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Where Have All the Liberals Gone?
For thirty years, James R. Flynn has been the most respected critic
of the notion that the IQ gap between black and white Americans
is genetic in origin. In this controversial new book, Flynn turns
his eye to politics, offering an alternative to the vision of
American society popularized by Herrnstein and Murray in The
Bell Curve.
Where Have All the Liberals Gone? addresses everyone – liberal or
conservative – who wants “something better than a foreign policy
that provokes disgust, domestic politics with neither vision nor
the resources to promote the common good, and a foolish
relativism that reduces all ideals to the lowest common
denominator.”
Flynn believes that only Social Democracy can realize the
Jeffersonian ideal on which America was founded. He rearms
American idealism with new ideas – and examines topics ranging
from the true state of black America, the case for affirmative
action, the folly of the Iraq invasion, to the liberal failure of will.
He concludes with a powerful defense of humane ideals and
human autonomy.

james r. flynn is Professor Emeritus at the University of Otago,

New Zealand, and a recipient of the University’s Gold Medal for
Distinguished Career Research. In 2007, the International Society
for Intelligence Research named him its Distinguished
Contributor of the Year.
Where Have All the
Liberals Gone?
Race, Class, and Ideals in
America

james r. flynn
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521494311

© James R. Flynn 2008

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of

relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2008

ISBN-13 978-0-511-42890-6 eBook (EBL)

ISBN-13 978-0-521-49431-1 hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls
for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not
guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
In memoriam:
Don Anderson
If Jefferson was wrong, America was wrong.
(James Parton, 1874)

I don’t see color.

(Beatrice Hugeley, black member of the
Congress of Racial Equality, 1961)

We now hear that she [Spain] is well rid of her colonies

and that, if she will devote her energies to her internal
development . . . she may be regenerated.
(William Graham Sumner, 1899)

Here I stand.
(Martin Luther, at the Diet of Worms, April 18, 1521)
 Contents

page
List of figures and maps viii
List of tables ix
List of boxes xi
Acknowledgments xiii

Prologue 1

Part I St. Thomas Jefferson 5

1 Something beautiful is vanished 7

Part II Blacks and the pursuit of happiness 37

2 The lost boys 39
3 What Germany did that America has not 68
4 Do we want affirmative action for whites only? 112

Part III Yours for a better world 129

5 Saving equality from the dustbin of history 131
6 Jefferson and Social Democracy 148
7 The America who would be king 174

Part IV A history of moral confusion 209

8 William James and Leo Strauss 211
9 The status of the good life 236
10 Choosing to be free 264

Epilogue 296
Appendix: Tables with comments 300
References 315
Index of names 328
Index of subjects 333

vii
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 Figures and maps

page
Figure 1 HAWIK scatter diagram 90
Figure 2 Estimates of black IQ by age 109
Map 1 The British Empire in 1897 200
Map 2 America, its allies, and bases abroad 201

viii
 Tables

page
1 Whites, blacks, and Hispanics (ages 25–40): gender
ratios 300
2 Male/female ratios: birth/death certificates compared
to census 301
3 Survival rates for black and white males 301
4 Growing up black in America: death risk compared
to combat deaths 302
5 Cohorts at age 45: black and white male percentages
compared 303
6 Effects of marriage markets on solo-parenthood 303
7 Ultimate causes of the shortfall of promising spouses 304
8 Percentage of men in steady work: whites, blacks, and
Hispanics 305
9 Income, steady work, and family assets as predictors
of marriage status 305
10 Attitudes toward sex and marriage: whites, blacks,
and Hispanics 306
11 White gains on the WISC: from 1947–48 to 2002 307
12 Blacks (2002) have a mean IQ of 104.31 scored versus
WISC whites 308
13 Blacks (2002) versus WISC whites (1947–48): adjustments
for SES and solo-parent homes 309
14 Correlation between WISC-R g loadings and racial score
differences 311

ix
 List of tables

15 Blacks (2002) have a mean GQ of 103.53 scored versus

WISC whites (1947–48) 312
16 German occupation children: black and white equal for
IQ and GQ 313

x
 Boxes

page
1 Creative American history 8
2 Where is Debs today? 26
3 Kim Jong Il and Juche 27
4 Lenin and making Xs 30
5 Multiple regression analysis 41
6 Marriage prospects of women 45
7 Male/female gender ratios 48
8 Black males and combat deaths 49
9 Good deals predict solo-parents 52
10 Prison and promising males 55
11 White gains on the WISC 1947–48 to 2002 72
12 Scoring 2002 blacks on 1947–48 whites 74
13 Twins and between-group differences 82
14 Black GQ and IQ 87
15 Germany: GQ equals IQ 89
16 Low birth weights and black IQ 100
17 New York City and bells 109
18 Real people and Rawls 122
19 Tawney and equal opportunity 133
20 The wit and wisdom of Bobby Fischer 137
21 Class spectacles and feather bedding 153
22 The charge of the Light Brigade 156
23 Class spectacles and urban planning 164
24 New Zealand’s loss of civic virtue 171
25 America and Pakistan and India 178

xi
 List of boxes

26 Vision for a new Iraq 191

27 Creating killer bees 199
28 Buying friends in the Middle East 206
29 Strauss and the hidden text 219
30 The sins of St. Thomas Aquinas 220
31 The Pythagorean oath 234
32 God and might makes right 242
33 Can we say anything reasonable about anything? 247
34 Kant and freedom 271
35 Strawson and soft determinism 275
36 Frankfurt and alternative actions 279

xii
 Acknowledgments

Chapter 2 owes much to William T. Dickens and Charles Baschnagel

of the Brookings Institution and to Jeffrey S. Passel of the Pew
Hispanic Center. They complied with my many requests for data
from the March 2005 Current Population Survey with great patience.
Also to Charles Murray of the American Enterprise Institution for
data (specified in the text) from the National Longitudinal Survey of
Youth. I wish to thank the University of Nebraska Press for permis-
sion to use sections of my book, James R. Flynn, How To Defend Humane
Ideals: Substitutes for Objectivity (2000). These appear, revised and
updated, in chapters 4, 5, 8, and 9. Finally, thanks to Ashgate for per-
mission to reprint “The America who would be king” from David B.
MacDonald, Robert G. Patman, and Betty Mason-Parker (eds.), The
Ethics of Foreign Policy (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007).

xiii
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