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THE AMERICAN
WEST
THE AMERICAN
WEST
LARRY SCHWEIKART
AND
BRADLEY J. BIRZER

A Wiley Desk Reference

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 ∞
This book is printed on acid-free paper. ●

Copyright © 2003 by Larry Schweikart and Bradley J. Birzer. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted
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Produced by New England Publishing Associates, Inc.

President: Elizabeth Frost-Knappman
Vice President: Edward W. Knappman
Staff: Ron Formica, Kristine Schiavi, Victoria Harlow

Design and Production: Ron Formica

Copy Editor: Phil Saltz
Proofreading: Elizabeth D. Crawford of Miccinello Associates

Schweikart, Larry.
The Americn West / Larry Schweikart, Bradley J. Birzer.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN: 0-471-40138-2 (acid-free paper)
1. West (U.S.)—Civilization—Encyclopedias. 2. West (U.S.)—History—Encyclopedias.
I. Birzer, Bradley J., date– II. Title.
F591.S38 2002
978'.003—dc21 2002032395

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 To our armed forces, upon whom our liberty rests.
—LS

To my Western history mentors,

all of whom took me to new intellectual frontiers:
Walter Nugent, Anne Butler, and R. David Edmunds.
—BB
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Contents

Acknowledgments xxiii
Introduction 1

PART I From Prehistory to Early European

Explorations (?–ca. 1700) 5
Ácoma 10
adobe 10
Alarcón, Hernando de 11
Alvarado Expedition 11
Anasazi 12
Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez 13
Cabrillo, Juan Rodriguez 15
Canyon de Chelly 16
Cárdenas, García López de 16
Cartier, Jacques 17
Chaco Canyon 17
Champlain, Samuel de 17
chili peppers 18
Columbus, Christopher 18
Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de 21
Cortés, Hernán 22
de Benavides, Fray Alonso 23
de Niza, Fray Marcos 23
de Soto, Hernando 24
Díaz, Melchior 24
Drake, Francis 25
El Morro/Inscription Rock 26
El Paso del Norte 27

vii
CONTENTS Espejo, Antonio 27
Esteban 27
Ferrelo, Bartolomé 28
Folsom Point 29
Fox Indians 29
Grand Canyon 30
Hopi Indians 30
horses 31
Hudson’s Bay Company 33
Iroquois 35
Kennewick Man 37
King Philip’s War 37
kiva 38
Las Casas, Bartolomé de 38
The Marquette and Jolliet Expedition 39
mestizos and mulattos 41
missionaries (Franciscans and Jesuits) 42
Mississippi River 46
Missouri River 47
Monument Valley 48
Mourning/Beaver Wars, 1608–1701 49
Navajo 50
New France Exploration, 1524–1763 51
New Netherlands 54
Oñate, Juan de 55
Pays d’en Haut/Middle Ground 57
Popé 58
Pueblo Bonito 59
Radisson, Pierre-Esprit 59
repartimiento 60
Rio Grande 60
San Gabriel 61
Santa Fe 61
smallpox 62
St. Augustine 63
Straits of Anian 63
Treaty of Tordesillas 63
Tucson 64
Vargas, Diego de 64
Vizcáino, Sebastián 65
viii
Yaquis 66
PART II From La Salle’s Expeditions to the Louisiana CONTENTS
Purchase (1682–1803) 67

Baranov, Aleksander 72
Beaubien, Charles (“Black Snake”) 72
Bering, Vitus 72
Blue Jacket 73
Boone, Daniel 73
Bourgmont, Etienne Veniard de 74
Braddock, Edward 75
Brant, Joseph 76
Carver, Jonathan 76
Charbonneau, Touissant 77
Chouteau, Auguste 77
Clark, George Rogers 78
Cresap, Michael 79
de la Balme, August 79
de Linctot, Daniel-Maurice Godefroy 80
French and Indian War (Seven Years War) 81
fur trapping/fur trade 83
Handsome Lake 85
headright 86
Hennepin, Louis 86
Hiawatha 87
Huronia 87
Kenton, Simon 87
Kentucky long rifle 88
Kino, Father Eusebio Francisco 88
La Salle, René-Robert Cavelier de 89
Long Portage/Kekionga 90
Lord Dunmore’s War 92
Louisiana Purchase 93
MacKenzie, Alexander 95
Maisonville, Alexis and Francis 96
Mallet, Pierre and Paul 96
McKee, Alexander 96
Miami 97
Miami-Federalist War, 1790–1795 99
Michilimackinac 101
moccasins 102
Neolin 102 ix
CONTENTS Northwest Ordinance 103
Old Briton 106
Pacanne 107
Pontiac’s Rebellion 108
Potawatomi 110
Proclamation Line of 1763 110
Provincias Internas 111
Roman Catholic Missions 111
San Antonio 113
Sequoyah 114
Shawnee 115
Sieur d’Iberville 116
South Pass 116
St. Clair, Arthur 116
St. Denis, Louis Juchereau de 118
Tabeau, Pierre-Antoine 118
Taucumwah 119
Tonti, Henry de 120
Treaty of Fort Finney, 1786 120
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (First and Second Treaties) 120
Treaty of Greenville 121
Treaty of Vincennes 121
Truteau, Jean Baptiste 122
Vial, Pedro 122
Villasur Expedition 122
Wabash River 123

PART III From Lewis and Clark to the Pony Express

(1803–1861) 124
American Fur Company 130
Arikaras 131
Ashley, William H. 131
Astor, John Jacob 132
Austin, Moses 133
Austin, Stephen Fuller 134
Battle of San Jacinto, 1836 135
Battle of Tippecanoe 136
Becknell, William 137
Beckwourth, Jim 137
x
Benton, Thomas Hart 138
Black Hawk 139 CONTENTS
Black Hawk War 139
Blackfoot 140
Boonesborough 140
Border Ruffians/“pukes” 141
Bowie knife 141
branding 142
Bridger, James (“Jim”) 142
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) 143
Butterfield Overland Mail 145
California Gold Rush 146
Carson, Christopher Houston (“Kit”) 147
Catlin, George 148
Cherokee Indians 148
Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia/Worcester v.
State of Georgia 150
Clay, Henry 151
Colt handguns 153
Colter, John 153
Comstock Lode 154
Conestoga wagon 154
Cooper, James Fenimore 156
The Creek (“Red Stick”) War 158
Crockett, David (“Davy”) 158
Crows 159
Donner Party 160
Douglas, Stephen Arnold 160
Dred Scott decision 162
Emerson, Ralph Waldo 164
Fort Dearborn Massacre 164
Forty-Niners 165
“Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men” 165
Fremont, Jessie Ann Benton 166
Fremont, John Charles 166
Goliad Massacre 169
Gregg, Josiah 170
Harrison, William Henry 170
Houston, Sam 172
Indian Removal Act of 1830 173
Jackson, Andrew 174
Jayhawkers 176 xi
CONTENTS Jefferson, Thomas 177
Kansas-Nebraska Act 180
Kearny, Stephen Watts 181
Larkin, Thomas Oliver 182
Latter-day Saints, Church of Jesus Christ of
(“LDS” or “Mormons”) 183
Lee, Jason 190
Lewis and Clark Expedition 190
Mangas Coloradas 193
Manifest Destiny 193
Marcy, Randolph 195
McKenney, Thomas Loraine 195
Mexican War 196
Missouri Compromise 199
mountain men 201
mustangs 201
National Road 202
Oregon Trail 203
Osage Indians 204
Panic of 1837 204
Panic of 1857 205
Parker, Cynthia Ann 205
Parkman, Francis 206
Pawnee Indians 207
Pike, Zebulon Montgomery 208
placer (gold) mining 209
plow 209
Pony Express 210
“popular sovereignty” 211
Pottawatomie Massacre 212
preemption and squatter’s rights 213
Quaker missions 213
Richardville, Jean Baptiste 214
Ross, John 216
Sacagawea 217
Salt Lake City, Utah 217
Santa Anna, Antonio López de 217
Santa Fe Trail 218
Shoshone Indians 220
Smith, Jedediah 221
xii
Spalding, Henry 222
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