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 Junior
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Mexican States
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Junior Worldmark encyclopedia of the Mexican states / [Timothy L. Gall and
Susan Bevan Gall, editors].-- 1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7876-9161-5 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Mexican states--Encyclopedias, Juvenile. 2. Mexico--Encyclopedias,
Juvenile. I. Title: Encyclopedia of the Mexican states. II. Gall, Timothy
L. III. Gall, Susan B.
F1204.J86 2004
972’.003--dc22
2004008307

This title is also available as an e-book

ISBN 0-7876-9361-8
Contact your Thomson Gale sales representative for ordering information.

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 Ta b l e o f
Contents

Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi Morelos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Guide to Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Nayarit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Words to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x Nuevo León . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Oaxaca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Aguascalientes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Puebla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Baja California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Querétaro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Baja California Sur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Quintana Roo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Campeche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
San Luis Potosí . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Chiapas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Sinaloa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Chihuahua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Sonora. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Coahuila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Tabasco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Colima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Tamaulipas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Distrito Federal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Durango . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Tlaxcala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Guanajuato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Veracruz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Guerrero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Yucatán . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Hidalgo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Zacatecas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Jalisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
México . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Michoacán . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

v
R e a d e r ’s G u i d e

Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of Encyclopedia of the Mexican States were XII

the Mexican States, presents profiles of the Censo General de Población y Vivienda 2000
31 states and the Distrito Federal (federal (12th General Census of Population 2000).
district) of Mexico. Entries are arranged al- The sections on history and govern-
phabetically in one volume. Following the ment were prepared by Patricio Navia, Ph.D.,
state entries is an article on the country of who is on the faculty of both the Center for
Mexico itself. The Worldmark design orga- Latin American and Caribbean Studies, New
nizes facts and data about every state in a York University and the Escuela de Ciencia
common structure. Every profile contains a Politica, Universidad Diego Portales, San-
map showing the state and its location in the tiago, Chile. The editors also acknowledge
nation. the assistance provided by staff members
of the History and Geography Department,
Sources Cleveland Public Library, and Barbara Ap-
Due to the broad scope of this en- pel Tenenbaum, Ph.D., Specialist in Mexican
cyclopedia many sources were consulted Culture, Hispanic Division, Library of Con-
in compiling the information and statistics gress.
presented in this volume. However, special
recognition is due to the many agencies of Profile Features
the Mexican states, from Aguascalientes to This first edition of Junior World-
Zacatecas, that contributed data, answered mark Encyclopedia of the Mexican States
questions, and provided information. Statis- follows the numbered heading structure,
tical information was gathered with the help which allows students to compare two or
of Instituto Nacional de Estadística Geogra- more states in a variety of ways, that is the
fia e Informatica (INEGI), the agency that hallmark of the Junior Worldmark series. Ju-
oversees publication of statistics on many nior Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Mexican
aspects of Mexico and its citizens. Among States features 27 numbered headings. Each
the sources consulted during the compila- state entry is accompanied by a map specially
tion of this first edition of Junior Worldmark prepared for this first edition.

vi
 Reader’s Guide

Each province profile begins by pre- any other notable geographic features, are
senting basic information about the state, in- described briefly.
cluding the pronunciation and origin of the 2 ■ Climate. Temperature and rainfall are
state name, the capital, the date it entered the given for the various regions of the state in
country, a description of the official coat of both English and metric units.
arms, and the holidays observed. (The entries 3 ■ Plants and Animals. Described here
also inform the student researcher that the are the plants and animals native to the
states of Mexico have no official state flags.) state.
The introductory information ends with the 4 ■ Environmental Protection. Informa-
standard time given by time zone in relation tion on efforts to preserve the environ-
to Greenwich mean time (GMT). The world ment are described here. Information on
is divided into 24 time zones, each one hour unique or protected animal and plant spe-
apart. The Greenwich meridian, which is 0 cies are also included.
degrees, passes through Greenwich, England, 5 ■ Population, Ethnic Groups, Languages.
a suburb of London. Greenwich is at the cen- Statistics from the 2000 census for total
ter of the initial time zone, known as Green- population and population by gender are
wich mean time. All times given are convert- provided. Population density for the state
ed from noon in this zone. The time reported overall, and the population of the capital
for each state is the official time zone. are given, along with information on lan-
Because many terms used in this en- guages spoken by the citizens.
cyclopedia will be new to students, a Words 6 ■ Religions. Statistics from the 2000
to Know section appears at the beginning of census describe the breakdown of the
the volume. population according to religion and/or
denominations.
7 ■ Transportation. Information on the
Organization state’s network of roads, railways, and
The body of each profile is arranged in 27 waterways is provided. In addition, the
numbered headings as follows: principal airports and seaports serving
1 ■ Location and Size. Statistics are given the state are provided.
on area, with a comparison to a US state. 8 ■ History. Includes a concise summary
The names of the geographic features that of the state’s history from ancient times
surround the state (other states, bodies (where appropriate) through the arrival
of water, or countries) are provided. The of European explorers, missionaries, and
number of municipalities identified in conquerors, to the present.
each state is included, along with the name 9 ■ State and Local Government. The elec-
of the capital. Latitude and longitude are tion cycle for governor is provided, along
given, along with a general geographic with information on the state’s legislature.
location of the state within the country of The state’s constitution, along with the
Mexico. An overview of the topography, name of the seat of government, are brief-
with principal mountains (and elevations), ly described. Finally, details of the form of
valley, plains, and islands are listed. The municipal government found in the state
state’s major lakes and rivers, along with are given.

Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Mexican States vii

 Reader’s Guide

10 ■ Political Parties. Describes the sig- 22 ■ Libraries and Museums. Statistics on

nificant political parties through history, the number of branches of the national
where appropriate, and the influential library in the state are provided. Major
parties as of 2004. The current governor is museums are listed.
named, and the year of the next scheduled
23 ■ Media. Major newspapers are listed.
gubernatorial election is provided.
11 ■ Judicial System. Structure of the Information on telephone and Internet
court system and the jurisdiction of courts service is also provided where appropri-
in each category is provided. ate.
12 ■ Economy. This section presents the 24 ■ Tourism, Travel, and Recreation.
key elements of the economy. Major in- Under this heading, the student will find
dustries are summarized. a summary of the important sites of inter-
13 ■ Industry. Key industries are listed,
est to tourists in the state. Major festivals
and important aspects of industrial de-
velopment, including the effects of the and fairs hosted in the state are also men-
North American Free Trade Agreement tioned.
(NAFTA) are described where applicable. 25 ■ Sports. The major sports teams and
14 ■ Labor. An overview of employment, principal stadiums in the state are sum-
unemployment, and labor relations is pro- marized.
vided. 26 ■ Famous People. In this section, some
15 ■ Agriculture. Information on agri-
of the best-known citizens of the state
cultural activity, principal crops, and live-
through history are listed.
stock of the state are given.
27 ■ Bibliography. The bibliographic and
16 ■ Natural Resources. Information on
principal natural resources, such as min- web site listings at the end of each profile
erals mined, is provided. are provided as a guide for further re-
17 ■ Energy and Power. Description of the search.
state’s power resources, including electric- A keyword index completes the
ity produced and oil reserves and produc- volume.
tion, are provided.
18 ■ Health. Information on the primary
public health facilities (hospitals and medical Comments and Suggestions
facilities) appear here. We welcome your comments on the Junior
19 ■ Housing. General information on the Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Mexican
condition of housing in the state is given States, as well as your suggestions for
here. features to be included in future editions.
20 ■ Education. Statistical data from the
Please write: Editors, Junior Worldmark
2000 census on numbers of school-age chil-
dren in the state is provided. Major universi- Encyclopedia of the Mexican States, U•X•L,
ties are listed. 27500 Drake Road, Farmington Hills, MI
21 ■ Arts. A summary of the major cul- 48331-3535; or call toll-free: 1-800-877-
tural institutions is provided. 4253.

viii Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Mexican States

 Guide to Articles
All information contained within an article is uniformly keyed by means of a number to the left of the subject
headings. A heading such as “History,” for example, carries the same key numeral (8) in every article. Therefore, to
find information about the history of Aguascalientes, consult the table of contents for the page number where the
Aguascalientes article begins and look for section 8.

Introductory matter for each province includes: Pronunciation

Origin of state name
Capital
Entered country
Coat of arms
Holidays
Flag
Time zone

Sections listed numerically Alphabetical listing of sections

1 Location and Size 14 Labor Agriculture 15 Libraries and Museums 22
2 Climate 15 Agriculture Arts 21 Location and Size 1
3 Plants and Animals 16 Natural Resources Bibliography 27 Media 23
4 Environmental 17 Energy and Power Climate 2 Natural Resources 16
Protection 18 Health Economy 12 Plants and Animals 3
5 Population, Ethnic 19 Housing Education 20 Political Parties 10
Groups, Languages Energy and Power 17 Population, Ethnic
20 Education
6 Religions Environmental Protection 4 Groups, Languages 5
21 Arts
7 Transportation Famous People 26 Religions 6
22 Libraries and Museums
8 History Health 18 Sports 25
9 State and Local 23 Media History 8 State and Local
Government 24 Tourism, Travel, and Housing 19 Government 9
10 Political Parties Recreation Industry 13 Tourism, Travel, and
11 Judicial System 25 Sports Judicial System 11 Recreation 24
12 Economy 26 Famous People Labor 14 Transportation 7
13 Industry 27 Bibliography

Explanation of symbols
A fiscal split year is indicated by a stroke (e.g. 1999/00).
The use of a small dash (e.g., 1990–94) normally signifies the
full period of calendar years covered (including the end year indicated).

ix
Wo r d s t o K n o w

A airborne industrial Pollution

pollutant:
abdicate: To formally give up a claim to a caused by industry that is supported or
throne; to give up the right to be king or carried by the air.
queen. althing: A legislative assembly.

aboriginal: The first known inhabitants of amendment: A change or addition to a docu-

a country. A species of animals or plants ment.
which originated within a given area. Amerindian: A contraction of the two words,
acid rain: Rain (or snow) that has become American Indian. It describes native peo-
slightly acid by mixing with industrial air ples of North, South, or Central America.
pollution. amnesty: An act of forgiveness or pardon,
adobe: A brick made from sun-dried heavy usually taken by a government, toward
clay mixed with straw, used in building persons for crimes they may have com-
houses. A house made of adobe bricks. mitted.
animal husbandry: The branch of agriculture
adult literacy: The ability of adults to read
and write. that involves raising animals.
animism: The belief that natural objects and
agrarian economy: An economy where agri-
phenomena have souls or innate spiritual
culture is the dominant form of economic
powers.
activity. A society where agriculture
dominates the day-to-day activities of the annex: To incorporate land from one coun-
population is called an agrarian society. try into another country.
air link:Refers to scheduled air service that annual growth rate: The rate at which some-

allows people and goods to travel between thing grows over a period of 12 months.
two places on a regular basis. appeasement: To bring to a state of peace.

x
 Words to Know

appellate: Refers to an appeal of a court deci- autonomous state: A country which is

sion to a high authority. completely self-governing, as opposed to
aquaculture: The culture or “farming” of being a dependency or part of another
aquatic plants or other natural produce, country.
as in the raising of catfish in “farms.” autonomy: The state of existing as a self-gov-
aquatic Resources that come
resources: erning entity. For instance, when a coun-
from, grow in, or live in water, including try gains its independence from another
fish and plants. country, it gains autonomy.
aquifer: An underground layer of porous average inflation rate: The average rate at
rock, sand, or gravel that holds water. which the general prices of goods and
services increase over the period of a
arable land:Land that can be cultivated by
year.
plowing and used for growing crops.
average life expectancy: In any given society,
archipelago: Any body of water abounding
the average age attained by persons at the
with islands, or the islands themselves
time of death.
collectively.
archives: A place where records or a collec-
tion of important documents are kept. B
Baptist: A member of a Protestant denomi-
aristocracy: A small minority that controls nation that practices adult baptism by
the government of a nation, typically on complete immersion in water.
the basis of inherited wealth.
barren land: Unproductive land, partly or
asylum: To give protection, security, or shel-
entirely treeless.
ter to someone who is threatened by po-
litical or religious persecution. barter: Trade practice where merchandise is
exchanged directly for other merchandise
atoll:A coral island, consisting of a strip
or services without use of money.
or ring of coral surrounding a central
lagoon. bedrock: Solid rock lying under loose earth.

austerity measures: Steps taken by a govern- bicameral legislature: A legislative body

ment to conserve money or resources consisting of two chambers, such as the
during an economically difficult time, U.S. House of Representatives and the
such as cutting back on federally funded U.S. Senate.
programs. bill of rights: A written statement contain-
authoritarianism: A form of government in ing the list of privileges and powers to
which a person or group attempts to rule be granted to a body of people, usually
with absolute authority without the repre- introduced when a government or other
sentation of the citizens. organization is forming.

Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Mexican States xi

 Words to Know

Biosphere: The part of the earth and its at- dures of such a system that often result in
mosphere that is capable of supporting delay.
life.
bituminous coal: Soft coal; coal which burns C
with a bright-yellow flame. CACM see Central American Common Mar-
black market: A system of trade where ket.
goods are sold illegally, often for exces- cactus: Type of plant that thrives in a hot, dry
sively inflated prices. This type of trade climate.
usually develops to avoid paying taxes or
canton: A territory or small division or state
tariffs levied by the government, or to get
within a country.
around import or export restrictions on
products. capital punishment: The ultimate act of pun-
ishment for a crime, the death penalty.
bloodless coup: The sudden takeover of a
country’s government by hostile means capitalism: An economic system in which
but without killing anyone in the process. goods and services and the means to pro-
duce and sell them are privately owned,
bog: Wet, soft, and spongy ground where the
and prices and wages are determined by
soil is composed mainly of decayed or
market forces.
decaying vegetable matter.
carnivore: Flesh-eating animal or plant.
bonded labor: Workers bound to service
without pay; slaves. carob: The common English name for a plant
that is similar to and sometimes used as a
border dispute: A disagreement between two
substitute for chocolate.
countries as to the exact location or length
of the dividing line between them. cash crop: A crop that is grown to be sold
rather than kept for private use.
broadleaf forest: A forest composed mainly
of broadleaf (deciduous) trees. cassation: The reversal or annulling of
a final
judgment by the supreme authority.
buffer state: A small country that lies be-
tween two larger, possibly hostile coun- cassava: The name of several species of stout
tries, considered to be a neutralizing force herbs, extensively cultivated for food.
between them. Caucasian or Caucasoid: The white race of
bullfighting: Sport popular in Spain and human beings, as determined by geneal-
Mexico where a man fights against a ogy and physical features.
bull, eventually killing it, in front of large cease-fire: An official declaration of the end
crowds of spectators. to the use of military force or active hos-
bureaucracy: A system of government that is tilities, even if only temporary.
characterized by division into bureaus of cenote: A deep hollow in limestone rock
administration with their own divisional where water collects. A cenote often con-
heads. Also refers to the inflexible proce- nects to a cavern or underground cave.

xii Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Mexican States

 Words to Know

censorship: The practice of withholding cer- civil unrest:The feeling of uneasiness due to
tain items of news that may cast a country an unstable political climate, or actions
in an unfavorable light or give away se- taken as a result of it.
crets to the enemy. civil war: A war between groups of citizens
census: An official counting of the inhabit- of the same country who have different
ants of a state or country with details of opinions or agendas. The Civil War of the
sex and age, family, occupation, posses- United States was the conflict between the
sions, etc. states of the North and South from 1861
to 1865.
cession: Withdrawal from or yielding to
physical force. climatic belt:A region or zone where a par-
ticular type of climate prevails.
cholera: An acute infectious disease charac-
terized by severe diarrhea, vomiting, and, coastal belt: A coastal plain area of
lowlands
often, death. and somewhat higher ridges that run par-
allel to the coast.
Christianity:The religion founded by Jesus
coastal plain: A fairly level area of land along
Christ, based on the Bible as holy scrip-
ture. the coast of a land mass.
coca: A shrub native to South America, the
A court that convenes in two
circuit court:
leaves of which produce organic com-
or more locations within its appointed
pounds that are used in the production of
district.
cocaine.
city-state: An independent state consisting
coke: The solid product of the carbonization
of a city and its surrounding territory.
of coal, bearing the same relation to coal
civil court: A court whose proceedings that charcoal does to wood.
include determinations of rights of in- collective bargaining: The negotiations
dividual citizens, in contrast to criminal between workers who are members of
proceedings regarding individuals or the a union and their employer for the pur-
public. pose of deciding work rules and policies
The authority to enforce
civil jurisdiction: regarding wages, hours, etc.
the laws in civil matters brought before collective farming: The system of farming on
the court. a collective where all workers share in the
civil law:The law developed by a nation or income of the farm.
state for the conduct of daily life of its colloquial: Belonging to ordinary, everyday
own people. speech: often especially applied to com-
civil rights: The privileges of all individuals mon words and phrases which are not
to be treated as equals under the laws of used in formal speech.
their country; specifically, the rights given colonial period: The period of time when a
by certain amendments to the U.S. Con- country forms colonies in and extends
stitution. control over a foreign area.

Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Mexican States xiii

 Words to Know

Any member of a colony or one

colonist: tution. The association promotes cooper-
who helps settle a new colony. ation, consultation, and mutual assistance
colony: A group of people who settle in a among members.
new area far from their original country, commune: An organization of people living
but still under the jurisdiction of that together in a community who share the
country. Also refers to the newly settled ownership and use of property. Also re-
area itself. fers to a small governmental district of a
commerce: The trading of goods (buying country, especially in Europe.
and selling), especially on a large scale, communism: A form of government whose
between cities, states, and countries. system requires common ownership of
commercial catch: The amount of market- property for the use of all citizens. All
able fish, usually measured in tons, caught profits are to be equally distributed and
in a particular period of time. prices on goods and services are usually
set by the state. Also, communism refers
commercial crop: Any marketable agricul- directly to the official doctrine of the for-
tural crop. mer U.S.S.R.
commission: A group of people designated compulsory: Required by law or other regu-
to collectively do a job, including a gov- lation.
ernment agency with certain law-mak-
ing powers. Also, the power given to an compulsory education: The mandatory re-
individual or group to perform certain quirement for children to attend school
duties. until they have reached a certain age or
grade level.
commodity: Any items, such as goods or
services, that are bought or sold, or ag- conciliation: A process of bringing together
ricultural products that are traded or opposing sides of a disagreement for the
marketed. purpose of compromise. Or, a way of set-
tling an international dispute in which
common law: A legal system based on cus-
the disagreement is submitted to an in-
tom and decisions and opinions of the law
dependent committee that will examine
courts. The basic system of law of England
the facts and advise the participants of a
and the United States.
possible solution.
common market: An economic union among
concordat: An agreement, compact, or con-
countries that is formed to remove trade
vention, especially between church and
barriers (tariffs) among those countries,
increasing economic cooperation. The state.
European Community is a notable ex- confederation: An alliance or league formed
ample of a common market. for the purpose of promoting the com-
commonwealth: A commonwealth is a free mon interests of its members.
association of sovereign independent coniferous forest: A forest consisting mainly
states that has no charter, treaty, or consti- of pine, fir, and cypress trees.

xiv Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Mexican States

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