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 11
ISPRS Book Series ISPRS Book Series
in Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences

Book Series Editor: Paul Aplin

Environmental Tracking for Public Health Surveillance

Volume 11

Environmental Tracking for Public Health Surveillance

Satellite imagery and data are widely used in public health surveillance to provide early warning of
disease outbreaks and for averting pandemics. Convergence of these technologies began in the 1970s
and has gained wide acceptance in the 21st century.

Environmental Tracking for Public Health Surveillance focuses on the expanding use of satellite sensor
imagery and long-term spectral measurements for assessing and modelling the Earth’s environments in
the context of public health surveillance. It addresses vector-borne, air-borne, water-borne, and zoonotic
diseases, and explores analytical methods for forecasting environmental conditions and their potential
for consequent disease outbreaks. Infectious and contagious diseases are of particular interest in this
volume because once parasite-vector-human host pathways are triggered by favourable biological
circumstances, pandemic diseases can spread to a global scale in a matter of hours. The chapters
advance readers through three sets of material. Part I reviews the 1970-2012 history of satellite Earth-
science surveillance technology that led to linking natural environments to human diseases, and more
generally to public health applications. Part II describes specific infectious and contagious diseases and
the threat of emerging and re-emerging diseases. Part III explores the kinds of satellite data, modelling,
and electronic information systems being developed to expedite health intercessions and responses at
local to regional and global scales of reference. Equally important are the extensive reference sections
for chapters in Parts II and III. For readers interested in tracking the development of Earth-science
technology, these constitute a thorough entrée to both the health and environmental literature.

The chapters are written jointly by experts in both health and Earth-science technologies. Each chapter
is accompanied by an extensive list of citations to provide background and validation of the current state-
of-the-art for a variety of high-interest human diseases and associated health and well-being issues.
The importance of day-to-day weather patterns, the impacts of severe weather events and longer-term
Environmental Tracking for
climate cycles form the basis for developing information systems that meet goals and expectations of
national and international health monitoring bodies. Public Health Surveillance
Environmental Tracking for Public Health Surveillance provides a state-of-the-art overview on how
Morain & Budge
environmental tracking data from satellite, air-borne, and ground-based sensors are being integrated into
appropriate geophysical and spatial information system models to enhance public health surveillance and
decision-making from local to global levels, and is intended primarily for a cross-disciplinary professional
audience consisting of public health decision-makers, spatial data analysts, modelers, Earth observation
specialists, and medical researchers.

Editors: Stanley A. Morain & Amelia M. Budge

an informa business

Morain_ISPRS_HR2.indd 1 31-08-2012 14:07:37

ENVIRONMENTAL TRACKING FOR PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE
International Society for Photogrammetry and
Remote Sensing (ISPRS) Book Series

Book Series Editor

Paul Aplin
School of Geography
The University of Nottingham
Nottingham, UK
Environmental Tracking for Public
Health Surveillance
Editors

Stanley A. Morain & Amelia M. Budge

Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque,
New Mexico, USA
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Version Date: 2012912

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-203-09327-6 (eBook - PDF)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid-
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 Environmental Tracking for Public Health Surveillance – Morain & Budge (eds)
© 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-58471-5

Table of contents

Preface vii
Foreword ix
List of contributors xi
Acronyms xix

Part I Introduction
Chapter 1 Earth observing data for health applications 3
S.A. Morain & A.M. Budge (Author/editors)

Part II Infectious and contagious diseases in the environment

Chapter 2 Vector-borne infectious diseases and influenza 21
R.K. Kiang (Author/editor)
Chapter 3 Water, water quality and health 87
S.I. Zeeman & P. Weinstein (Author/editors)

Chapter 4 Air quality and human health 129

D.W. Griffin & E.N. Naumova (Author/editors)

Chapter 5 Emerging and re-emerging diseases 187

C.J. Witt (Author/editor)

Part III Data, modelling, and information systems

Chapter 6 Data discovery, access and retrieval 229
S. Kempler (Author/editor)
Chapter 7 Environmental modelling for health 293
S.A. Morain, S. Kumar & T.J. Stohlgren (Author/editors)
Chapter 8 Early warning systems 333
P. Ceccato & S.J. Connor (Author/editors)
Chapter 9 Towards operational forecasts of algal blooms and pathogens 345
C.W. Brown (Author/editor)

Chapter 10 Information and decision support systems 369

W. Hudspeth (Author/editor)
Author index 411
Subject index 413
ISPRS Book Series 419
Colour plates 421

v
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 Environmental Tracking for Public Health Surveillance – Morain & Budge (eds)
© 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-58471-5

Preface

The volume editors and Chapter author/editors have compiled a survey of health science research
and application developments linking satellite Earth observations with types of diseases, their
potential transmission pathways, and prospects for early warning of outbreaks or epidemics.
Applying Earth science as a way to advance health science is both relevant and timely, given
that in 2011 Earth’s human population passed seven billion; and especially since health science
includes broader social and economic factors that drive wellbeing and quality-of-life issues. The
predominant focus is on global satellite observations that show how modelling space-based envi-
ronmental measurements actually improve assessments of future health outcomes in scientifically
valid ways. Its authors/editors and chapter contributors demonstrate that Earth’s environments not
only affect human exposures to disease but also serve as triggers for massive outbreaks and deadly
epidemics.
The book was compiled by Chapter author/editors who addressed major categories of health
and environment issues. Most lead author/editors invited additional international contributors to
develop the Chapter content. The result is a collection representing the current state-of-the-art for
environmental tracking for health surveillance, mitigation strategies, and policy decisions.
Some themes and topics recur in more than one Chapter. Information systems, for example
are described in Chapters 6 and 10, but they describe different systems. In Chapter 6, information
systems refer to data extraction from an extensive list of satellite sensors and their orbiting platforms,
and the datasets and other products developed from them. In Chapter 10, information systems refer
to tracking environmental parameters and suites of parameters for assessing transmission pathways
and for health monitoring and forecasting. The Chapter also addresses semantic approaches to
information systems as tools for identifying health threats rapidly based on global networks of
media sources, the potential for crowd sourcing, and other forms of social networking for identifying
evolving health threats that could slide from order to chaos in a matter of hours.
The reference section at the end of each Chapter is a compendium of citations for readers to extract
the history and development of thought surrounding air-, water-, vector-, and soil-borne diseases
and zoonotic diseases. By and large the author/editors and their contributors have strengthened
convergence of the two scientific philosophies. We are confident that this volume will become a
stimulus for greater cooperation among the sciences, and become a source reference for several
years to come.
The following two conventions have been adopted to provide consistency between Chapters. First,
while recognizing that Universal Record Locators (URLs) can be ephemeral, they nevertheless point
to important resources for online data and information. The speed of communication is such that
on-line publishing results in URLs as the best means for retrieving information. Evolving search
engines will no doubt lead inquirers to a wealth of additional resources. Chapters that cite many
URLs include tables in their text to relevant Sections or sub-Sections that point to them. Additional
URLs are cited in the reference sections.
The second convention recognizes that readers will be interested in specific sensors, sensor
systems, services, diseases, or medical and health terms that recur frequently in Chapters. All
scientific terms are spelled out at the place of their first use in the book; and thereafter, by acronym
only. Acronyms for proper titles (satellite platforms, satellite missions and experiments, interna-
tional organizations, programmes, commissions, and centres) are capitalized at their first use in the
text and thereafter by acronym only; those referring to orbiting sensors, government or university
systems, online systems, services, models, or processes are not capitalized at their first use in the

vii
text, but are given as acronyms in subsequent references; and those acronyms used only locally
by authors pertinent to their material, but not otherwise recognized widely as acronyms, are not
included in the list of acronyms. Readers interested mainly in material in the later Chapters will
find acronyms spelled-out in earlier Chapters, and will need to refer to the comprehensive list of
acronyms provided at the end of the book. Lastly, the United Kingdom and the United States are
given as UK and US. All other countries are spelled out.
This work is a product of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
(ISPRS): Commission VIII – Remote Sensing Applications and Policy/ Working Group-2 – Health.
The working group had an international membership of over fifty active and passive remote sensing
and health science experts during its four-year commission from July 2008 to September 2012.
Albuquerque April 30, 2012
Amelia Budge, Chair
Richard Kiang, Co-Chair
Stan Morain, Technical Secretary

viii
 Environmental Tracking for Public Health Surveillance – Morain & Budge (eds)
© 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-58471-5

Foreword

Justinian’s Flea (Rosen 2007) explores a systems approach to understanding the decline of the
Roman Empire, a centuries-long process involving political, religious, economic, social, military,
and personality threads interacting over a gradually changing physical environment. The arrival of
the plague bacterium (Yersinia pestis) to the lower Nile valley around 542 AD, and its subsequent
spread throughout the Mediterranean region, reshaped the political and social orders of Europe,
and in no small way represented the final straw that destroyed the Empire. In the context of
Environmental Tracking for Public Health Surveillance, Y. pestis, the flea that hosted it, and the
black rat that transported it, became possible through a minor lowering of temperatures that brought
the coast within the [bacterium’s] active temperature range of 59–68 degrees Fahrenheit (Brown
1999). According to tree ring analyses and historical evidence, such a cooling took place around
530 AD. Y. pestis migrated from its East African focus where it had been active for hundreds, if
not thousands of years, and along the way apparently jumped to human populations. Justinian nor
anyone else in the mid-sixth century could have foretold the horrifying health consequences of a
slightly cooler temperature along the southern Mediterranean coast.
Estimating the moment when climate, flea behaviour, food availability [wheat for the rats], and
a dozen other variables [would] combine to cause a rat population explosion is not impossible,
but very nearly so (Rosen 2007, 291). These words are a reminder that complexity is, at best,
able to balance order and chaos only temporarily. While physics and math provide precise solutions
to two-body problems whose parameters are measurable, they provide only vague approximations
to problems governed by multiple interacting influences whose parameters are not known as well,
and whose impacts on system function are nonlinear.
Twenty-first century environmental health tracking, made possible by vastly superior science
and technology capabilities (compared to the early centuries AD), suggest that we can foretell
health scenarios, and do so at almost any geographic or human scale we choose. Why, then, do we
not? According to Sterman (2006) it is because we do not convince policy and decision makers. He
argues in favor of scientific methods and formal modelling to guide policy decisions for otherwise
intractable system dynamics, all the while knowing that the greater the number of interacting
components, the more complex the system will become. Complexity hinders the generation of
evidence, learning from that evidence, and implementing policies based on that evidence. System
thinking requires us to examine issues from multiple perspectives, to expand the boundaries of our
mental models, [and] to consider the longer-term consequences of our actions, including their
environmental, cultural, and moral implications (Sterman 2006, 511).
It is safe to argue that early civilizations made little, if any, connection between diseases and their
possible underlying causes either at an individual or societal level. The empires of Greece, Rome,
Macedonia, China, Peru, Mexico and elsewhere could not connect cause and effect (aetiological)
relationships. Yet, at the everyday level, early populations had fundamental beliefs that the common
cold was somehow rooted in cold weather; that some plants were poisonous; that fevers were brought
on by something in the victim’s daily experiences; or that there were supernatural forces at work.
Not being a history of health and medicine, this book fast-forwards to the last quarter of the 20th
Century and the advent of satellite observations of Earth. These digital data and the products derived
from them not only provide the means for monitoring ever-changing environmental parameters,
but also contain clues to identify conditions that trigger health consequences. The Chapters focus
on a variety of observations that are known to affect health. Some of these reveal slowly changing

ix
or emerging environments; others represent dramatic events having quick and often catastrophic
health consequences.
On the cusp of the 21st Century it became apparent to world bodies that environment and health
were tightly linked. The first principle to emerge from the 1992 United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro was that Human beings are at the center of
concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony
with nature. Here, perhaps, is an early convergence of environmental health with public health. Ten
years later at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), the Johannesburg Plan
of Implementation (POI) was adopted (UN 2004). In this Plan, paragraphs 53–57 refer specifically
to human health issues. It is stated that there is an urgent need to address the causes of ill health,
including environmental causes, and their impact on development, and to reduce environmental
health threats (UN 2004, 31).
Many challenges in Earth system science require not only integrating complex physical processes
into system models, but also coupling environmental biogeochemical and chemical phenomena that
trigger human health responses. The next generation of modelers will be required to form teams
that partner members from the biogeophysical realm with those from the medical realm to assess
quickly changing and highly vulnerable situations.
People and Pixels (Liverman et al., 1998) was among the early publications to draw humankind
into the arena of satellite remote sensing. Early scientific literature focused on physical and natural
applications in agriculture, forestry, rangeland, hydrology, and mineral exploration. After People
and Pixels, interest migrated to people-oriented issues like food security, environmental health,
public health, disasters and hazards, and most recently on security and antiterrorism. Because of
their immense humanitarian and policy implications, remote sensing and geospatial programmes
are moving quickly to address the consequences of weather and climate cycles on human health, air
and water quality degradation, and diseases following natural disasters. For the photogrammetry,
remote sensing, and geospatial information sciences, the key language in Paragraphs 54 and 56 in
the POI includes the following. For the most part they are general aims and goals, but a few are
quite specific.
§54: Integrate health concerns into strategies, policies, and programs for sustainable develop-
ment; provide technical and financial assistance for health information systems and integrated
databases; target research efforts and apply research results to priority public health issues and
reduce exposures to public health risks; start international initiatives that assess health and environ-
ment linkages; and, develop preventive, promotive, and curative programs for non-communicable
diseases.
§56: Reduce respiratory diseases and other health impacts resulting from air pollution.
Once articulated, it was inevitable that genetic and molecular systems would eventually be linked
with the broader biogeochemical forces of nature.
Stan Morain, May 9, 2012

REFERENCES

Brown, N.G. 1999. Challenge of Climate Change. New York: Routledge.

Liverman, E.F. Moran, R.R. Rindfuss & P.C. Stern (eds.), People & Pixels: Linking Remote Sensing & Social
Science. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
Rosen, W. 2007. Justinian’s flea. New York: Penguin Books.
Sterman, J.D. 2006. Learning from evidence in a complex world. Amer. J. Pub. Health 96(3):505–514.
UN 2004 Available from: http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/WSSD_POI_PD/English/POIChapter6.
htm [Accessed 6th April 2012].

x
 Environmental Tracking for Public Health Surveillance – Morain & Budge (eds)
© 2013 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-58471-5

List of contributors

Abdel-Dayem, Mahmoud, S.
Cairo University & US Naval Medical Research Unit, Cairo, Egypt, FPO AE 098-0007, E-mail:
[email protected]
Achee, Nicole L.
Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, US 20814, E-mail: [email protected]
Anyamba, Assaf
Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, US 21044 & NASA Goddard Space
Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, US 20771, E-mail: [email protected]
Barker, Christopher M.
School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, US 95616, E-mail: cmbarker
@ucdavis.edu
Benedict, Karl
Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, US 87131-0001,
E-mail: [email protected]
Brown, Christopher W.
Satellite & Information Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park,
MD, US 20740, E-Mail: [email protected]
Brown, Heidi E.
School of Geography & Development, University of Arizona, AZ, US 85721-0076, E-mail:
[email protected]
Brownstein, John S.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology & Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, US 02215, E-mail:
[email protected]
Budge, Amelia M.
Earth Data Analysis Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, US 87131-0001,
E-mail: [email protected]
Caian, Mihaela
National Meteorological Administration, Bucharest, Romania 013686, E-mail: mihaela.caian@
gmail.com
Castronovo, Denise
Mapping Sustainability LLC, Palm City, FL, US 34990, E-mail: denise@mappingsustain
ability.com
Ceccato, Pietro
Environmental Monitoring Div., International Research Institute for Climate & Society, Columbia
University, Palisades, NY, US 10964, E-mail: [email protected]
Charland, Katia M.
Children’s Hospital Informatics Program, Boston, MA, US 02115, E-mail: not available

xi
Chen, Robert S.
Socioeconomic Data & Applications Center, CIESIN, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, US
10964, E-mail: [email protected]
Colacicco-Mayhugh, Michelle G.
Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, US 20910-
7500, E-mail: [email protected]
Comrie, Andrew C.
School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, AZ, US 85721-0076, E-mail:
[email protected]
Connor, Stephen J.
School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK, E-mail:
[email protected]
Crăciunescu, Vasile
Remote Sensing and GIS Laboratory, National Meteorological Administration, Bucharest, Sos.
Bucuresti-Ploiesti 97, Bucharest, Romania, E-mail: [email protected]
Daszak, Peter
EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, US 10001, E-mail: [email protected]
Deng, Zhi
Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, US 70803,
E-mail: [email protected]
Durant, John L.
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, US 02155,
E-mail: [email protected]
Epstein, Jonathan H.
EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, US 10001, E-mail: [email protected]
Estes, Sue
Marshall Space Flight Center, Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, AL, US 35812,
E-mail: [email protected]
Faruque, Fazlay S.
The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, US 39216-4505, E-mail:
[email protected]
Fearnley, Emily
South Australian Department of Health, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia, E-mail:
[email protected]
Ford, Timothy
University of New England, Portland, ME, US 04103, E-mail: [email protected]
Gibbons, Robert V.
Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand 10400, E-mail:
[email protected]
Golden, Meredith L.
Socioeconomic Data & Applications Center, CIESIN, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, US
10964, E-mail: [email protected]
Green, David
NOAA Weather Service, Silver Spring, MD, US 20910, E-mail: [email protected]

xii
Grieco, John P.
Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, US 20814, E-mail: [email protected]
Griffin, Dale W.
Geology Division, US Geological Survey, 2639 North Monroe St., Tallahassee, FL, US 32303,
E-mail: [email protected]
Gurley, Emily S.
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh 1212, GPO 128, E-mail:
[email protected]
Hamner, Steven
Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, US 59717, E-mail:
[email protected]
Harrington, Laura C.
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, US 14853, E-mail: [email protected]
Hickey, Barbara M.
School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US 98195, E-mail:
[email protected]
Hossain, M. Jahangir
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh 1212, GPO 128, Email:
[email protected]
Huang, Q.
George Mason University, Fairfax, VA US 22030, Email: not available
Hudspeth, William
Earth Data Analysis Center, MSC01-1110, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, US
87131-0001, E-mail: [email protected]
Huff, Amy
Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, US 43201, E-mail: not available
Irwin, Daniel
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, US 35812, E-mail: [email protected]
Jacobs, John M.
NOAA Ocean Service, Oxford, MD, US 21654, E-mail: [email protected]
Jacquez, Geoffrey M.
BioMedware, Ann Arbor, MI US 48104-1382, E-mail: [email protected]
Jagai, Jyotsna S.
Office of Research & Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, US
27599, E-mail: [email protected]
Kass-Hout, Taha A.
Public Health Surveillance Program Office Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta,
GA, US 30333, E-mail: [email protected]
Kempler, Steven
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, US 20771, E-mail: Steven.J.Kempler@
nasa.gov
Kiang, Richard K.
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, US 20771, E-mail: [email protected]

xiii
Koch, Magaly
Center for Remote Sensing, Boston University, Boston, MA, US 02215, E-mail: [email protected]
Kramer, Vicki
Vector-borne Disease Section, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, CA, US
95899-7377, [email protected]
Kumar, Sunil
Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, US 80523-1499, E-mail: [email protected]
Lanerolle, Lyon W.J.
NOAA Ocean Service, Silver Spring, MD, US 20910, E-mail: [email protected]
Lary, David J.
William B. Hanson Center for Space Science, University of Texas, Richardson, TX, US 75080-
3021, E-mail: [email protected]
Leptoukh, G.G.
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, US (deceased).
Linthicum, Kenneth J.
Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL, US 32608, E-mail:
[email protected]
Liu, Yang
School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, US 30322, E-mail: [email protected]
Lo, Martin
Navigation and Mission Design Section, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of
Technology, Pasadena, CA, US 91109-8099, E-mail: [email protected]
Luby, Stephen P.
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh Centre for Health and Population
Research, Mohakali, Dhaka, Bangladesh 1212, GPO 128, E-mail: [email protected]
Luvall, Jeff
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, US 35812, E-mail: [email protected]
Lyles, Mark B.
Medical Sciences & Biotechnology, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, US Naval War College,
Newport, RI, US 02841-1207, E-mail: [email protected]
Manibusan, Pedro A.
Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, US, 96859, E-mail: [email protected]
Maxwell, Susan
BioMedware, Ann Arbor, MI, US 48104, E-mail: [email protected]
McClure, Leslie
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, US 35294, E-mail: LMcClure@
ms.soph.uab.edu
McEntee, Jesse C.
Department of Urban & Environmental Policy & Planning, Tufts University, Medford, MA, US
02155, E-mail: [email protected]
Moore, Stephanie
NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA, US 98112, E-mail: stephanie.moore@
noaa.gov

xiv
Morain, Stanley A.
Earth Data Analysis Center, MSC01-1110, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, US
87131-0001, E-mail: [email protected]
Myers, Todd E.
Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, US 20910-7500, E-mail: todd.myers@med.
navy.mil
Naumova, Elena N.
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, US 02155,
E-mail: [email protected]
Pavlin, Julie A.
Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand, 10400, E-mail:
[email protected]
Pinzon, Jorge E.
Science Systems & Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD, US 20706 & Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, MD, US 20771, E-mail: [email protected]
Pulliam, Juliet R.C.
College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, US 32610, E-mail:
[email protected]
Ragain, R. Michael
Saint Louis University School of Public Health, St Louis, MO, US 63103,E-mail: [email protected]
Reisen, William K.
School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, US 95616, E-mail:
[email protected]
Richards, Allen L.
Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, US 10001, E-mail: allen.richards@mad.
navy.mil
Rosenberg, Mark
Department of Geography, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6code, E-mail:
[email protected]
Rommel, Robert G.
BioMedware, Ann Arbor, MI US 48104-1382, Email: [email protected]
Scharl, Arno
Department of New Media Technology, MODUL Am Kahlenberg 1, 1190, University of Vienna,
WIEN, Austria, E-mail: [email protected]
Schwab, David J.
NOAA, Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research, Ann Arbor, MI, US 48108, E-mail:
[email protected]
Selinus, Olle
Geological Survey of Sweden (retired), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden 39233, E-mail:
[email protected]
Simpson, Gary
New Mexico Department of Health (retired), E-mail: [email protected]
Skelly, Chris
University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia, E-mail:
[email protected]

xv
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