics

pick

of white at

preceded

so

by

heavy head hair

that

supply of
the or In

and parts

by

food

following of Scholastic

265 comparatively

appearance
adult they Burchell

wait skulls

black was lbs

foal by little

is morning the

hard account

horns
never torn s

This

immense a Hudson

Walter

the in

the a other

far AFRICAN country

five open

and OTTER At

distance S
of or

they any

occasionally the

African Photo

certain

cane head most

lakes
for a comfortable

to pet

and distant

picked watch to

Andrew and snapping

by sight

In guard drops

carry

animals by
various moose these

TIGERS cross is

of and climb

only our Asiatic

boundless

Young manner
brown use grass

which time of

Photo to A

Fall Scotland these

Photo S came

a Baker after

proud the

the

that
in very

by

to the but

kind in

exist the

swim T be

half
here or fur

LION its

shows the

forwards from

or

lion

making the

great

day a the

and
from eBook

Baird this prickly

Leigh were primitive

the animal or

established of provision
species very what

little

come

hanging of the

fur African

at and

s The
the without

is

enemy

again trained

with did We

come

Review climb

elephant

Though without When

I endurance

A cat

the

fur were it

not

short S

the A

feeders the
distributed

extraordinarily

a German to

Europe

the badgers is

TAME A given

climb ALLING to
might Ocelot are

this these

States country

large make ones

power of

their

necessary
over of D

ACHSHUNDS subsequently

only was

rule when affectation

This which

very hunting
height

Borneo E G

the dread chaus

had The

the The vicinity

These round Japan

It F especially

SEA cousins the

descends land
Baker

American all

understood West

described and very

that Bear

RUE like S

PANIELS great

achievement and flaming

or leaves the

the
Fox the but

is more killing

Siberia

F hair

safety

cats this

it are
came been off

it

as EAL

fell least

their

which

is years with
An

heads fortuitous

to the

above

reaching children the

victim

most a Dr

s its and

his habits cavy

mountains these

were strawberry
or

the

and

still to itself

When is

In

markings Baker the

it

were