Specification for Low Alloy Steel Electrodes and

Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding 3rd Edition

Edition Aws A5 Committee On Filler Metals And Allied
Materials new release 2025

Find it at ebookfinal.com
https://ebookfinal.com/download/specification-for-low-alloy-steel-
electrodes-and-rods-for-gas-shielded-arc-welding-3rd-edition-
edition-aws-a5-committee-on-filler-metals-and-allied-materials/

★★★★★
4.8 out of 5.0 (10 reviews )

Quick PDF Download

 Specification for Low Alloy Steel Electrodes and Rods for
Gas Shielded Arc Welding 3rd Edition Edition Aws A5
Committee On Filler Metals And Allied Materials Pdf Download

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library

 We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebookfinal
to discover even more!

Specification for Nickel and Nickel Alloy Welding

Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding 10th Edition
Edition Aws A5 Committee On Filler Metals And Allied
Materials
https://ebookfinal.com/download/specification-for-nickel-and-nickel-
alloy-welding-electrodes-for-shielded-metal-arc-welding-10th-edition-
edition-aws-a5-committee-on-filler-metals-and-allied-materials/

Standard symbols for welding brazing and nondestructive

examination 6th Edition Edition Aws Committee On
Definitions And Symbols.
https://ebookfinal.com/download/standard-symbols-for-welding-brazing-
and-nondestructive-examination-6th-edition-edition-aws-committee-on-
definitions-and-symbols/

Specification for welding of industrial and mill cranes

and other material handling equipment 4th ed Edition
American Welding Society. Committee On Machinery And
Equipment.
https://ebookfinal.com/download/specification-for-welding-of-
industrial-and-mill-cranes-and-other-material-handling-equipment-4th-
ed-edition-american-welding-society-committee-on-machinery-and-
equipment/

AWS D1 1 2008 Structural Welding Code 21st Edition

American Welding Society (Aws)

https://ebookfinal.com/download/aws-d1-1-2008-structural-welding-
code-21st-edition-american-welding-society-aws/
Welding inspection handbook Fourth Edition Aws

https://ebookfinal.com/download/welding-inspection-handbook-fourth-
edition-aws/

Recommended practices for electron beam welding and allied

processes 4th edition Edition American National Standards
Institute.
https://ebookfinal.com/download/recommended-practices-for-electron-
beam-welding-and-allied-processes-4th-edition-edition-american-
national-standards-institute/

Health and Safety in Welding and Allied Processes Fifth

Edition Jane Blunt

https://ebookfinal.com/download/health-and-safety-in-welding-and-
allied-processes-fifth-edition-jane-blunt/

Standard methods for mechanical testing of welds 7th

Edition Edition American Welding Society. Committee On
Mechanical Testing Of Welds.
https://ebookfinal.com/download/standard-methods-for-mechanical-
testing-of-welds-7th-edition-edition-american-welding-society-
committee-on-mechanical-testing-of-welds/

4th International Symposium on High Temperature

Metallurgical Processing proceedings of a symposium
sponsored by the Pyrometallurgy Committee and the Energy
Committee of the Extraction and Processing Division of TMS
https://ebookfinal.com/download/4th-international-symposium-on-high-
The Minerals Metals Materials Soc 1st Edition Tao Jiang
temperature-metallurgical-processing-proceedings-of-a-symposium-
sponsored-by-the-pyrometallurgy-committee-and-the-energy-committee-of-
the-extraction-and-processing/
Specification for Low Alloy Steel Electrodes and Rods for
Gas Shielded Arc Welding 3rd Edition Edition Aws A5
Committee On Filler Metals And Allied Materials Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): AWS A5 Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials
ISBN(s): 9780871715777, 0871715775
Edition: 3rd Edition
File Details: PDF, 1.17 MB
Year: 2005
Language: english
Key Words —Filler metal specifications, low-alloy AWS A5.28/A5.28M:2005
steel welding electrodes, gas metal arc An American National Standard
welding, gas tungsten arc welding,
metal cored electrodes, plasma arc
Approved by the
welding, stranded electrodes, low-alloy
steel welding rods, solid electrodes
American National Standards Institute
March 9, 2005

Specification for
Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Rods
for Gas Shielded Arc Welding

3rd Edition

Supersedes ANSI/AWS A5.28-96

Prepared by the
American Welding Society (AWS) A5 Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials

Under the Direction of the

AWS Technical Activities Committee

Approved by the
AWS Board of Directors

Abstract
This specification prescribes the requirements for classification of solid low-alloy steel electrodes and rods, compos-
ite stranded low-alloy steel electrodes, and composite metal cored low-alloy steel electrodes for gas shielded arc weld-
ing. Classification is based on chemical composition of the electrode for solid electrodes and rods, chemical composition
of weld metal for composite stranded and composite metal cored electrodes and the as-welded or postweld heat treated
mechanical properties of the weld metal for each. Additional requirements are included for manufacture, sizes, lengths,
and packaging. A guide is appended to the specification as a source of information concerning the classification system
employed and the intended use of the electrodes and rods.
This specification makes use of both U.S. Customary Units and the International System of Units (SI). Since these
units are not equivalent, each system must be used independently of the other.

550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126

AWS A5.28/A5.28M:2005

International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-006-4

American Welding Society
550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126
© 2005 by American Welding Society
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Reprinted: February 2007

Photocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright
owner.

Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, or
educational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriate
fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:
<www.copyright.com>.

ii
 AWS A5.28/A5.28M:2005

Foreword
This foreword is not part of AWS A5.28/A5.28M:2005, Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes
and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding, but is included for informational purposes only.

This document is the first of the A5.28 specifications which makes use of both U.S. Customary Units and the Inter-
national System of Units (SI). The measurements are not exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used inde-
pendently of the other, without combining values in any way. In selecting rational metric units, AWS A1.1 Metric
Practice Guide for the Welding Industry and ISO 544, Welding consumables—Technical delivery conditions for welding
filler materials—Type of product, dimensions, tolerances, and markings, are used where suitable. Tables and figures
make use of both U.S. Customary and SI Units, which, with the application of the specified tolerances, provide for
interchangeability of products in both U.S. Customary and SI Units.
The current document is the second revision of the initial AWS document issued in 1979.
The history of A5.28 may be summarized as follows:
AWS A5.28-79 Specification for Low Alloy Steel Filler Metals for Gas Shielded Metal Arc Welding
AWS A5.28-96 Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding
Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary,
AWS A5 Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road,
Miami, FL 33126.

Errata
The following Errata have been identified and incorporated into the current reprint of this document.

Page 26—Figure A2, Optional GTAW Groove Weld Test Assembly for Mechanical Properties and Soundness

Change dimensions in the Dimension table as shown below:

DIMENSIONS
in mm
C Specimen Center 3/8 1/4 9.5 6.5
L Length, min. 100 250
P Point of Temperature Measurement 1 25
R Root Opening 1/2 1/4 13 6.5
S Backup Strip Overlap, min. 1/4 3/8 6 9.0
T Thickness 3/4 1/2 19 13.0
V Backup Strip Thickness, min. 3/8 1/4 9 6.5
W Width, min. 5 125
X Backup Strip Width, min. 1 25
Z Discard, min. 1 25

vii
 AWS A5.28/A5.28M:2005

Table of Contents
Page No.
Personnel.................................................................................................................................................................... iii
Foreword ......................................................................................................................................................................v
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................................ viii
List of Figures........................................................................................................................................................... viii
1. Scope ....................................................................................................................................................................1
Part A—General Requirements....................................................................................................................................1
2. Normative References ...........................................................................................................................................1
3. Classification.........................................................................................................................................................2
4. Acceptance ............................................................................................................................................................2
5. Certification...........................................................................................................................................................2
6. Rounding-Off Procedure .......................................................................................................................................6
Part B—Tests, Procedures, and Requirements ............................................................................................................6
7. Summary of Tests..................................................................................................................................................6
8. Retest.....................................................................................................................................................................6
9. Weld Test Assemblies...........................................................................................................................................9
10. Chemical Analysis...............................................................................................................................................11
11. Radiographic Test ...............................................................................................................................................14
12. Tension Test ........................................................................................................................................................14
13. Impact Test..........................................................................................................................................................14
14. Diffusible Hydrogen Test....................................................................................................................................16
Part C—Manufacture, Identification, and Packaging ...............................................................................................16
15. Method of Manufacture.......................................................................................................................................16
16. Standard Sizes .....................................................................................................................................................16
17. Finish and Uniformity .........................................................................................................................................16
18. Standard Package Forms .....................................................................................................................................18
19. Winding Requirements........................................................................................................................................18
20. Filler Metal Identification ...................................................................................................................................20
21. Packaging ............................................................................................................................................................21
22. Marking of Packages...........................................................................................................................................21
Annex A (Informative)—Guide to AWS Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Rods
Annex A (Informative)—for Gas Shielded Arc Welding ..........................................................................................23
Annex B (Informative)—Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries.......................................................33
AWS Filler Metal Specifications Listed by Material and Welding Process ..............................................................35

ix
 AWS A5.28/A5.28M:2005

Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes

and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding

1. Scope amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications

do not apply. However, parties to agreement based on
1.1 This specification prescribes requirements for the this AWS standard are encouraged to investigate the
classification of low-alloy steel electrodes (solid, com- possibility of applying the most recent editions of the
posite stranded and composite metal cored) and rods documents shown below. For undated references, the
(solid) for gas metal arc (GMAW), gas tungsten arc latest edition of the standard applies.
(GTAW), and plasma arc (PAW) welding.
1.2 Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the 2.1 ASTM Standards1
scope of this standard and therefore are not fully (1) A 36/A 36M, Specification for Carbon Structural
addressed herein. Some safety and health information Steel
can be found in the nonmandatory Annex Sections A5 (2) A 203/A 203M, Specification for Pressure Ves-
and A10. Safety and health information is available from sel Plates, Alloy Steel, Nickel
other sources, including but not limited to ANSI Z49.1,
(3) A 285/A 285M, Specification for Pressure Ves-
Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, and
sel Plates, Carbon Steel, Low- and Intermediate-Tensile
applicable federal and state regulations.
Strength
1.3 This specification makes use of both U.S. Customary (4) A 387/A 387M, Specification for Pressure Ves-
Units and the International System of Units (SI). The sel Plates, Alloy Steel, Chromium-Molybdenum
measurements are not exact equivalents; therefore, each
(5) A 515/A 515M, Specification for Pressure Ves-
system must be used independently of the other without
sel Plates, Carbon Steel, for Intermediate- and Higher-
combining in any way when referring to weld metal
Temperature Service
properties. The specification with the designation A5.28
uses U.S. Customary Units. The specification A5.28M (6) A 516/A 516M, Specification for Pressure Ves-
uses SI Units. The latter are shown within brackets [ ] or sel Plates, Carbon Steel, for Moderate- and Lower-Tem-
in appropriate columns in tables and figures. Standard perature Service
dimensions based on either system may be used for (7) A 537/A 537M, Specification for Pressure Ves-
sizing of electrodes or packaging or both under the sel Plates, Heat-Treated, Carbon-Manganese-Silicon
A5.28 or A5.28M specifications. Steel
(8) E 29, Standard Practice for Using Significant
Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with
Specifications
Part A (9) E 350, Standard Test Method for Chemical Anal-
ysis of Carbon Steel, Low Alloy Steel, Silicon Electrical
General Requirements Steel, Ingot Iron and Wrought Iron
(10) E 1032, Standard Test Method for Radiographic
Examination of Weldments.
2. Normative References
The following standards contain provisions which, 1. ASTM standards are published by the American Society
through reference in this text, constitute provisions of for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West
this AWS standard. For dated references, subsequent Conshohocken, PA 19428.

1
AWS A5.28/A5.28M:2005

2.2 AWS Standards2 3.1M The solid electrodes (and rods) covered by this
(1) AWS A5.01, Filler Metal Procurement Guidelines A5.28M specification utilize a classification system
(2) AWS A5.32/A5.32M, Specification for Welding based upon the International System of Units (SI) and are
Shielding Gases classified according to the chemical composition of the
(3) AWS A4.3, Standard Methods for Determination electrode, as specified in Table 1, and the mechanical
of the Diffusible Hydrogen Content of Martensitic, properties of the weld metal, as specified in Tables 3 and
Bainitic, and Ferritic Steel Weld Metal Produced by Arc 4. The composite stranded electrodes and composite
Welding metal cored electrodes covered by this specification also
(4) AWS B4.0, Standard Methods for Mechanical utilize a classification system based upon the Inter-
Testing of Welds national System of Units (SI) and are classified according
(5) AWS B4.0M, Standard Methods for Mechanical to the chemical composition and mechanical properties
Testing of Welds of the weld metal as specified in Tables 2, 3, and 4, and
the shielding gas employed.
2.3 ANSI Standards3
(1) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and
3.2 Electrodes and rods classified under one classifica-
Allied Processes
tion shall not be classified under any other classification
in this specification, except that ER80S-D2 [ER55S-D2]
2.4 ISO Specifications4
may also be classified as ER90S-D2 [ER62S-D2] pro-
(1) ISO 544, Welding consumables—Technical deliv-
ery conditions for welding filler materials—Type of vided the product meets the requirements of both classi-
product, dimensions, tolerances and markings fications. However, material may be classified under
both A5.28 AND A5.28M specifications.
2.5 Department of Defense Specifications5
(1) MIL-S-16216, Military Specification, Steel Plate, 3.3 The welding electrodes and rods classified under this
Alloy, Structural, High Yield Strength (HY-80 and HY-100) specification are intended for gas shielded arc welding,
but that is not to prohibit their use with any other process
(or any other shielding gas, or combination of shielding
gases) for which they are found suitable.
3. Classification
3.1 The solid electrodes (and rods) covered by this A5.28
specification utilize a classification system based upon
U.S. Customary Units and are classified according to the 4. Acceptance
chemical composition of the electrode, as specified in
Table 1, and the mechanical properties of the weld metal, Acceptance6 of the electrodes and rods shall be in
as specified in Tables 3 and 4. The composite stranded accordance with the provisions of AWS A5.01.
electrodes and composite metal cored electrodes covered
by this specification also utilize a classification system
based upon U.S. Customary Units and are classified
according to the chemical composition and mechanical
properties of the weld metal as specified in Tables 2, 3, 5. Certification
and 4, and the shielding gas employed.
By affixing the AWS specification and classification
2. AWS standards are published by the American Welding designations to the packaging, or the classification to the
Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. product, the manufacturer certifies that the product meets
3. ANSI standards are published by the American National
the requirements of this specification.7
Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York,
NY 10036.
4. ISO standards are published by the International Organiza- 6. See Section A3, Acceptance (in Annex A) for further infor-
tion for Standardization, 1, rue de Varembé, Case postale 56, mation concerning acceptance, testing of the material shipped,
CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland. and AWS A5.01.
5. Department of Defense standards are published by 7. See Section A4, Certification (in Annex A) for further infor-
DODSSP, Standardization Documents Order Desk, 700 mation concerning certification and the testing called for to
Robbins Avenue, Bldg. 4D, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094. meet this requirement.

2
 Table 1
Chemical Composition Requirements for Solid Electrodes and Rods
AWS Classificationc Weight Percent a, b
Other
UNS Elements,
A5.28 A5.28M Number d C Mn Si P S Ni Cr Mo V Ti Zr Al Cue Total
Carbon–Molybdenum Steel Electrodes and Rods
ER70S-A1 ER49S-A1 K11235 0.12 1.30 0.30–0.70 0.025 0.025 0.20 — 0.40–0.65 — — — — 0.35 0.50
Chromium – Molybdenum Steel Electrodes and Rods
ER80S-B2 ER55S-B2 K20900 0.07–0.12 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.70 0.025 0.025 0.20 1.20–1.50 0.40–0.65 — — — — 0.35 0.50
ER70S-B2L ER49S-B2L K20500 0.05 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.70 0.025 0.025 0.20 1.20–1.50 0.40–0.65 — — — — 0.35 0.50
ER90S-B3 ER62S-B3 K30960 0.07–0.12 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.70 0.025 0.025 0.20 2.30–2.70 0.90–1.20 — — — — 0.35 0.50
ER80S-B3L ER55S-B3L K30560 0.05 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.70 0.025 0.025 0.20 2.30–2.70 0.90–1.20 — — — — 0.35 0.50
ER80S-B6f ER55S-B6f S50280 0.10 0.40–0.70 0.50 0.025 0.025 0.60 4.50–6.00 0.45–0.65 — — — — 0.35 0.50
ER80S-B8g ER55S-B8g S50480 0.10 0.40–0.70 0.50 0.025 0.025 0.50 8.00–10.50 0.80–1.20 — — — — 0.35 0.50
ER90S-B9h,i,j ER62S-B9h,i,j S50482 0.07–0.13 1.20 0.15–0.50 0.010 0.010 0.80 8.00–10.50 0.85–1.20 0.15–0.30 — — 0.04 0.20 0.50
Nickel Steel Electrodes and Rods
ER80S-Ni1 ER55S-NI1 K11260 0.12 1.25 0.40–0.80 0.025 0.025 0.80–1.10 0.15 0.35 0.05 — — — 0.35 0.50
ER80S-Ni2 ER55S-NI2 K21240 0.12 1.25 0.40–0.80 0.025 0.025 2.00–2.75 — — — — — — 0.35 0.50
3

ER80S-Ni3 ER55S-NI3 K31240 0.12 1.25 0.40–0.80 0.025 0.025 3.00–3.75 — — — — — — 0.35 0.50
Manganese–Molybdenum Steel Electrodes and Rods
ER80S-D2 ER55S-D2
K10945 0.07–0.12 1.60–2.10 0.50–0.80 0.025 0.025 0.15 — 0.40–0.60 — — — — 0.50 0.50
ER90S-D2 ER62S-D2
Other Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Rods
ER100S-1 ER69S-1 K10882 0.08 1.25–1.80 0.20–0.55 0.010 0.010 1.40–2.10 0.30 0.25–0.55 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.25 0.50
ER110S-1 ER76S-1 K21015 0.09 1.40–1.80 0.20–0.55 0.010 0.010 1.90–2.60 0.50 0.25–0.55 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.25 0.50
ER120S-1 ER83S-1 K21030 0.10 1.40–1.80 0.25–0.60 0.010 0.010 2.00–2.80 0.60 0.30–0.65 0.03 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.25 0.50
ERXXS-G ERXXS-G — Not Specified k
a The filler metal shall be analyzed for the elements for which values are shown in this table. If the presence of other elements is indicated in the course of this work, the amount of those elements shall be
determined to ensure that their total (excluding iron) does not exceed the limits specified for “Other Elements, Total.”
b Single values are maximum.
c The suffixes B2, Nil, etc., designate the chemical composition of the electrode and rod classification.

AWS A5.28/A5.28M:2005
d SAE HS-1086/ASTM DS-56H, Metals & Alloys in the Unified Numbering System.
e Copper due to any coating on the electrode or rod plus the copper content of the filler metal itself, shall not exceed the stated 0.50% max.
f Similar to former class ER502 in AWS Specification A5.9-93.
g Similar to former class ER505 in AWS Specification A5.9-93.
h Niobium (Columbium) 0.02–0.10%.
i Nitrogen 0.03–0.07%.
j The sum of Mn and Ni shall be less than or equal to 1.50% max.
k In order to meet the requirement of the “G” classification, the electrode must have a minimum of one or more of the following: 0.50% Nickel, 0.30% Chromium, or 0.20% Molybdenum. The composition

shall be reported, the requirements are those agreed to by the purchaser and supplier.
 AWS A5.28/A5.28M:2005
Table 2
Chemical Composition Requirements for Weld Metal from Composite Electrodesa
AWS Classificationd Weight Percent b, c
Other
UNS Elements,
A5.28 A5.28M Number e C Mn Si P S Ni Cr Mo V Ti Zr Al Cu Total

Chromium–Molybdenum Weld Metal

E80C-B2 E55C-B2 W52030 0.05–0.12 0.40–1.00 0.25–0.60 0.025 0.030 0.20 1.00–1.50 0.40–0.65 0.03 — — — — 0.50
E70C-B2L E49C-B2L W52130 0.05 0.40–1.00 0.25–0.60 0.025 0.030 0.20 1.00–1.50 0.40–0.65 0.03 — — — 0.35 0.50
E90C-B3 E62C-B3 W53030 0.05–0.12 0.40–1.00 0.25–0.60 0.025 0.030 0.20 2.00–2.50 0.90–1.20 0.03 — — — 0.35 0.50
E80C-B3L E55C-B3L W53130 0.05 0.40–1.00 0.25–0.60 0.025 0.030 0.20 2.00–2.50 0.90–1.20 0.03 — — — 0.35 0.50
E80C-B6 E55C-B6 0.10 0.40–1.00 0.25–0.60 0.025 0.025 0.60 4.50–6.00 0.45–0.65 0.03 — — — 0.35 0.50
E80C-B8 E55C-B8 0.10 0.40–1.00 0.25–0.60 0.025 0.025 0.20 8.00–10.50 0.80–1.20 0.03 — — — 0.35 0.50
E90C-B9f E55C-B9 0.08–0.13 1.20g 0.50 0.020 0.015 0.80g 8.00–10.50 0.85–1.20 0.15–0.30 — — 0.04 0.20 0.50
Nickel Steel Electrodes and Rods
E80C-Ni1 E55C-Ni1 W21030 0.12 1.50 0.90 0.025 0.030 0.80–1.10 — 0.30 0.03 — — — 0.35 0.50
E70C-Ni2 E49C-Ni2 W22030 0.08 1.25 0.90 0.025 0.030 1.75–2.75 — — 0.03 — — — 0.35 0.50
E80C-Ni2 E55C-Ni2 W22030 0.12 1.50 0.90 0.025 0.030 1.75–2.75 — — 0.03 — — — 0.35 0.50
4

E80C-Ni3 E55C-Ni3 W23030 0.12 1.50 0.90 0.025 0.030 2.75–3.75 — — 0.03 — — — 0.35 0.50
Manganese–Molybdenum Steel Electrodes and Rods
E90C-D2 E62C-D2 W19230 0.12 1.00–1.90 0.90 0.025 0.030 — — 0.40–0.60 0.03 — — — 0.35 0.50
Other Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Rods
E90C-K3 E62C-K3 0.15 0.75–2.25 0.80 0.025 0.025 0.50–2.50 0.15 0.25–0.65 0.03 — — — 0.35 0.50
E100C-K3 E69C-K3 0.15 0.75–2.25 0.80 0.025 0.025 0.50–2.50 0.15 0.25–0.65 0.03 — — — 0.35 0.50
E110C-K3 E76C-K3 0.15 0.75–2.25 0.80 0.025 0.025 0.50–2.50 0.15 0.25–0.65 0.03 — — — 0.35 0.50
E110C-K4 E76C-K4 0.15 0.75–2.25 0.80 0.025 0.025 0.50–2.50 0.15–0.65 0.25–0.65 0.03 — — — 0.35 0.50
E120C-K4 E83C-K4 0.15 0.75–2.25 0.80 0.025 0.025 0.50–2.50 0.15–0.65 0.25–0.65 0.03 — — — 0.35 0.50
E80C-W2 E55C-W2 0.12 0.50–1.30 0.35–0.80 0.025 0.030 0.40–0.80 0.45–0.70 — 0.03 — — — 0.30–0.75 0.50
EXXC-G EXXC-G — Not Specified h
a Chemical requirements for composite electrodes are based on analysis of their weld metal in the as-welded condition using the shielding gas specified in Table 3.
b The weld metal shall be analyzed for the specific elements for which values are shown in this table. If the presence of other elements is indicated in the course of this work, the amount of those elements
shall be determined to ensure that their total (excluding iron) does not exceed the limits specified for “Other Elements, Total.”
c Single values are maximum.
d Solid electrodes are generally recommended for gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) or plasma arc welding (PAW).
e SAE HS-1086/ASTM DS-56H, Metal & Alloys in the Unified Numbering System.
f Niobium (Columbium) 0.02–0.10%, Nitrogen 0.03–0.07%.
g The sum of Mn and Ni shall be 1.50% max.
h In order to meet the requirements of the “G” classification, the electrode must have a minimum of one or more of the following: 0.50% Nickel, 0.30% Chromium, or 0.20% Molybdenum. The composition

shall be reported; the requirements are those agreed to by the purchaser and supplier.
 AWS A5.28/A5.28M:2005

Table 3
Tension Test Requirements
Tensile Strength Yield Strengthb
AWS Classification (minimum) (minimum) Elongationb
Percent Testing
A5.28 A5.28M Shielding Gas a psi MPa psi MPa (minimum) Condition

ER70S-B2L ER49S-B2L
E70C-B2L E49C-B2L 75 000 515 58 000 400 19
ER70S-A1 ER49S-A1
ER80S-B2 ER55S-B2
80 000 550 68 000 470 19
E80C-B2 E55C-B2
ER80S-B3L ER55S-B3L
Argon/1–5% O2 80 000 550 68 000 470 17
E80C-B3L E55C-B3L
(Classes SG-AO-1
ER90S-B3 ER62S-B3 thru SG-AO-5) 90 000 620 78 000 540 17
E90C-B3 E62C-B3
ER80S-B6 ER55S-B6 80 000 550 68 000 470 17 PWHT c

E80C-B6 E55C-B6 80 000 550 68 000 470 17

ER80S-B8 ER55S-B8 80 000 550 68 000 470 17
E80C-B8 E55C-B8 80 000 550 68 000 470 17
Argon/5% O2
ER90S-B9 ER62S-B9
(Class SG-AC-5)
Argon/5–25% CO2 90 000 620 60 000 410 16
E90C-B9 E62C-B9 (Classes SG-AC-5
thru SG-AC-25)
E70C-Ni2 E49C-Ni2 70 000 490 58 000 400 24 PWHT c
ER80S-Ni1 ER55S-Ni1
80 000 550 68 000 470 24 As-Welded
E80C-Ni1 E55C-Ni1 Argon/1–5% O2
(Classes SG-AO-1
ER80S-Ni2 ER55S-Ni2
thru SG-AO-5)
E80C-Ni2 E55C-Ni2
80 000 550 68 000 470 24 PWHT c
ER80S-Ni3 ER55S-Ni3
E80C-Ni3 E55C-Ni3
ER80S-D2 ER55S-D2 CO2 (Class SG-C) 80 000 550 68 000 470 17
Argon/1–5% O2
ER90S-D2 ER62S-D2
(Classes SG-AO-1 90 000 620 78 000 540 17
E90C-D2 E62C-D2
thru SG-AO-5)
ER100S-1 ER69S-1 100 000 690 88 000 610 16
Argon/2% O2
ER110S-1 ER76S-1 110 000 760 95 000 660 15
(Class SG-AO-2)
ER120S-1 ER83S-1 120 000 830 105 000 730 14 As-Welded
E90C-K3 E62C-K3 90 000 620 78 000 540 18
E100C-K3 E69C-K3 100 000 690 88 000 610 16
Argon/5–25% CO2
E110C-K3 E76C-K3
(Classes SG-AC-5 110,000 760 98 000 680 15
E110C-K4 E76C-K4
thru SG-AC-25)
E120C-K4 E83C-K4 120 000 830 108 000 750 15
E80C-W2 E55C-W2 80 000 550 68 000 470 22
(continued)

5
AWS A5.28/A5.28M:2005

Table 3 (Continued)
Tension Test Requirements
Tensile Strength Yield Strengthb
AWS Classification (minimum) (minimum) Elongationb
Percent Testing
A5.28 A5.28M Shielding Gas a psi MPa psi MPa (minimum) Condition

ER70S-G ER49S-G
(d) 70 000 490 (e) (e) (e) (e)
E70C-G E49C-G
ER80S-G ER55S-G
(d) 80 000 550 (e) (e) (e) (e)
E80C-G E55C-G
ER90S-G ER62S-G
(d) 90 000 620 (e) (e) (e) (e)
E90C-G E62C-G
ER100S-G ER69S-G
(d) 100 000 690 (e) (e) (e) (e)
E100C-G E69C-G
ER110S-G ER76S-G
(d) 110 000 760 (e) (e) (e) (e)
E110C-G E76C-G
ER120S-G ER83S-G
(d) 120 000 830 (e) (e) (e) (e)
E120C-G E83C-G
a The use of a particular shielding gas for classification purposes shall not be construed to restrict the use of other gas mixtures. A filler metal tested
with other gas blends, such as Argon/O2 or Argon/CO2 may result in weld metal having different strength and elongation. Classification with other
gas blends shall be as agreed upon between the purchaser and supplier.
b Yield strength at 0.2% offset and elongation in 2 in (51 mm] gage length.
c Postweld heat-treated condition in accordance with Table 7.
d Shielding gas shall be as agreed to between purchaser and supplier.
e Not specified (as agreed to between purchaser and supplier).

6. Rounding-Off Procedure weld test assemblies, the welding and testing procedures
to be employed, and the results required are given in
For the purpose of determining conformance with this Sections 9 through 13. See Section A4.2 in the Annex for
specification, an observed or calculated value shall be requirements for classification based on gas tungsten arc
rounded to the nearest 1000 psi [10 MPa] for tensile and welding (GTAW) only.
yield strength, and to the “nearest unit” in the last right-
hand place of figures used in expressing the limiting 7.2 The optional test for diffusible hydrogen in Section
value for other quantities in accordance with the rounding- 14, Diffusible Hydrogen Test, is not required for classifi-
off method given in ASTM E 29. cation. See Note (a) of Table 5.

8. Retest
Part B If the results of any test fail to meet the requirement,
Tests, Procedures, and Requirements that test shall be repeated twice. The results of both
retests shall meet the requirement. Specimens for retest
may be taken from the original test assembly or from one
7. Summary of Tests or two new test assemblies. For chemical analysis, retest
need be only for those specific elements that failed to
7.1 The tests required for each classification are speci- meet their requirement. If the results of one or both
fied in Table 5. The purpose of these tests is to determine retests fail to meet the requirement, the material under
the chemical composition, the mechanical properties, test shall be considered as not meeting the requirements
and soundness of the weld metal. The base metal for the of this specification for that classification.

6
 AWS A5.28/A5.28M:2005

Table 4
Impact Test Requirements
AWS Classification Average Impact Energy Absorbeda, b (Minimum)

A5.28 A5.28M A5.28 A5.28M Testing Condition

ER70S-Al ER49S-A1
ER70S-B2L ER49S-B2L
E70C-B2L E49C-B2L
ER80S-B2 ER55S-B2
E80C-B2 E55C-B2
ER80S-B3L ER55S-B3L
E80C-B3L E55C-B3L
ER90S-B3 ER62S-B3 Not Required Not Required —
E90C-B3 E62C-B3
ER80S-B6 ER55S-B6
E80C-B6 E55C-B6
ER80S-B8 ER55S-B8
E80C-B8 E55C-B8
ER90S-B9 ER62S-B9
E90C-B9 E62C-B9

ER80S-Nil ER55S-Nil
20 ft lbf at –50°F 27 J at –45°C As-Welded
E80C-Nil E55C-Nil

E70C-Ni2 E49C-Ni2
ER80S-Ni2 ER55S-Ni2 20 ft lbf at –80°F 27 J at –60°C PWHTb
E80C-Ni2 E55C-Ni2

ER80S-Ni3 ER55S-Ni3
20 ft lbf at –100°F 27 J at –75°C PWHTb
E80C-Ni3 E55C-Ni3

ER80S-D2 ER55S-D2
ER90S-D2 ER62S-D2 20 ft lbf at –20°F 27 J at –30°C As-Welded
E90C-D2 E62C-D2

ER100S-1 ER69S-1
ER110S-1 ER76S-1 50 ft lbf at –60°F 68 J at –50°C As-Welded
ER120S-1 ER83S-1

E90C-K3 E62C-K3
E100C-K3 E69C-K3
E110C-K3 E76C-K3 20 ft lbf at –60°F 27 J at –50°C As-Welded
E110C-K4 E76C-K4
E120C-K4 E83C-K4

E80C-W2 E55C-W2 20 ft lbf at –20°F 27 J at –30°C As-Welded

ERXXS-G ERXXS-G As agreed As agreed

—
EXXC-G EXXC-G between supplier between supplier
—
and purchaser and purchaser
a Both the highest and lowest of the five test values obtained shall be disregarded in computing the average impact energy absorbed.
For classifications requiring 20 ft lbf [27J]: Two of the remaining three values shall equal or exceed 20 ft lbf [27 J]; one of the three remaining
values may be lower than 20 ft lbf [27 J], but not lower than 15 ft lbf [20 J]. The average of the three shall not be less than the 20 ft lbf [27 J] specified.
For classification requiring 50 ft lbf [68J]: Two of the remaining three values shall equal or exceed 50 ft lbf [68 J]; one of the three remaining values
may be lower than 50 ft lbf [68 J], but not lower than 40 ft lbf [54 J]. The average of the three shall not be less than the 50 ft lbf [68 J] specified.
b Postweld heat treated in accordance with Table 7.

7
AWS A5.28/A5.28M:2005

Table 5
Required Tests
AWS Classification Chemical Analysis Diffusible
Radiographic Tension Impact Hydrogen
A5.28 A5.28M Electrode Weld Metal Test Test Test Test

Solid Electrodes

ER70S-A1 ER49S-A1
ER80S-B2 ER55S-B2
ER70S-B2L ER49S-B2L
ER90S-B3 ER62S-B3
Required Not Required Required Required Not Required (a)
ER80S-B3L ER55S-B3L
ER80S-B6 ER55S-B6
ER80S-B8 ER55S-B8
ER90S-B9 ER62S-B9

ER80S-Ni1 ER55S-Ni1
ER80S-Ni2 ER55S-Ni2 Required Not Required Required Required Required (a)
ER80S-Ni3 ER55S-Ni3

ER80S-D2 ER55S-D2
Required Not Required Required Required Required (a)
ER90S-D2 ER62S-D2

ER100S-1 ER69S-1
ER110S-1 ER76S-1 Required Not Required Required Required Required (a)
ER120S-1 ER83S-1

ERXXS-G ERXXS-G bRequired b Not Required Required Required Not Required (a)

Composite Metal Cored Electrodes

E80C-B2 E55C-B2
E70C-B2L E49C-B2L
E90C-B3 E62C-B3
E80C-B3L E55C-B3L Not Required Required Required Required Not Required (a)
E80C-B6 E55C-B6
E80C-B8 E55C-B8
E90C-B9 E62C-B9

E80C-Ni1 E55C-Ni1
E70C-Ni2 E49C-Ni2
Not Required Required Required Required Required (a)
E80C-Ni2 E55C-Ni2
E80C-Ni3 E55C-Ni3

E90C-D2 E62C-D2 Not Required Required Required Required Required (a)

E90C-K3 E62C-K3
E100C-K3 E69C-K3
E110C-K3 E76C-K3 Not Required Required Required Required Required (a)
E110C-K4 E76C-K4
E120C-K4 E83C-K4

E80C-W2 E55C-W2 Not Required Required Required Required Required (a)

EXXC-G EXXC-G Not Required bRequired b Required Required Not Required (a)
a Optional diffusible hydrogen test is required only when specified by the purchaser or when the manufacturer puts the diffusible hydrogen designator
on the label. (Also see A2.2 and A8.2 in Annex A.)
b To be reported (see A7.19 in Annex A).

8
 AWS A5.28/A5.28M:2005

In the event that, during preparation or after comple- Welding shall be in the flat position, and the assembly
tion of any test, it is clearly determined that specified or shall be restrained (or preset) during welding to prevent
proper procedures were not followed in preparing the warpage in excess of 5 degrees. An assembly that is
weld test assembly or test specimens, or in conducting warped more than 5 degrees out of plane shall be dis-
the test, the test shall be considered invalid, without carded. Test assemblies shall not be straightened. The
regard to whether the test was actually completed, or test assembly shall be tack welded at or above room tem-
whether the test results met, or failed to meet, the perature and welding shall begin at the preheat tempera-
requirement. That test shall be repeated, following ture specified in Table 7. Welding shall continue until
proper specified procedures. In this case, the requirement the assembly has reached the interpass temperature spec-
for doubling the number of test specimens does not ified in Table 7, measured by temperature indicating
apply. crayons or surface thermometers at the location shown in
Figure 1.
For the remainder of the weld, the preheat tempera-
9. Weld Test Assemblies ture and interpass temperature as specified in Table 7
shall be maintained. Should it be necessary to interrupt
9.1 At least one weld test assembly is required, and two welding, the assembly shall be allowed to cool in still air
may be required (depending on the electrode—solid as at room temperature. The assembly shall be preheated to
opposed to composite—and the manner in which the the temperature specified in Table 7 before welding is
sample for chemical analysis is taken), as specified in resumed. When welding has been completed and the
Table 5. They are as follows: assembly has cooled, the assembly shall be prepared and
(1) The groove weld in Figure 1 for mechanical prop- tested as specified in Sections 11, Radiographic Test; 12,
erties and soundness of the weld metal for both compos- Tension Test; and 13, Impact Test. Testing shall be
ite and solid electrodes (see Section A4.2 in the Annex performed in the as-welded or postweld heat-treated
for requirements for classification based on gas tungsten condition, as specified in Tables 3 and 4.
arc welding only). 9.3.2 When required, the test assembly shall be
(2) The weld pad in Figure 2 for chemical analysis of postweld heat-treated before removal of mechanical test
the weld metal from composite stranded and composite specimens. This postweld heat treatment may be done
metal cored electrodes. either before or after the radiographic examination.
The sample for chemical analysis of weld metal from
9.3.2.1 The furnace shall be at a temperature not
composite electrodes may be taken from the reduced sec-
higher than 600°F [320°C] when the test assembly is
tion of the fractured all weld metal tension test specimen
placed in it. The heating rate, from that point to the hold-
or from the corresponding location (or any location
ing temperature specified in Table 7, shall not exceed
above it) in the groove weld in Figure 1, thereby avoid-
400°F per hour [220°C per hour].
ing the need to make a weld pad. In case of dispute, the
weld pad in Figure 2 shall be the referee method. 9.3.2.2 The test assembly shall be maintained at
the temperature specified in Table 7 for 1 hour (–0,
9.2 Preparation of each weld test assembly shall be as +15 minutes).
specified in 9.3 and 9.4. The base metal for each assem-
bly shall be as required in Table 6 and shall meet the 9.3.2.3 When the one hour holding time has been
requirements of the specification shown there, or an completed, the assembly shall be allowed to cool in the
equivalent specification. Testing of the assembly shall be furnace to a temperature below 600°F [320°C] at a rate
as specified in 10.2, 10.3, and Sections 11 through 13. not exceeding 350°F per hour [190°C per hour]. The
assembly may be removed from the furnace at any tem-
9.3 Groove Weld perature below 600°F [320°C] and allowed to cool in
still air to room temperature. Testing of the assembly
9.3.1 For all classifications a test assembly shall be
shall be as specified in Sections 11 through 13.
prepared and welded as specified in Figure 1, using base
metal of the appropriate type specified in Table 6, and 9.4 Weld Pad. A weld pad shall be prepared using com-
the preheat and interpass temperature specified in Table posite stranded and composite metal cored electrodes as
7. The electrode used shall be 0.045 in or 1/16 in shown in Figure 2, except when, as permitted in 9.1, the
[1.2 mm or 1.6 mm] size (or the size the manufacturer sample for analysis is taken from the groove weld (Fig-
produces that is closest to one of these, if these sizes are ure 1) or the fractured all weld metal tension test speci-
not produced). See Section A4.2 in the Annex for men. Base metal of any convenient size which will
requirements for classification based on gas tungsten arc satisfy the minimum requirements of Figure 2, and is of a
welding (GTAW) only. type specified in Table 6, shall be used as the base for the

9
AWS A5.28/A5.28M:2005

DIMENSIONS
in mm
C Specimen Center 3/8 9.5
L Length, min. 100 2500
P Point of Temperature 1 25
Measurement
R Root Opening 1/2 13
S Backup Strip Overlap, min. 1/4 6
T Thickness 3/4 19
V Backup Strip Thickness, min. 3/8 9
W Width, min. 5 1250
X Backup Strip Width, min. 1 25
Z Discard, min. 1 25

Test Conditions for Solid Electrodes 4, 5

Standard Size 7 0.045 in [1.2 mm] 1/16 in [1.6 mm]
Shielding Gas 8 See Table 3 See Table 3
Wire Feed Speed 450 in/min [190 mm/sec] ±5% 240 in/min [102 mm/sec] ±5%
Nominal Arc Voltage 27 to 32 V 25 to 30 V
Resulting Current, DCEP 9
300 to 360A6 340 to 420A6
(DCEP = Electrode Positive)
Contact-Tip-to-Work Distance 10 7/8 ± 1/8 in [22 ± 3 mm] 7/8 ± 1/8 in [22 ± 3 mm]
Travel Speed 13 ± 2 in/min [5.5 ± 1.0 mm/sec] 13 ± 2 in/min [5.5 ± 1.0 mm/sec]

Notes:
1. Base metal shall be as specified in Table 6. The surfaces to be welded shall be clean.
2. Prior to welding, the assembly may be preset as shown so that the welded joint will be sufficiently flat to facilitate test specimen
removal. As an alternative, restraint or a combination of restraint and preset may be used.
3. When required, edges of the grooves and the contacting face of the backing shall be buttered as shown. Any size of the electrode
being tested may be used for buttering. See Table 6, Note a.
4. Test conditions for composite electrodes shall be as recommended by the manufacturer.
5. Preheat and interpass temperatures for both solid and composite electrodes shall be as specified in Table 7.
6. For ER80S-D2 [ER55S-D2] classification, the amperage range for 0.045 in [1.2 mm] shall be 260 to 320 A and for 1/16 in [1.6 mm],
330 to 410 A.
7. If sizes other than 0.045 in and 1/16 in [1.2 mm and 1.6 mm] are tested, wire feed speed (and resulting current), arc voltage, and
contact-tip-to-work distance shall be changed as needed. This joint configuration is not recommended for electrode sizes smaller
than 0.035 in [0.9 mm].
8. If shielding gases or blends other than those shown in Table 3 are used, the wire feed speed (and resulting current), arc voltage, and
travel speed are to be as agreed to between purchaser and supplier.
9. The required combination of electrode feed rate, arc voltage, and contact-tip-to-work distance should produce welding currents in the
ranges shown. Currents substantially outside these ranges suggest errors in feed rate, contact-tip-to-work distance, voltage settings,
or in instrumentation.
10. Distance from the contact tip to the work, not from the shielding gas cup to the work.

Figure 1—Groove Weld Test Assembly for Mechanical Properties and Soundness

10
 AWS A5.28/A5.28M:2005

Notes:
1. Base metal of any convenient size, of any type specified in Table 6, shall be used as the base for the weld pad.
2. The surface of the base metal on which the filler metal is to be deposited shall be clean.
3. The pad shall be welded in the flat position with successive layers to obtain weld metal of sufficient height.
4. The number and size of the beads will vary according to the size of the electrode and the width of the weave, as well as the amperage
employed.
5. The preheat temperature shall not be less than 60°F [15°C] and the maximum interpass temperature shall not exceed that specified
in Table 7.
6. Any slag shall be removed after each pass.
7. The test assembly may be quenched in water between passes to control interpass temperature.
8. The minimum completed pad size shall be at least four layers in height (H). The sample for analysis shall be taken at least 3/8 in
[9.5 mm] above the original base metal surface.The length (L), after allowance for start and stop areas, and width (W) shall be suffi-
cient to perform analysis.

Figure 2—Pad for Chemical Analysis of Weld Metal from Composite Electrodes

weld pad. The surface of the base metal on which the present in a coating (copper flashing, for example), shall
filler metal is deposited shall be clean. The pad shall be be analyzed without removing the coating. When the
welded in the flat position with multiple layers to obtain filler metal is analyzed for elements other than those in
undiluted weld metal (4 layers minimum thickness). The the coating, the coating shall be removed, if its presence
electrode size shall be 0.045 in or 1/16 in [1.2 mm or affects the results of the analysis for the other elements.
1.6 mm] or the size that the manufacturer produces that
10.2 Composite stranded or metal cored electrodes shall
is closest to one of these, if these sizes are not produced.
be analyzed in the form of weld metal, not filler metal.
The preheat temperature shall not be less than 60°F
The sample for analysis shall be taken from weld metal
[15°C] and the interpass temperature shall not exceed
obtained with the electrode and the shielding gas as spec-
that specified in Table 7. Any slag shall be removed after
ified in Table 3. The sample may be taken from the weld
each pass. The pad may be quenched in water between
pad prepared in accordance with 9.4, from an area of the
passes (temperature of the water not specified). The
groove weld as specified in 9.1, or from the reduced sec-
dimensions of the completed pad shall be as shown in
tion of the fractured tension test specimen. In case of dis-
Figure 2. Testing of this assembly shall be as specified in
pute, the weld pad is the referee method.
10.2 and 10.3. The results shall meet the requirements of
Table 2. The top surface of the pad described in 9.4 and shown
in Figure 2 shall be removed and discarded. A sample for
analysis shall be obtained from the underlying metal, no
closer than 3/8 in [9.5 mm] to the surface of the base
10. Chemical Analysis metal in Figure 2, by any appropriate mechanical means.
The sample shall be free of slag. When the sample is
10.1 A sample of the solid electrode or rod stock from taken from the groove weld or the reduced section of the
which it is made shall be prepared for chemical analysis. fractured tension test specimen, that material shall be
Solid filler metal, when analyzed for elements that are prepared for analysis by any suitable mechanical means.

11
AWS A5.28/A5.28M:2005

Table 6
Base Metal for Test Assemblies
AWS Classification Base Metal

A5.28 A5.28M ASTM Standarda UNS Numberb

ER70S-B2L ER49S-B2L
E70C-B2L E49C-B2L
A 387 Grade 11 K11789
ER80S-B2 ER55S-B2
E80C-B2 E55C-B2
ER80S-B3L ER55S-B3L
E80C-B3L E55C-B3L
A 387 Grade 22 K21590
ER90S-B3 ER62S-B3
E90C-B3 E62C-B3
ER80S-B6 ER55S-B6
A 387 Grade 5 S50200
E80C-B6 E55C-B6
ER80S-B8 ER55S-B8
A 387 Grade 9 S50400
E80C-B8 E55C-B8
ER90S-B9 ER62S-B9
A 387 Grade 91 S50460
E90C-B9 E62C-B9
A 516 Grade 60, 65, or 70 K02100, K02403, or K02700
ER80S-Ni1 ER55S-Ni1 A 537 Class 1 or 2 K12437, K21703, or K22103
E80C-Ni1 E55C-Ni1
A 203 Grade A or B, or HY-80 steel
K22103, K21702, or J42015
in accordance with MIL-S-16216
E70C-Ni2 E49C-Ni2
A 203 Grade A or B, or HY-80 steel
ER80S-Ni2 ER55S-Ni2 K22103, K21703, or J42015
in accordance with MIL-S-16216
E80C-Ni2 E55C-Ni2
ER80S-Ni3 ER55S-Ni3 A 203 Grade D or E, or HY-80 steel
K31718, K32018, or J42015
E80C-Ni3 E55C-Ni3 in accordance with MIL-S-16216
ER70S-Al ER49S-Al
ER80S-D2 ER55S-D2 ASTM A 36, A 285 Grade C,
K02600, K03101, or K02700,
ER90S-D2 ER62S-D2 A 515 Grade 70, or A 516 Grade 70
E90C-D2 E62C-D2
ER100S-1 ER69S-1
HY-80 or HY-100 steel
ER110S-1 ER76S-1 J42015 or J42240
in accordance with MIL-S-16216
ER120S-1 ER83S-1
E90C-K3 E62C-K3 K11511, K11576, K11625, K11630,
E100C-K3 E69C-K3 A 514 or A 517, any grade, K11646, K11683, K11856, K21604,
E110C-K3 E76C-K3 or HY-80 or HY-100 steel or K21650
E110C-K4 E76C-K4 in accordance with MIL-S-16216 or
E120C-K4 E83C-K4 J42015 or J42240
A 572 or A 588, any grade in these K02303, K02304, K02305, K02306,
E80C-W2 E55C-W2
specifications, or A 709 Gr 50W K11430, K12040, K12043, or K11538
ERXXS-G ERXXS-G
See Note (a) —
EXXC-G EXXC-G
a For any weld metal classification in this specification, ASTM A 36, A 285 Grade C, A 515 Grade 70, or A 516 Grade 70, may be used. In that case,
the groove faces and the contacting face of the backing shall be buttered as shown in Figure 1, using the electrode being classified or an electrode of
the same weld metal composition as that specified for the electrode being tested, or using an electrode of the specified composition classified in
another AWS low-alloy steel filler metal specification. Weld pads for chemical analysis meeting minimum height requirements of Figure 2 are not
subject to additional buttering requirements. Alternately, for the indicated weld metal classification, the corresponding base metals may be used for
weld test assemblies without buttering. In case of dispute, buttered A 36 steel shall be the referee material.
b SAE-HS-1086/ASTM DS-58H, Metals & Alloys in the Unified Numbering System.

12
Other documents randomly have
different content
 Oceanography - Summary Sheet
Summer 2024 - Division

Prepared by: Lecturer Smith

Date: August 12, 2025

Unit 1: Ethical considerations and implications

Learning Objective 1: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 2: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 3: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 5: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 6: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 7: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 9: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Abstract 2: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 15: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Discussion 3: Practical applications and examples
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 21: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 27: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 29: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Module 4: Best practices and recommendations
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 32: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 36: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 37: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 38: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 39: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice 5: Theoretical framework and methodology
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 49: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Topic 6: Best practices and recommendations
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 52: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 57: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 58: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Methodology 7: Theoretical framework and methodology
Example 60: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 62: Experimental procedures and results
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 63: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 63: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 64: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 69: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Introduction 8: Experimental procedures and results
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 71: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 73: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 74: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 74: Experimental procedures and results
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 77: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 77: Literature review and discussion
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 78: Key terms and definitions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 9: Theoretical framework and methodology
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 81: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 84: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 85: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 85: Practical applications and examples
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 87: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Methodology 10: Ethical considerations and implications
Example 90: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 91: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 91: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 93: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 94: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 96: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 98: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Lesson 11: Critical analysis and evaluation
Practice Problem 100: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 102: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 103: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 106: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Section 12: Interdisciplinary approaches
Practice Problem 110: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 112: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 112: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookfinal.com