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The Oxford Handbook of Random Matrix Theory
Gernot Akemann Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Gernot Akemann; Jinho Baik; Philippe Di Francesco
ISBN(s): 9780198744191, 0198744196
Edition: online version
File Details: PDF, 49.73 MB
Year: 2015
Language: english
The Oxford Handbook of Random Matrix Theory

The Oxford Handbook of Random Matrix Theory

Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco
The Oxford Handbook of Random Matrix Theory
Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco

Print Publication Date: Sep 2015 Subject: Physical Sciences

Online Publication Date: Aug 2018

(p. iv)

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,

United Kingdom

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.

It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
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©Oxford University Press 2015

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First published 2011

First published in paperback 2015

Impression: 1

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Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press

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Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

Page 1 of 2
The Oxford Handbook of Random Matrix Theory

Data available

ISBN 978–0–19–957400–1 (Hbk.)

ISBN 978–0–19–874419–1 (Pbk.)

Printed and bound in Great Britain by

Clays Ltd, St Ives plc

Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
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contained in any third party website referenced in this work.

Page 2 of 2
Dedication

Dedication
Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco
The Oxford Handbook of Random Matrix Theory
Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco

Print Publication Date: Sep 2015 Subject: Physical Sciences

Online Publication Date: Aug 2018

Dedication
(p. v) Dedicated to the memory of Madan Lal Mehta (p. vi)

Page 1 of 1
Foreword

Foreword
Freeman Dyson
The Oxford Handbook of Random Matrix Theory
Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco

Print Publication Date: Sep 2015 Subject: Physical Sciences

Online Publication Date: Aug 2018

(p. vii) Foreword

Fifty years ago, the world-wide community of experts in the theory of random matrices
consisted of about ten people. There was our leader Eugene Wigner who first invented
the subject. Wigner observed that a heavy nucleus is a liquid drop composed of many par­
ticles with unknown strong interactions, and so a random matrix would be a possible
model for the Hamiltonian of a heavy nucleus. At the beginning, random matrix theory
was a branch of nuclear physics. The purpose of the exercise was to use random matrices
to learn about nuclei. Other members of the community in those days were Charles Porter
at Brookhaven, Norbert Rosenzweig at Argonne, Robert Thomas at Los Alamos, Madan
Lal Mehta and Michel Gaudin at Saclay in France, and the experimenters Bill Havens and
James Rainwater at Columbia. Charles Porter edited the predecessor of this book in 1965.

Havens and Rainwater made heroic efforts to measure the energies of states of neutron-
capture nuclei, for example states of uranium 239 obtained by capturing resonance neu­
trons in uranium 238. They could fix the energies accurately by using a sharp pulse of
neutrons and measuring the time of flight of the neutrons between the source and the ab­
sorber. After years of effort, they had some beautiful data, lists of accurate energies of
about twenty different nuclei. But the data had two fatal flaws. First, the levels had wide­
ly varying strengths and there was always a chance that the weakest levels would be
missed. Second, there were never more than a hundred levels for any one nucleus. The
best of all the data was for Erbium 166 which had 82 measured levels. While Rainwater
struggled to make the experimental data as clean as possible, Mehta and I struggled to
make the theoretical analysis as sharp as possible. We worked out statistical tests to find
out whether the observed level series agreed or disagreed with the random matrix model,
including the chance that one or two weak levels might be missed. All of our struggles
were in vain. 82 levels were too few to give a statistically significant test of the model. As
a contribution to the understanding of nuclear physics, random matrix theory was a dis­
mal failure. By 1970 we had decided that random matrix theory was a beautiful piece of

Page 1 of 3
Foreword

pure mathematics having nothing to do with physics. Random matrix theory went tem­
porarily to sleep.

The reawakening of random matrix theory began in 1973, when the mathematician Hugh
Montgomery made his brilliant conjecture, that the (p. viii) pair-correlation function of ze­
ros of the Riemann zeta function is identical with the pair-correlation function of eigen­
values of a random Hermitian matrix. His idea embedded random matrices deeply in the
purest of pure mathematics. There is overwhelming numerical as well as analytical evi­
dence supporting the conjecture. Instead of having 82 laboriously detected levels of Er­
bium, we have 70 million zeros of the zeta function accurately computed by Andrew
Odlyzko to verify the conjecture. The fact that the conjecture is still unproved after 37
years makes it even more attractive to mathematicians. After Montgomery, a steady
stream of mathematicians of many different kinds has flowed into random matrix theory,
with the results that are summarized in this book. The rapid march of new ideas and new
discoveries has long ago left me behind.

I have not attempted to read all the chapters in this book or to assess their relative mer­
its. I mention only one that gave me particular pleasure, Chapter 24 by Keating and
Snaith, describing some further connections between random matrix theory and number
theory that grew out of Montgomery’s conjecture. This is the kind of mathematics that I
enjoy, with many conjectures and few proofs. Deep mysteries remain, and the best is still
to come.

One recent application of random matrix theory to real life seems to be missing from this
book. Either it is here and I missed it, or the editors of the book missed it. This is the
work of two physicists from the Czech Republic, Milan Krbalek and Petr Seba, who stud­
ied the bus system of the city of Cuernavaca in Mexico. Unlike other metropolitan bus
systems, this system is totally decentralized, with no central authority and no time tables.
Each bus is the property of the driver. At each bus stop, the drivers obtain information
from bystanders about the time when the previous bus left. Using this information, the
drivers independently adjust their speeds so as to maximize their incomes. Adjustments
are made using mental arithmetic without any advanced algorithms. Krbalek and Seba
recorded the actual departure times of buses at various stops for a month while the sys­
tem was in normal operation. They found that the spacings between buses agree accu­
rately with the Gaussian unitary ensemble of random matrix theory. The Gaussian unitary
ensemble gives the best approximation to uniform spacing that the bus drivers can
achieve, based on the limited information available to them.

The benefit of the bus drivers’ self-regulation to the public is measured by R, the ratio be­
tween the average waiting-time of a passenger and the average spacing-time between
buses. The best possible R is 0.5, which would occur if the bus spacings were exactly
equal. If the buses are uncorrelated so that their spacings have a Poisson distribution,
then R=1. In Cuernavaca, with the buses correlated according to the Gaussian unitary en­
semble, the value of R is [(3π)/16] = 0.589, much closer to the equal-spacing value than
to the Poisson distribution value. It is remarkable that so large a public benefit results

Page 2 of 3
Foreword

from so simple an optimization process. I am not able to determine whether the applica­
tion (p. ix) of random matrix theory to financial markets, as described in Chapter 40 of
this book by Bouchaud and Potters, yields any comparable benefits. When an expert on
markets tells me that some piece of financial wizardry is sure to benefit mankind, I am in­
clined to believe that a Cuernavaca bus driver might do the job better.

Freeman Dyson

Institute for Advanced Study

Princeton, New Jersey, USA (p. x)

Page 3 of 3
Detailed Contents

Detailed Contents
Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco
The Oxford Handbook of Random Matrix Theory
Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco

Print Publication Date: Sep 2015 Subject: Physical Sciences

Online Publication Date: Aug 2018

(p. xv) Detailed Contents

List of Contributors xxvii

Part I Introduction
1 Introduction and guide to the handbook 3
G. Akemann, J. Baik and P. Di Francesco

Abstract 3

1.1 Random matrix theory in a nutshell 3

1.2 What is random matrix theory about? 5
1.3 Why is random matrix theory so successful? 7
1.4 Guide through this handbook 8
1.5 What is not covered in detail? 11
1.6 Some existing introductory literature 13

Acknowledgements 14
References 14

2 History – an overview 16
O. Bohigas and H. A. Weidenmüller

Abstract 16

2.1 Preface 16
2.2 Bohr’s concept of the compound nucleus 16
2.3 Spectral properties 17

Page 1 of 16
Detailed Contents

2.4 Data 22
2.5 Many-body theory 23
2.6 Chaos 24
2.7 Number theory 26
2.8 Scattering theory 26
2.9 Replica trick and supersymmetry 30
2.10 Disordered solids 34
2.11 Interacting fermions and field theory 35

Acknowledgements 36
References 36

(p. xvi) Part II Properties of random matrix theory

3 Symmetry Classes 43
M. R. Zirnbauer

Abstract 43

3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Dyson’s threefold way 45
3.3 Symmetry classes of disordered fermions 52
3.4 Discussion 62

References 64

4 Spectral statistics of unitary ensembles 66

G. W. Anderson

Abstract 66

4.1 Introduction 66
4.2 The orthogonal polynomial method: the setup 68
4.3 Examples: classical orthogonal polynomials 69
4.4 The k-point correlation function 71
4.5 Cluster functions 74
4.6 Gap probabilities and Fredholm determinants 76
4.7 Resolvent kernels and Janossy densities 79
4.8 Spacings 83

References 84

Page 2 of 16
Detailed Contents

5 Spectral statistics of orthogonal and symplectic ensembles 86

M. Adler

Abstract 86

5.1 Introduction 86
5.2 Direct approach to the 88

5.3 Relations between via skew-orthogonal

polynomials 96

References 101

6 Universality 103
A. B. J. Kuijlaars

Abstract 103

6.1 Heuristic meaning of universality 105

6.2 Precise statement of universality 110
6.3 Unitary random matrix ensembles 115
6.4 Riemann–Hilbert method 126
6.5 Non-standard universality classes 130

Acknowledgements 131
References 135

(p. xvii) 7 Supersymmetry 135

T. Guhr

Abstract 135

7.1 Generating functions 137

7.2 Supermathematics 142
7.3 Supersymmetric representation 148
7.4 Evaluation and structural insights 151
7.5 Circular ensembles and Colour-Flavour transformation 152
7.6 Concluding remarks 153

Acknowledgements 153
References 155

8 Replica approach in random matrix theory 155

Page 3 of 16
Detailed Contents

E. Kanzieper

Abstract 155

8.1 Introduction 155

8.2 Early studies: heuristic approach to replicas 159
8.3 Integrable theory of replicas 165
8.4 Concluding remarks 173

Acknowledgements 174
References 174

9 Painlevé transcendents 176

A. R. Its

Abstract 176

9.1 Introduction 176

9.2 Riemann–Hilbert representation of the Painlevé functions
178
9.3 Asymptotic analysis of the Painlevé functions 182
9.4 The Airy and the Sine kernels and the Painlevé functions 185

Acknowledgements 196
References 196

10 Random matrix theory and integrable systems 198

P. van Moerbeke

Abstract 198

10.1 Matrix models, orthogonal polynomials, and Kadomtsev-

Petviashvili (KP) 198
10.2 Multiple orthogonal polynomials 204
10.3 Critical diffusions 214
10.4 The Tacnode process 222
10.5 Kernels and p-reduced KP 224

(p. xviii) Acknowledgements 227

References 227

11 Determinantal point processes 231

Page 4 of 16
Detailed Contents

A. Borodin

Abstract 231

11.1 Introduction 231

11.2 Generalities 232
11.3 Loop-free Markov chains 234
11.4 Measures given by products of determinants 235
11.5 L-ensembles 240
11.6 Fock space 241
11.7 Dimer models 244
11.8 Uniform spanning trees 244
11.9 Hermitian correlation kernels 245
11.10 Pfaffian point processes 246

Acknowledgements 247
References 247

12 Random matrix representations of critical statistics 250

V. E. Kravtsov

Abstract 250

12.1 Introduction 250

12.2 Non-invariant Gaussian random matrix theory with multi­
fractal eigenvectors 252
12.3 Invariant random matrix theory (RMT) with log-square con­
finement 254
12.4 Self-unfolding and not self-unfolding in invariant RMT 255
12.5 Unfolding and the spectral correlations 258
12.6 Ghost correlation dip in RMT and Hawking radiation 259
12.7 Invariant-noninvariant correspondence 261
12.8 Normalization anomaly, Luttinger liquid analogy and the
Hawking temperature 263
12.9 Conclusions 267

Acknowledgements 268
References 268

13 Heavy-tailed random matrices 270

Page 5 of 16
Detailed Contents

Z. Burda and J. Jurkiewicz

Abstract 270

13.1 Introduction 270

13.2 Wigner–Lévy matrices 272
13.3 Free random variables and free Lévy matrices 278
(p. xix) 13.4 Heavy-tailed deformations 284
13.5 Summary 288

Acknowledgements 288
References 288

14 Phase transitions 290

G. M. Cicuta and L. G. Molinari

Abstract 290

14.1 Introduction 290

14.2 One-matrix models with polynomial potential 292
14.3 Eigenvalue matrix models 297
14.4 Complex matrix ensembles 300
14.5 Multi-matrix models 302
14.6 Matrix ensembles with preferred basis 303

References 306

15 Two-matrix models and biorthogonal polynomials 310

M. Bertola

Abstract 310

15.1 Introduction: chain-matrix models 310

15.2 The Itzykson-Zuber Hermitian two-matrix model 311
15.3 Biorthogonal polynomials: Christoffel-Darboux identities
314
15.4 The spectral curve 320
15.5 Cauchy two-matrix models 324

References 327

16 Chain of matrices, loop equations, and topological recursion 329

Page 6 of 16
Detailed Contents

N. Orantin

Abstract 329

16.1 Introduction: what is a matrix integral? 329

16.2 Convergent versus formal matrix integral 330
16.3 Loop 334
16.4 Solution of the loop equations in the one-matrix model 337
16.5 Matrices coupled in a chain plus external field 346
16.6 Generalization: topological recursion 351

Acknowledgements 352
References 352

17 Unitary integrals and related matrix models 353

A. Morozov

Abstract 353

17.1 Introduction 353

17.2 Unitary integrals and the Brézin–Gross–Witten model 355
17.3 Theory of the Harish–Chandra–Itzykson–Zuber inte­
(p. xx)

gral 361

Acknowledgements 373
References 373

18 Non-Hermitian ensembles 376

B. A. Khoruzhenko and H.-J. Sommers

Abstract 376

18.1 Introduction 376

18.2 Complex Ginibre ensemble 377
18.3 Random contractions 381
18.4 Complex elliptic ensemble 383
18.5 Real and quaternion-real Ginibre ensembles 386
18.6 Real and quaternion-real elliptic 393

Acknowledgements 396
References 396

19 Characteristic polynomials 398

Page 7 of 16
Detailed Contents

E. Brézin and S. Hikami

Abstract 398

19.1 Introduction 398

19.2 Products of characteristic polynomials 399
19.3 Ratio of characteristic polynomials 403
19.4 Duality formula for an external 405
19.5 Fourier transform U(s1, … , sk) 406
19.6 Replica method 408
19.7 Intersection numbers of moduli space of curves 409

References 412

20 Beta ensembles 415

P. J. Forrester

Abstract 415

20.1 Log-gas systems 415

20.2 Fokker–Planck equation and Calogero–Sutherland system
419
20.3 Matrix realization of β ensembles 425
20.4 Stochastic differential equations 429

Acknowledgements 432
References 432

21 Wigner matrices 433

G. Ben Arous and A. Guionnet

Abstract 433

21.1 Introduction 433

21.2 Global properties 435
(p. xxi) 21.3 Local properties in the bulk 441
21.4 Local properties at the edge 446

Acknowledgements 450
References 450

22 Free probability theory 452

Page 8 of 16
Detailed Contents

R. Speicher

Abstract 452

22.1 Introduction 452

22.2 The moment method for several random matrices and
theconcept of freeness 452
22.3 Basic definitions 456
22.4 Combinatorial theory of freeness 457
22.5 Free harmonic analysis 458
22.6 Second-order freeness 463
22.7 Operator-valued free probability theory 463
22.8 Further free-probabilistic aspects of random matrices 465
22.9 Operator algebraic aspects of free probability 465

Acknowledgements 469
References 469

23 Random banded and sparse matrices 471

T. Spencer

Abstract 471

23.1 Introduction 471

23.2 Definition of random banded matrix (RBM) ensembles 473
23.3 Density of states 474
23.4 Statistical mechanics and RBM 477
23.5 Eigenvectors of RBM 479
23.6 Random sparse matrices 484
23.7 Random Schrödinger on the Bethe lattice 486

Acknowledgments 486
References 486

Part III Applications of random matrix theory

24 Number theory 491
J. P. Keating and N. C. Snaith

Abstract 491

24.1 Introduction 491

24.2 The number theoretical context 491

Page 9 of 16
Other documents randomly have
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 Criminology - Lab Report
Fall 2024 - Department

Prepared by: Lecturer Jones

Date: August 12, 2025

Background 1: Comparative analysis and synthesis

Learning Objective 1: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 2: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 3: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 4: Ethical considerations and implications
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 5: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 9: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 10: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Exercise 2: Best practices and recommendations
Practice Problem 10: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
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Important: Historical development and evolution
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[Figure 13: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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• Key terms and definitions
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 18: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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Note: Study tips and learning strategies
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Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
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- Example: Practical application scenario
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[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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Note: Ethical considerations and implications
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
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• Research findings and conclusions
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Introduction 5: Critical analysis and evaluation
Example 40: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 48: Case studies and real-world applications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Module 6: Learning outcomes and objectives
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 51: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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