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Studies in Computational Intelligence 961

Ivan Georgiev
Hristo Kostadinov
Elena Lilkova Editors

Advanced
Computing
in Industrial
Mathematics
13th Annual Meeting of the Bulgarian
Section of SIAM, December 18–20, 2018,
Sofia, Bulgaria, Revised Selected Papers
Studies in Computational Intelligence

Volume 961

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Ivan Georgiev Hristo Kostadinov
• •

Elena Lilkova
Editors

Advanced Computing
in Industrial Mathematics
13th Annual Meeting of the Bulgarian
Section of SIAM, December 18–20, 2018,
Sofia, Bulgaria, Revised Selected Papers

123
Editors
Ivan Georgiev Hristo Kostadinov
Institute of Information and Communication Institute of Mathematics and Informatics
Technologies and Institute of Mathematics Bulgarian Academy of Science
and Informatics Sofia, Bulgaria
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Sofia, Bulgaria

Elena Lilkova
Institute of Information
and Communication Technologies
Bulgarian Academy of Science
Sofia, Bulgaria

ISSN 1860-949X ISSN 1860-9503 (electronic)

Studies in Computational Intelligence
ISBN 978-3-030-71615-8 ISBN 978-3-030-71616-5 (eBook)
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Preface

The 13th Annual Meeting of the Bulgarian Section of the Society for Industrial and
Applied Mathematics (BGSIAM) was held in Sofia, December 18–20, 2018. The
section was formed in 2007 with the purpose to promote and support the application
of mathematics to science, engineering, and technology in Bulgaria.
The goals of BGSIAM follow and creatively develop the general goals of SIAM
as follows:
• To advance the application of mathematics and computational science to
engineering, industry, science, and society;
• To promote research that will lead to effective new mathematical and compu-
tational methods and techniques for science, engineering, industry, and society;
• To provide media for the exchange of information and ideas among mathe-
maticians, engineers, and scientists.
During the BGSIAM’18 conference, a wide range of problems concerning recent
achievements in the field of industrial and applied mathematics were presented and
discussed. The meeting provided a forum for exchange of ideas between scientists,
who develop and study mathematical methods and algorithms, and researchers, who
apply them for solving real-life problems.
Among the topics of interest are mathematical physics, numerical analysis,
high-performance computing, optimization and control, mathematical biology
stochastic modeling, machine learning, digitization and imaging, big data, and
advanced computing in environmental, biomedical, and engineering applications.
The invited speakers were:
• Owe Axelsson (Czech Academy of Sciences), An inner-product free iteration
method for an equation of motion and a bound-constrained optimal control PDE
problem
• Mauro Ballicchia (Polytechnic University of Marche, Italy), Recent advances in
the Wigner signed particles: theory and applications
• Vesselin Iossifov (University of Applied Sciences Berlin, Germany),
Programming Techniques for Energy-efficient Software

v
vi Preface

• Raytcho Lazarov (Texas A&M University, USA), Recent advances in numerical

methods for fractional differential equations with non-smooth data: a concise
overview
• Blagovest Sendov (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences), Algorithmic problems in
the geometry of polynomials
We would like to thank all the referees for the constructive remarks and criti-
cism, which furthered considerable improvements of the quality of the papers in this
book.
Contents

Design of a Multi-objective Optimization Model for Wireless

Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Alexander Alexandrov and Vladimir Monov
Cross-Validated Sequentially Constructed Multiple Regression
with Centered Predictors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Slav Angelov and Eugenia Stoimenova
Non-local Nonlinear Perturbation Analysis for a Nonlinear Matrix
Equation Arising in Tree-Like Stochastic Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Vera Angelova
One Parameter Family of Elliptic Curves and the Equation
x4 þ y4 þ kx2 y2 ¼ z2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Stoyan Apostolov, Miroslav Stoenchev, and Venelin Todorov
An Inner Product Free Solution Method for an Equation of Motion
with Indefinite Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Owe Axelsson
Simulation Model for Investigation of the Behaviour of an Artificial
Immune Algorithm for Generation of S-Boxes with Good
Cryptographic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Tsonka Baicheva, Violeta Andreeva, and Nikolay Nikolov
Self-consistent Monte Carlo Solution of Wigner and Poisson
Equations Using an Efficient Multigrid Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Majid Benam, Maciej Wołoszyn, and Siegfried Selberherr
Modelled Versus Satellite Retrieved Estimation of the Direct Normal
Irradiance and the Sunshine Duration over Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Hristo Chervenkov and Kiril Slavov

vii
viii Contents

Numerical Identification of the Time Dependent Vertical Diffusion

Coefficient in a Model of Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Ivan T. Dimov, Juri D. Kandilarov, and Lubin G. Vulkov
Generalized Net Model for Flying Ant Colony Optimization . . . . . . . . . 90
Stefka Fidanova and Krassimir Atanassov
Numerical Determination of Time-Dependent Implied Volatility
by a Point Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Slavi G. Georgiev and Lubin G. Vulkov
Homotopy Analysis Method to Solve Volterra-Fredholm Fuzzy
Integral Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Atanaska Georgieva, Albena Pavlova, and Lozanka Trenkova
Spectral Fractional Laplacian with Inhomogeneous Dirichlet Data:
Questions, Problems, Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
S. Harizanov, S. Margenov, and N. Popivanov
Spike Timing Neural Model of Eye Movement Motor Response
with Reinforcement Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Petia Koprinkova-Hristova and Nadejda Bocheva
Programming Techniques for Energy-Efficient Software . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Vesselin Iossifov
Modelling Human Biometeorological Conditions Using
Meteorological Data from Reanalysis and Objective
Analysis—Preliminary Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Vladimir Ivanov and Hristo Chervenkov
The Braided Group of a Square-Free Solution of the Yang-Baxter
Equation and Its Group Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Tatiana Gateva-Ivanova
Exploring Applicability of the InterCriteria Analysis to Evaluate
the Performance of MOE and GOLD Scoring Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Dessislava Jereva, Tania Pencheva, Ivanka Tsakovska, Petko Alov,
and Ilza Pajeva
Multiobjective Approach for Solving Engineering Robust
Design Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Leoneed Kirilov and Petar Georgiev
Iterative Implicit Schemes for Compaction-Driven Darcy Flow
of Magma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Miglena N. Koleva and Lubin G. Vulkov
Finite Time Blow up of the Solutions to Double Dispersive
Equations with Linear Restoring Force and High Energy . . . . . . . . . . . 233
N. Kolkovska, M. Dimova, and N. Kutev
Contents ix

Coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Finite Element Simulation

of Loess Slope Under Atmospheric Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Lingyun Li, Maria Datcheva, and Wiebke Baille
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of His6 -FLAG-hIFNc
Fusion Glycoproteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
E. Lilkova, N. Ilieva, P. Petkov, E. Krachmarova, G. Nacheva,
and L. Litov
Several Results Concerning the Barnes G-function, a Cosecant
Integral, and Some Other Special Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Lubomir Markov
Influence of the Temperature on Simulated Annealing Method
for Metal Nanoparticle Structures Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Rossen Mikhov, Vladimir Myasnichenko, Stefka Fidanova,
Leoneed Kirilov, and Nickolay Sdobnyakov
Blood Flow Instabilities Related to Elasticity and Asymmetry
of an Abdominal Aorta Aneurysm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
N. Nikolov, S. Tabakova, and St. Radev
Rank Data Clustering Based on Lee Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Nikolay I. Nikolov and Eugenia Stoimenova
Analysis of Swing Oscillatory Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Svetoslav G. Nikolov, Vassil M. Vassilev, and Daniela T. Zaharieva
Non-linear Waves of Interacting Populations
with Density-Dependent Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Elena V. Nikolova, Denislav Z. Serbezov, Ivan P. Jordanov,
and Nikolay K. Vitanov
Performance Analysis of Hierarchical Semi-separable Compression
Solver for Fractional Diffusion Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
D. Slavchev
On the Spectral Properties of Lax Operators Related to BD.I
Symmetric Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Alina Streche-Pauna, Aurelia Daniela Florian, and Vladimir S. Gerdjikov
Mechanical Properties Assessments for Materials of High Porosity
and Light Alloys with Predominant Embedded Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Ludmila Parashkevova, Ludmil Drenchev, and Pedro Egizabal
Symmetries and Conservation Laws of a System of Timoshenko
Beam Type Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Svilen I. Popov and Vassil M. Vassilev
x Contents

InterCriteria Analysis of the Human Factor Assessment

in a Mobile Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Velichka Traneva and Stoyan Tranev
Using DLT in Software Lifecycle Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Biser Tsvetkov and Hristo Kostadinov
Study of a Flow of Reacting Substances in a Channel of Network . . . . . 405
Nikolay K. Vitanov, Kaloyan N. Vitanov, and Zlatinka I. Dimitrova
A Symplectic Numerical Method for the Sixth Order
Boussinesq Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Veselina Vucheva and Natalia Kolkovska

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

 Design of a Multi-objective Optimization
Model for Wireless Sensor Networks

Alexander Alexandrov(B) and Vladimir Monov

Institute of Information and Communication Technologies,

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev bl. 2, Sofia, Bulgaria
{akalexandrov,vmonov}@iit.bas.bg

Abstract. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have a worldwide influ-

ence during the latest years in the area of environmental monitoring.
This work addresses actual multi-objective optimization problems of the
wireless sensor networks used in this area. A new mathematical model
and multicriteria optimization approaches are presented in the paper
by taking into account different performance and shelf life objectives.
The proposed model is aimed at developing an energy-efficient commu-
nication between sensor nodes and the cluster heads (CH) in the wireless
sensor networks. We consider a few types of constraints concerning multi-
objective optimization of WSN with fixed place sensor nodes.

1 Introduction

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have had worldwide attention in the last years,
especially with the development of smart sensors and IoT technology. The new
smart sensors are small, and require less processing and computing resources,
and are relatively inexpensive. The smart sensors grouped in clusters can sense,
measure, integrate the measured data and transmit the sensed data to the con-
trol center. The trend towards wireless communication and IoT technology is
increasingly changing electronic devices in every aspect of life [1,3,19]. A WSN
is a special type of wireless network composed of a number of nodes that are
equipped with different sensors. This network type has been supported by tech-
nological advances in low-power wireless communications. A WSN is built by
distributed autonomous sensors that cooperatively monitor the environmental
conditions. To reduce the WSN design cost very offten are used modeling tools
as Generalized Nets (GN) [20] or industrial modelers as OPNET. In addition to
one or more sensors, each node in a sensor network is equipped with a micro-
controller, program logic, radio transceiver or other wireless communications
devices, and an energy source, usually based on battery. The size of the sensor
nodes results in corresponding resources such as energy, memory, computational
speed, and bandwidth [2]. In general, a WSN is composed of hundreds or even
thousands of small, low cost, low power wireless sensor nodes. These nodes are
deployed to register physical phenomena and usually communicate with each

c The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

I. Georgiev et al. (Eds.): BGSIAM 2018, SCI 961, pp. 1–9, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71616-5_1
2 A. Alexandrov and V. Monov

other through wireless communication channels. The design of the most wireless
sensor networks is based mainly on star or cluster topology [4] that organizes
and maintains a group of wireless sensors with local integration data capability.
In the current research is considered a cluster based topology of WSN. Although
the existing wireless network technologies are capable of constructing of large
sensor networks, the design and use of sensor networks to monitor stationary or
mobile objects such as buildings, cars, and even personal hand-held devices can
be further simplified to reduce power consumption and to increase the device’s
shelf life. The simplest approach for communication in wireless sensor networks
is the direct transmission, in which each node transmits its own data directly to
the control center or to the cluster head. If the base station is far away, the cost
of sending data directly to that station will become too large, and the nodes will
consume their energy resources quickly. WSNs are now used in many industrial
and civilian application areas, including industrial process monitoring and con-
trol, machine health monitoring, environment, and habitat monitoring, health-
care applications, home automation, traffic control, and scientific exploration in
dangerous environments [10,16]. In all cases, however, the communication effi-
ciency and energy saving are one of the most important issues in the network.
The communication protocol specifies how wireless sensor nodes communicate
with each other, disseminating information that enables them to select the appro-
priate communication route between any two nodes in the WSN [17]. The choice
of route is executed via routing algorithms. Each router has a priori knowledge
of only the networks that are directly attached to it. A routing protocol shares
this information first with its immediate neighbors and then throughout the
network [18]. In this way, the routers can gain knowledge of the topology of the
network. Routing protocols designed for data transfer in traditional ad hoc net-
works cannot be used with sensor networks. This is because sensor nodes have
limited battery power and because data transmission or reception consumes more
power consumption than sensor nodes do sensing and computation operations.
Therefore, it is desirable to conserve the energy of the nodes in the network while
routing query responses back to the sink node.

2 Related Works

Due to the specific problems in multihop based WSN, the design of the com-
munication protocols poses many new challenges, and a lot of work has been
done in this area. During the last years, several papers have proposed more
and more efficient algorithms for wireless sensor based communication proto-
cols [5–7]. For example [6] proposes an adaptive routing protocol for fixed place
applications, using their IP addressing scheme in WSNs. The research of [7] pro-
poses an analytical model for a reliable real-time degree in multihop WSNs. The
real-time degree represents the amount of data that can be transmitted from
any source node to its destination node. The research of Al-Karaki [9] presents a
 Design of a Multi-objective Optimization Model 3

cluster-based algorithm addressing the communication problem under network

aggregation without reducing the data quality in WSNs. The paper is focused
on the problem of data exchange with data aggregation and maximizing the
sensor nodes lifetime via data encapsulation and different processing techniques.
The paper of Y.H.Zhua [14] proposes an approximation method for quality of
service (QoS) in WSN. The method uses Markov chains for two-dimensional
space merging. An algorithm using a virtual node infrastructure of WSNs is
presented in [11]. A probabilistic vector machine-based method in WSNs is pre-
sented in the research of Samadian [12]. An energy coverage control in WSNs
based on multi-objective genetic algorithm is presented in [15]. A mathemati-
cal model for energy efficient routing in WSN’s is presented in [13]. The paper
proposes a solution for the shortest path problem (SPP) and presents a model
with resource restrictions. At the same time, the proposed model is very general
and attempts to minimize only the sum of total WSN nodes energy by the end
of all transmission periods without considering the network topology and link
quality. Nevertheless, the considerations on this paper have potential as a basis
and initial point for further researches in the area of development of new commu-
nication protocols with integrated multi-objective optimization. The main focus
is adding new constraints and parameters related to network topology, adaptive
transmission periods related to inter-node communications and energy efficient
routing algorithms which do not use the existing SPP solution.

3 WSN Modeling

We consider wireless sensor networks with cluster-based topology which is illus-

trated in Fig. 1.
The development of energy-efficient and reliable communication protocols
is very important. Depending on the case, a WSN may consist of hundreds or
thousands of sensor nodes. Each wireless sensor node uses the protocol stack to
communicate with other nodes and the control center or the cluster head (CH).
In [13] a couple of algorithms are presented for self-organizing wireless sensor
networks. They derived an optimization problem to satisfy sensor scheduling
with the joint detection probability. The minimum energy routing problem tries
to optimize the performance of a single user (an end-to-end connection) by min-
imizing its energy consumption. The typical way to solve this problem is to use
the shortest path algorithm for wired networks. However, there is a difference
between the WSN design problem in this study and the existing WSN design
problem. The existing WSN design problem finds the shortest path in the given
graph, whereas the aim of this study is to find the shortest path between nodes
and the energy. In what follows, we present a mathematical model for the WSN
design problem that includes only distance and energy restrictions. Thus we have
developed the mathematical model for WSN with cluster topology under energy
and time resource restrictions. More specifically, we consider the maximum dis-
tance between the linking nodes and the energy of the nodes, keeping in mind
that sensors have limited available energy. A sensor transmits radio signals in
4 A. Alexandrov and V. Monov

order to connect to other nodes or to the CH. However, physically the radio
signal cannot reach long distances because of energy and frequency limitations.
Because the wireless sensors are battery powered, they also have energy limita-
tions. Therefore, each sensor is on standby in the sleep mode, which makes it
possible to minimize energy consumption. When a communication event occurs,
the sensor enters the wake-up mode and receives or transmits information. Then,
it searches for CH with the aim of sending information to the control center.
The sensor node must reach the CH. In view of the above working characteris-
tics of the network, we have developed our model of WSN under the following
assumptions:

– The location of the CH does not change during the process of collecting data
from the sensor nodes in the cluster.
– The sensor nodes GPS coordinates are fixed.
– Each sensor node has energy limitations.
– The Cluster Head (CH) has not any energy limitations.
– Every sensor node as part of the cluster has a direct connection with CH.

Fig. 1. WSN modeling with cluster topology

In Fig. 2, we schematize the notation used in mathematical modeling.

 Design of a Multi-objective Optimization Model 5

Fig. 2. Mathematical modeling notation

3.1 A Mathematical Model of WSN with Resource Restrictions

The presented WSN model is also characterized by the following requirements.

There are several sensor nodes and a cluster head node (CH) who redirect the
sensor data to other cluster head nodes or directly to the control center. The
current WSN design modeling is similar to the shortest path problem. However,
the presented model is used to find the shortest path between the sensor nodes,
CH and the control center when a cluster topology is given. A sensor consumes
energy at a fixed time period when it connects with other sensors. Therefore,
we consider only the energy used in the active mode and in the transmission
mode. The energy consumed by the sensor node in sleep mode is at a very low
level compared to the energy in active mode and in the presented model we
do not consider it. We assume that all of the sensors energy levels are initially
the same and that the transmission energy used is in direct proportion to the
distance between the sensors. In the presented model, we consider a few types of
resource limitations, those on distance, period and energy use. The model aims
to avoid severance in a single period. The objective is to minimize the sum of
the amounts of energy used.
The WSN Model for multi-objective optimization is formulated as follows:
 
M IN Ei−begin − Ei−current (1)
i∈N,i=n i∈N,i=n

 
M AX W Ti−begin − W Ti−current (2)
i∈N,i=n i∈N,i=n
Another Random Scribd Document
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