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Mechanics of Elastic
Waves and Ultrasonic
Nondestructive
Evaluation
Mechanics of Elastic
Waves and Ultrasonic
Nondestructive
Evaluation

Dr. Tribikram Kundu

CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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Library of Congress Cataloging‑ in‑ Publication Data

Names: Kundu, T. (Tribikram) author.

Title: Mechanics of elastic waves and ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation /
Tribikram Kundu.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis
Group, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018038804| ISBN 9781138035942 (hardback : acid-free paper)
| ISBN 9781315226194 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Ultrasonic testing. | Elastic waves.
Classification: LCC TA417.4 .K859 2018 | DDC 620.1/1274--dc23
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This book is dedicated to my wife Nupur, whose continuous inspiration,
support and sacrifice made this book writing project possible.
Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

Author. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

1 Mechanics of Elastic Waves – Linear Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Fundamentals of the Continuum Mechanics and the Theory of
Elasticity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Deformation and Strain Tensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1.1 Interpretation of εij and ωij for Small Displacement
Gradient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Traction and Stress Tensor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.3 Traction–Stress Relation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1.4 Equilibrium Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.4.1 Force Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.4.2 Moment Equilibrium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.1.5 Stress Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.1.5.1 Kronecker Delta Symbol (δij) and Permutation
Symbol (εijk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.1.6 Definition of Tensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.1.7 Principal Stresses and Principal Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.1.8 Transformation of Displacement and Other Vectors. . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.1.9 Strain Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.1.10 Definition of Elastic Material and Stress–Strain Relation . . . . . . 17
1.1.11 Number of Independent Material Constants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.1.12 Material Planes of Symmetry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.1.12.1 One Plane of Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.1.12.2 Two and Three Planes of Symmetry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.1.12.3 Three Planes of Symmetry and One Axis of
Symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.1.12.4 Three Planes of Symmetry and Two or Three Axes
of Symmetry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.1.13 Stress–Strain Relation for Isotropic Materials – Green’s
Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.1.13.1 Hooke’s Law in Terms of Young’s Modulus and
Poisson’s Ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.1.14 Navier’s Equation of Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

vii
 Contents

1.1.15 Fundamental Equations of Elasticity in Other Coordinate

Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.2 Time Dependent Problems or Dynamic Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.2.1 Some Simple Dynamic Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.2.2 Stokes-Helmholtz Decomposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.2.3 Two-Dimensional In-Plane Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.2.4 P- and S-Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.2.5 Harmonic Waves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.2.6 Interaction between Plane Waves and Stress-Free Plane
Boundary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.2.6.1 P-wave Incident on a Stress-Free Plane Boundary. . . . . 42
1.2.6.2 Summary of Plane P-Wave Reflection by
a Stress-Free Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.2.6.3 Shear Wave Incident on a Stress-Free Plane
Boundary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.2.7 Out-of-Plane or Antiplane Motion – SH Wave. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.2.7.1 Interaction of SH-Wave and Stress-Free Plane
Boundary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
1.2.7.2 Interaction of SH-Wave and a Plane Interface. . . . . . . . . 51
1.2.8 Interaction of P-and SV-Waves with Plane Interface. . . . . . . . . . . 52
1.2.8.1 P-Wave Striking an Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
1.2.8.2 SV-Wave Striking an Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
1.2.9 Rayleigh Waves in a Homogeneous Half-Space. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
1.2.10 Love Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
1.2.11 Rayleigh Waves in a Layered Half-Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
1.2.12 Plate Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
1.2.12.1 Antiplane Waves in a Plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
1.2.12.2 In-plane Waves in a Plate (Lamb Waves). . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
1.2.13 Phase Velocity and Group Velocity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
1.2.14 Point Source Excitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
1.2.15 Wave Propagation in Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
1.2.15.1 Relation between Pressure and Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
1.2.15.2 Reflection and Transmission of Plane Waves at the
Fluid–Fluid Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
1.2.15.3 Plane Wave Potential in a Fluid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
1.2.15.4 Point Source in a Fluid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

viii
 Contents

1.2.16 Reflection and Transmission of Plane Waves at

a Fluid–Solid Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
1.2.17 Reflection and Transmission of Plane Waves by a Solid
Plate Immersed in a Fluid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
1.2.18 Elastic Properties of Different Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
1.3 Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Exercise Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

2 Guided Elastic Waves – Analysis and Applications in Nondestructive

Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
2.1 Guided Waves and Wave-Guides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
2.1.1 Lamb Waves and Leaky Lamb Waves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
2.2 Basic Equations – Homogeneous Elastic Plates in a Vacuum. . . . . . . . 114
2.2.1 Dispersion Curves and Mode Shapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
2.2.1.1 Dispersion Curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
2.2.1.2 Mode Shapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
2.3 Homogeneous Elastic Plates Immersed in a Fluid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
2.3.1 Symmetric Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
2.3.2 Anti-Symmetric Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
2.4 Plane P-Waves Striking a Solid Plate Immersed in a Fluid. . . . . . . . . . 135
2.4.1 Plate Inspection by Lamb Waves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
2.4.1.1 Generation of Multiple Lamb Modes by
Narrowband and Broadband Transducers. . . . . . . . . . 138
2.4.1.2 Nondestructive Inspection of Large Plates . . . . . . . . . . 140
2.5 Guided Waves in Multilayered Plates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
2.5.1 n-Layered Plates in a Vacuum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
2.5.1.1 Numerical Instability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
2.5.1.2 Global Matrix Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
2.5.2 n-Layered Plates in a Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
2.5.2.1 Global Matrix Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
2.5.3 n-Layered Plate Immersed in a Fluid, and Struck
by a Plane P-Wave. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
2.5.3.1 Global Matrix Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
2.6 Guided Waves in Single and Multilayered Composite Plates. . . . . . . . 160
2.6.1 Single Layer Composite Plates Immersed in a Fluid. . . . . . . . . . 167
2.6.2 Multilayered Composite Plates Immersed in a Fluid. . . . . . . . . 167

ix
 Contents

2.6.3 Multilayered Composite Plates in a Vacuum (Dispersion

Equation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
2.6.4 Composite Plate Analysis with Attenuation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
2.7 Defect Detection in Multilayered Composite Plates –
Experimental Investigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
2.7.1 Specimen Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
2.7.2 Numerical and Experimental Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
2.8 Guided Wave Propagation in the Circumferential Direction
of a Pipe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
2.8.1 Fundamental Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
2.8.2 Wave Form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
2.8.3 Governing Differential Equations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
2.8.4 Boundary Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
2.8.5 Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
2.8.6 Numerical Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
2.8.6.1 Comparison with Isotropic Flat Plate Results. . . . . . . . 187
2.8.6.2 Comparison with Anisotropic Flat Plate Results . . . . . 187
2.8.6.3 Comparison of Results for Isotropic Pipes. . . . . . . . . . . 191
2.8.6.4 Anisotropic Pipe of Smaller Radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
2.9 Guided Wave Propagation in the Axial Direction of a Pipe . . . . . . . . . 192
2.9.1 Formulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
2.9.2 Use of Cylindrical Guided Waves for Damage Detection
in Pipe wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
2.10 Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Exercise Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
3 Modeling Elastic Waves by Distributed Point Source Method (DPSM). . . . 215
3.1 Modeling a Finite Plane Source by a Distribution of Point Sources . . . . 215
3.2 Planar Piston Transducer in a Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
3.2.1 Analytical Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
3.2.2 Numerical Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
3.2.3 Semi-Analytical DPSM Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
3.2.4 Computed Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
3.2.5 Required Spacing Between Neighboring Point Sources. . . . . . 232
3.3 Focused Transducer in a Homogeneous Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
3.3.1 Computed Results for a Focused Transducer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
3.4 Ultrasonic Field in a Non-Homogeneous Fluid in Presence
of an Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
3.4.1 Field Computation in Fluid 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

x
 Contents

3.4.2 Field Computation in Fluid 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

3.4.3 Satisfaction of Continuity Conditions and Evaluation of
Unknowns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
3.5 Ultrasonic Field in Presence of a Scatterer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
3.5.1 DPSM Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
3.5.1.1 Very Small Cavity Modeled by a Single Point Source . . . 242
3.5.1.2 Small Cavity Modeled with Multiple Point Sources. . . . . 242
3.5.1.3 Complete Solution for Large Cavity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
3.5.2 Analytical Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
3.5.3 Numerical Results for the Cavity Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
3.6 Ultrasonic Field in Multilayered Fluid Medium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
3.7 Ultrasonic Field Computation in Presence of a Fluid–Solid
Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
3.7.1 Fluid–Solid Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
3.7.2 A Fluid Wedge Over a Solid Half-Space – DPSM
Formulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
3.7.3 Solid–Solid Interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
3.8 DPSM Modeling for Transient Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
3.8.1 Fluid–Solid Interface Excited by a Bounded Beam – DPSM
Formulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
3.8.1.1 Transient Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
3.8.1.2 Computed Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
3.9 DPSM Modeling for Anisotropic Media. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
3.9.1 DPSM Modeling of a Solid Plate Immersed in a Fluid. . . . . . . . 270
3.9.2 The Windowing Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
3.9.3 Elastodynamic Green’s Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
3.9.3.1 General Anisotropic Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
3.9.3.2 Residue Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
3.9.3.3 Reduction of Integration Domain for Transversely
Isotropic Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
3.9.4 Numerical Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
3.9.4.1 Isotropic Plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
3.9.4.2 Transversely Isotropic Plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
3.10 Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

4 Nonlinear Ultrasonic Techniques for Nondestructive Evaluation. . . . . . . . 287

4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

xi
 Contents

4.2 One-Dimensional Analysis of Wave Propagation in a Nonlinear

Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
4.2.1 Stress–Strain Relations of Linear and Nonlinear Materials. . . . 289
4.2.2 Nonlinear Material Excited by a Wave of Single Frequency. . . . . 289
4.2.3 Nonlinear Material Excited by Waves of Two Different
Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
4.2.4 Detailed Analysis of One-Dimensional Wave Propagation
in a Nonlinear Rod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
4.2.5 Higher Harmonic Generation for Other Types of Wave. . . . . . . 297
4.2.5.1 Transverse Wave Propagation in a Nonlinear Bulk
Material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
4.2.5.2 Guided Wave Propagation in a Nonlinear ­
Wave-guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
4.3 Use of Nonlinear Bulk Waves for Nondestructive Evaluation. . . . . . . 299
4.3.1 Nonlinear Acoustic Parameter Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
4.3.2 Experimental Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
4.4 Use of Nonlinear Lamb Waves for Nondestructive Evaluation. . . . . . 302
4.4.1 Phase Matching for Nonlinear Lamb Wave Experiments. . . . . 302
4.4.2 Experimental Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
4.5 Nonlinear Resonance Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
4.6 Pump Wave and Probe Wave Based Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
4.7 Sideband Peak Count (SPC) Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
4.7.1 Experimental Evidence of SPC Measuring Material
Nonlinearity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
4.8 Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

5 Acoustic Source Localization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
5.2 Source Localization in Isotropic Plates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
5.2.1 Triangulation Technique for Isotropic Plates with Known
Wave Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
5.2.2 Triangulation Technique for Isotropic Plates with
Unknown Wave Speed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
5.2.3 Optimization Based Technique for Isotropic Plates with
Unknown Wave Speed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
5.2.4 Beamforming Technique for Isotropic Plates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
5.2.5 Strain Rossette Technique for Isotropic Plates with
Unknown Wave Speed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
xii
 Contents

5.2.6 Source Localization by Modal Acoustic Emission . . . . . . . . . . . 325

5.3 Source Localization in Anisotropic Plates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
5.3.1 Beamforming Technique for Anisotropic Structure. . . . . . . . . . 325
5.3.2 Optimization Based Technique for Source Localization in
Anisotropic Plates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
5.3.3 Source Localization in Anisotropic Plates without
Knowing Their Material Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
5.3.3.1 Determination of t ij . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
5.3.3.2 Improving and Checking the Accuracy of Prediction. . . 334
5.3.3.3 Experimental Verification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
5.3.4 Source Localization and Its Strength Estimation without
Knowing the Plate Material Properties by Poynting Vector
Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
5.4 Source Localization in Complex Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
5.4.1 Source Localization in Complex Structures by Time
Reversal and Artificial Neural Network Techniques. . . . . . . . . 338
5.4.2 Source Localization by Densely Distributed Sensors. . . . . . . . . 339
5.5 Source Localization in Three-Dimensional Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
5.6 Automatic Determination of Time of Arrival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
5.7 Uncertainty in Acoustic Source Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
5.8 Source Localization in Anisotropic Plates by Analyzing
Propagating Wave Fronts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
5.8.1 Wave Propagation Direction Vector Measurement
by Sensor Clusters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
5.8.2 Numerical Simulation of Wave Propagation in an
Anisotropic Plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
5.8.3 Wave Front Based Source Localization Technique. . . . . . . . . . 344
5.8.3.1 Rhombus Wave Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
5.8.3.2 Elliptical Wave Front. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
5.8.3.3 Numerical Validation for Rhombus Wave Front. . . . . . 353
5.8.3.4 Wave Front Modeled by Non-Elliptical Parametric
Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
5.8.3.5 Numerical Validation for Non-Elliptical Wave Fronts. . . . 358
5.9 Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

xiii
Preface
This book presents necessary background knowledge on mechanics to under-
stand and analyze elastic wave propagation in solids and fluids. This knowl-
edge is necessary for elastic wave propagation modeling and for interpreting
experimental data generated during ultrasonic nondestructive testing and
evaluation (NDT&E). The book covers both linear and nonlinear analyses of
ultrasonic NDT&E techniques. The materials presented here also include some
exercise problems and solution manual. Therefore, this book can serve as a
textbook or reference book for a graduate level course on elastic waves and/or
ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation. It will be also useful for instructors who
are interested in designing short courses on elastic wave propagation in solids or
NDT&E.
The book has following five chapters:
Chapter 1: Mechanics of Elastic Waves – Linear Analysis
Chapter 2: Guided Elastic Waves – Analysis and Applications in Nondestructive
Evaluation
Chapter 3: Modeling Elastic Waves by Distributed Point Source Method (DPSM)
Chapter 4: Nonlinear Ultrasonic Techniques for Nondestructive Evaluation
Chapter 5: Acoustic Source Localization
The materials covered in the first two chapters provide the fundamental
knowledge on linear mechanics of deformable solids while Chapter 4 covers
nonlinear mechanics. Thus, both linear and nonlinear ultrasonic techniques are
covered here. Nonlinear ultrasonic techniques are becoming more popular in
recent years for detecting very small defects and damages. However, this topic
is hardly covered in currently available textbooks. Researchers mostly rely on
published research papers and research monographs to learn about nonlinear
ultrasonic techniques. Chapter 3 describes elastic wave propagation modeling
techniques using DPSM. Chapter 5 is dedicated to an important and very active
research field – acoustic source localization – that is essential for structural
health monitoring and for localizing crack and other types of damage initiation
regions.
Two graduate level courses on elastic waves can be developed from the
materials presented in this book. Chapters 1, 2 and some parts of Chapter 5
can be covered in the first introductory graduate level course on elastic waves,
while materials in Chapters 3, 4 and parts of Chapter 5 can be offered in a more
advanced graduate level second course on elastic waves and ultrasonic NDE.
Alternately, instructors can also pick and choose some basic and advanced top-
ics from these five chapters to cover those materials of the instructor’ s choice in
one graduate level course.
Short courses can also be developed from this book. Five modules can be
designed from the five chapters to deliver in one short course. This short course
duration can be anywhere between five and fifteen hours, depending on in what
depth each topic is covered by the instructor.

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