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 Juan Carlos Augusto Reiner Wichert
Rem Collier David Keyson
Albert Ali Salah Ah-Hwee Tan (Eds.)
LNCS 8309

Ambient Intelligence
4th International Joint Conference, AmI 2013
Dublin, Ireland, December 2013
Proceedings

123
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8309
Commenced Publication in 1973
Founding and Former Series Editors:
Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen

Editorial Board
David Hutchison
Lancaster University, UK
Takeo Kanade
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Josef Kittler
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Jon M. Kleinberg
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Alfred Kobsa
University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
Friedemann Mattern
ETH Zurich, Switzerland
John C. Mitchell
Stanford University, CA, USA
Moni Naor
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
Oscar Nierstrasz
University of Bern, Switzerland
C. Pandu Rangan
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Germany
Madhu Sudan
Microsoft Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
Demetri Terzopoulos
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Doug Tygar
University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Gerhard Weikum
Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbruecken, Germany
Juan Carlos Augusto Reiner Wichert
Rem Collier David Keyson
Albert Ali Salah Ah-Hwee Tan (Eds.)

Ambient Intelligence
4th International Joint Conference, AmI 2013
Dublin, Ireland, December 3-5, 2013
Proceedings

13
Volume Editors
Juan Carlos Augusto
Middlesex University, London, UK
E-mail: [email protected]
Reiner Wichert
Fraunhofer IGD, Darmstadt, Germany
E-mail: [email protected]
Rem Collier
University College Dublin, Ireland
E-mail: [email protected]
David Keyson
Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
E-mail: [email protected]
Albert Ali Salah
Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
E-mail: [email protected]
Ah-Hwee Tan
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
E-mail: [email protected]
ISSN 0302-9743 e-ISSN 1611-3349
ISBN 978-3-319-03646-5 e-ISBN 978-3-319-03647-2
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-03647-2
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
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 Preface

We are living through exciting times. Technology is becoming available for a

substantial portion of the population and humans have in their hands a number
of tools that were not available in such a high number and degree of versatility
to our species before. The previous time our species shared the same number of
tools all around the globe, the ubiquitous tools were of a different nature, they
were for farming. Now many of us carry small computers around, some of them
disguised as a phone.
Technology is everywhere and becoming more common, more powerful, more
accessible; it is being immersed in our daily lives and starting to influence our
decisions and to some extent our lives. This scientific community has embraced
the wealth of options opening in front of our society and is mining the possible
richness; we have the privilege of being the first to explore this new world. At the
same time we also have the responsibility to offer to the world nothing else but
the true richness of this area and to clearly understand the risks and limitations
of the options we offer to society.
This fourth edition of the International Joint Conference on Ambient Intelli-
gence - the most prestigious event in the field - summarizes the effort of colleagues
from 33 different countries, and the papers are the result of a review process that
selected 38% of the submissions. The material included in this edition gives us
the opportunity to get to know the latest advances in the area, to examine the
different products being built by some of the most renowned experts in this area
worldwide, to understand the current challenges of the state of the art, and to
suggest innovative ways to develop this blending of humans and technology one
step further.
This preface is an opportunity for us to acknowledge all the effort of the
people who helped to make this meeting of minds a reality, some of their names
are listed at the end of this document; it also gives us the opportunity to invite
all you who are active in this field to join us in our effort of changing the world
for good.

October 2013 Juan Carlos Augusto

Reiner Wichert
Rem Collier
David Keyson
Albert Ali Salah
Ah-HweeTan
 Organization

Honorary Chair
Emile Aarts Eindhoven University of Technology,
The Netherlands

General Chair
Gregory O’Hare University College Dublin, Ireland

Program Chairs
Juan Carlos Augusto Middlesex University, UK
Reiner Wichert Fraunhofer IGD, Germany

Workshop Chair
Michael O’Grady University College Dublin, Ireland

Posters Chair
Ah-Hwee Tan Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Demos Chair
Rem Collier University College Dublin, Ireland

Landscape Chair
David Keyson Delft University of Technology,
The Netherlands

Doctorial Colloquium Chair

Ali Salah Bogazici University, Turkey

Publicity Chair
Hedda Schmidtke CMU
VIII Organization

Tutorial Chair
Davy Preuveneers Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium

Program Committee
Adrian D. Cheok National University of Singapore
Asier Aztiria University of Mondragon, Spain
Alessandro Vinciarelli University of Glasgow, UK
Babak Farshchian Sintef, Norway
Ben Krose University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Brian Lim Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Bjorn Schuller Technical University of Munich, Germany
Boon-Chong Seet Auckland University of Technology,
New Zealand
Boris de Ruyter Philips Research
Carmen Santoro CNR-ISTI, HIIS Laboratory, Italy
Cem Ersoy Bogazici University, Turkey
Cem Keskin Microsoft Research Cambridge, UK
Christine Julien University of Texas at Austin, USA
David Lillis University College Dublin, Ireland
Eric Pauwels CWI, The Netherlands
Emilio Serrano Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain
Fabio Paternò CNR-ISTI, HIIS Laboratory, Italy
Fahim Kawsar Alcatel-Lucent
Hirozumi Yamaguchi Osaka University, Japan
Hans Guesgen Massey University, New Zealand
Irene Kotsia Middlesex University, UK
Joseph Paradiso MIT
Javier Caminero Telefónica ID, Spain
Juan Ye Saint Andrews University, UK
Jilei Tian Nokia Research Center, China
Jin-Hyuk Hong Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Juan Wachs Purdue University, USA
Karin Coninx University of Hasselt, Belgium
Kostas Stathis Royal Holloway University of London, UK
Kaori Yoshida Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan
Kyriakos Kritikos FORTH-ICS, Greece
Kin Choong Yow GIST College, Republic of Korea
Kaori Fujinami Tokyo University of Agriculture and
Technology, Japan
Lei Xie Nanjing University, China
Lars Braubach University of Hamburg, Germany
Laurence Nigay LIG-IIHM, Grenoble, France
Luis Carriço Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
 Organization IX

Mitja Luštrek Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia

Markus Endler PUC Rio, Brazil
Manfred Tscheligi University of Salzburg, Austria
Massimo Zancanaro Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Italy
Mathias Funk TU Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Matjaz Gams Joseph Stefan Institute, Slovenia
Mauro Dragone University College Dublin, Ireland
Moises Sanchez University College Dublin, Ireland
Monica Divitini NTNU
Nikolaos Georgantas Inria, France
Norbert A. Streitz Smart Future Initiative
Olga Zlydareva University College Dublin, Ireland
Peizhao Hu NICTA, Australia
Panos Markopoulos University of Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Paul Lukowicz University of Passau, Germany
Philippe Palanque IRIT
Paolo Remagnino Kingston University, UK
Sean Russell University College Dublin, Ireland
Shimon K. Modi Purdue University, USA
Santi Phithakkitnukoon The Open University
Stefano Chessa University of Pisa, Italy
Thomas Schlegel TU Dresden, Germany
Tie Luo Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore
Teck-Hou Teng Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Vassilis Kostakos University of Oulu, Finland
Ville Antila VTT
Vincent Tam University of Hong Kong, SAR China
Weili Han Software School, Fudan University, China
Yolande Berbers University of Leuven, Belgium
Yiqiang Chen Chinese Academy of Science
Yuhong Feng Shenzhen University, China
 Table of Contents

Part I: Full Papers Track

An Implementation, Execution and Simulation Platform for Processes
in Heterogeneous Smart Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Serge Autexier, Dieter Hutter, and Christoph Stahl
Generating Explanations for Pro-active Assistance from Formal Action
Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Sebastian Bader
The Screen Is Yours—Comparing Handheld Pairing Techniques
for Public Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Matthias Baldauf, Markus Salo, Stefan Suette, and Peter Fröhlich
Customized Situation Verification in Ambient Assisted Living
Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Mario Buchmayr, Werner Kurschl, and Josef Küng
Inferring Model Structures from Inertial Sensor Data in Distributed
Activity Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Pierluigi Casale and Oliver Amft
Making Context Aware Decision from Uncertain Information
in a Smart Home: A Markov Logic Network Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Pedro Chahuara, François Portet, and Michel Vacher
Towards Human Energy Expenditure Estimation Using Smart Phone
Inertial Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Božidara Cvetković, Boštjan Kaluža, Radoje Milić, and Mitja Luštrek
Designing Personal Informatics for Self-reflection and Self-awareness:
The Case of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder . . . . 109
Juan Jimenez Garcia, Hilde de Bruyckere, David V. Keyson, and
Natalia Romero
A Robotic Fitness Coach for the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Binnur Görer, Albert Ali Salah, and H. Levent Akın
Digital Receipts: Fostering Mobile Payment Adoption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Edward Ho, Silviu Apostu, Florian Michahelles, and Alexander Ilic
Exploring Persuasion in the Home: Results of a Long-Term Study
on Energy Consumption Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Patricia M. Kluckner, Astrid Weiss, Johann Schrammel, and
Manfred Tscheligi
XII Table of Contents

Low-Power Ambient Sensing in Smartphones for Continuous Semantic

Localization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Sı̂nziana Mazilu, Ulf Blanke, Alberto Calatroni, and Gerhard Tröster

Fast Adaptive Object Detection towards a Smart Environment

by a Mobile Robot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Shigeru Takano, Ilya Loshchilov, David Meunier, Michèle Sebag, and
Einoshin Suzuki

On the Edge of a Virtual World – Investigating Users’ Preferences

and Different Visualization Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Jarkko Vatjus-Anttila, Leena Ventä-Olkkonen, and Jonna Häkkilä

Semantics-Driven Multi-user Concurrent Activity Recognition . . . . . . . . . 204

Juan Ye and Graeme Stevenson

Part II: Landscape Track

Personalized Smart Environments to Increase Inclusion of People
with Down’s Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Juan Carlos Augusto, Terje Grimstad, Reiner Wichert, Eva Schulze,
Andreas Braun, Gro Marit Ródevand, and Vanda Ridley

Living Lab and Research on Sustainability: Practical Approaches

on Sustainable Interaction Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
David V. Keyson, Abdullah Al Mahmud, and Natalia Romero

Intelligent Decision-Making in the Physical Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

David Lillis, Sean Russell, Dominic Carr, Rem W. Collier, and
Gregory M.P. O’Hare

An Intelligent Hotel Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Asterios Leonidis, Maria Korozi, George Margetis,
Dimitris Grammenos, and Constantine Stephanidis

Part III: Doctoral Colloquium

Harnessing Mathematics for Improved Ontology Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Chau Do and Eric J. Pauwels

On Combining a Context Recognition System and a Configuration

Planner for Personalised Ambient Assisted Living . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Lia Susana d.C. Silva-López, Jonas Ullberg, and Lars Karlsson

Towards Automatic Detection of Missing Referred Documents during

Meetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Hugo Lopez-Tovar and John Dowell
 Table of Contents XIII

Part IV: Demos and Posters Track

SHIP-Tool Live: Orchestrating the Activities in the Bremen Ambient
Assisted Living Lab (Demo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Serge Autexier, Dieter Hutter, Christian Mandel, and
Christoph Stahl

CAKE – Distributed Environments for Context-Aware Systems . . . . . . . . 275

Jörg Cassens, Felix Schmitt, and Michael Herczeg

Energy Expenditure Estimation DEMO Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Božidara Cvetković, Simon Kozina, Boštjan Kaluža, and
Mitja Luštrek

Enabling a Mobile, Dynamic and Heterogeneous Discovery Service

in a Sensor Web by Using AndroSIXTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Levent Görgü, Barnard Kroon, Abraham G. Campbell, and
Gregory M.P. O’Hare

A Modular and Distributed Bayesian Framework for Activity

Recognition in Dynamic Smart Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Arun Kishore Ramakrishnan, Davy Preuveneers, and
Yolande Berbers

Towards an Integrated Methodology to Design Sustainable Living

Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Natalia Romero, Abdullah Al Mahmud, Satish Beella, and
David V. Keyson

Part V: Workshops Descriptions

When Design Meets Intelligence: Incorporating Aesthetic Intelligence
in Smart Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Carsten Röcker, Kai Kasugai, Daniela Plewe, Takashi Kiriyama, and
Marco Rozendaal

Introduction to the 2nd International Workshop on Adaptive Robotic

Ecologies, ARE’13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Stefano Chessa, Mauro Dragone, Arantxa Renteria, and
Alessandro Saffiotti

3rd International Workshop on Pervasive and Context-Aware

Middleware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Hamed Vahdat-Nejad
XIV Table of Contents

Uncertainty in Ambient Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

Juan Ye, Graeme Stevenson, and Michael O’Grady

Introduction to the 5th International Workshop on Intelligent

Environments Supporting Healthcare and Well-Being (WISHWell13) . . . 315
Klaus-Hendrik Wolf, Holger Storf, John O’Donoghue, and
Juan Carlos Augusto

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

 Part I

Full Papers Track

 An Implementation, Execution and Simulation
Platform for Processes in Heterogeneous Smart
Environments

Serge Autexier, Dieter Hutter, and Christoph Stahl

German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Bremen, Germany

{serge.autexier,dieter.hutter,christoph.stahl}@dfki.de

Abstract. Developing ambient intelligence for a smart home is a com-

plex task. We present how to define intelligent system behavior through
processes on an adequate level of abstraction with the SHIP-tool. Based
on the representation of the environment in a formal logical description,
communication with the environment is realized via updates of the logical
description. Processes are built from basic actions to update the current
logical descriptions and include means to monitor the evolution of the
environment in a temporal logic formalism. The SHIP-tool implements
the process language and serves both for simulation and execution. The
paper describes two examples of assisting services in a real smart home
living lab, one for light and door control in emergency situations, and
one for the scheduling of two parallel wheelchair transports.

1 Introduction
Smart homes typically comprise a variety of different systems that range from
rather primitive ones, like motion sensors or remotely controllable lights, to
more sophisticated ones, like gesture recognition systems or autonomously driv-
ing robotic vehicles. Realizing intelligent behavior in such environments is a
major task as it has to go all the way up from protocols to communicate on
a low signal level to sophisticated services recognizing, mediating, and plan-
ing high level activities. Explicit representation of the environment in a logic
[13] allows for the assessment of complex situations and an adaptive behavior.
However, smart homes comprise various individual components acting almost
autonomously. They have to cope with humans changing spontaneously the en-
vironment and thus the basis for their activities. Furthermore, the system as a
whole has to follow mandatory rules regulating, for instance, its safety and se-
curity. Enforcing such rules requires the orchestration of the different activities.
This paper illustrates the technology and the corresponding tool to orchestrate
and monitor such heterogeneous processes. The SHIP-tool provides an implemen-
tation, simulation, and execution environment for ambient intelligent processes.
It uses Description Logic (DL) to represent the states of the environment as it is
a formalism well suited to represent data and its logical dependencies. Any state
change of the real environment gives rise to a change of the logical representa-
tion. Vice-versa every change on the logical representation triggers changes in the

J.C. Augusto et al. (Eds.): AmI 2013, LNCS 8309, pp. 3–18, 2013.
c Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2013
4 S. Autexier, D. Hutter, and C. Stahl

real environment. DL provides sound and complete means to detect and remove
invalid data as well as derive implied data. This is described in (see Sec. 2). Pro-
cesses based on basic actions to change the logical representation are defined in a
dynamic description logic language (DDL, [7]). As a means to describe behaviors
over the evolution of the environment, the SHIP-tool uses a linear temporal logic
formalism over Description Logic properties (Sec. 3). The monitoring consists
of observing a specific behavior over environment updates. Integrating success
and failure of the observation into the process semantics allows one to moni-
tor the evolution of the environment and to react to non-conformant behavior.
The SHIP-tool has been connected to the Bremen Ambient Assisted Living Lab
(BAALL, www.baall.de) shown in Fig. 1 and used both for simulation of the
processes in a 3D model of the lab and as a runtime environment to control the
lab (Sec. 4).

Running Example. To illustrate the SHIP-tool, we realized a showcase for the

BAALL. The BAALL allows to control doors and lights remotely through speech
and mobile devices and it is equipped with electric wheelchairs that can au-
tonomously navigate and drive handicapped persons to certain destinations, e.g.
the bed or fridge. Given an existing system in which only a single person uses
her/his autonomous wheelchair in the flat, the showcase utilizes the SHIP-tool to
realize a system in which multiple persons share various wheelchairs available in
the flat. Now, persons can request transportation to various places in the flat and
the designated service assigns an available wheelchair, which picks up the person
and transports her/him to the desired destination. Though the wheelchairs do
sense and avoid obstacles, they are not aware of each other’s planned route. This
can result in a deadlock situation if they block each other in a narrow corridor.
Hence, the designated service must also schedule the rides of the wheelchairs
accordingly. This is presented in Sec. 5 along with other applications.
We deliberately present all the examples in the SHIP-programming language
syntax to emphasize the integrated scripting language style and to highlight that
this really is the programming language one has to use. Nothing else is required
once the corresponding protocol adapters to the real environment are available.

2 Modeling the Data Using Description Logic

Description logic is a formalism well suited to represent data and its logical de-
pendencies. The SHIP-tool provides a simple description logic syntax SHIP-DL
to represent the environment. The language supports modularization and renam-
ing. As usual in description logic [2], an application domain is modeled in an
ontology consisting of three parts: concepts, representing a class of objects shar-
ing some common characteristics, and roles, representing binary relationships
between two objects, and individuals, which are concrete objects in the domain
and can belong to several concepts. A SHIP-ontology consists of a terminological
part defining the concepts and roles and an assertional part (ABox) describing
a specific state by defining individuals along with their relations.
 Processes for Smart Environments 5

(a) Living room with kitchen, doors open (b) Bedroom with Desk, doors closed

Fig. 1. Smart home living lab BAALL serving as test environment

We use the standard Description Logic SROIQ, in which concepts are formed
from the top and bottom concepts T and F, concept names and nominal concepts
{i1 , . . . in } built from individuals ij by union +, intersection &, complement not,
existential, universal and number role restriction (ex R.C, all R.C, = n R.C, > n
R.C, < n R.C). Roles R are either role names or inverses of roles inv(R).
The terminological part of an ontology consists of declarations and definitions
of concept and role names. Concept names C can be declared as sub-concepts
of concepts D (C < D) or defined by concept equality C = D. An example are
WheelChairs, which are supposed to always have a route indicated by the relation
wheelchair_route . Subconcepts are wheelchairs WCNonEmptyroute having a non-
empty route and those having an empty route WCEmptyroute:
WCEmptyroute = WheelChair & ex wheelchair_r ou t e . EmptyRoute
WCNonEmptyr ou te = WheelChair
& ex wheelchair_ ro ut e . NonEmptyRoute
Roles are declared together with a signature that indicates domain and range
of the property. Role composition is supported using the symbol ’.’. Similar to
concepts, subroles can be declared as super-roles of role composition using the
symbol < or defined as being equal to a composition of roles using the symbol
=. The usual role properties can also be defined by respective keywords: Sym for
symmetric roles, Asym for asymmetric roles, Trans for transitive roles, Ref for
reflexive roles, Irref for irreflexive roles, Func for functional roles, and FuncInv
stating that inv(R) is functional. An example is the functional role associating
wheelchairs to their current route through the living lab, and the composed roles
associating a wheelchair to its next position and next area:
wheelchair_ r ou te : WheelChair * Route
Func ( wheelchair_r o ut e )
wcnextpositi on : WheelChair * Position
wcnextpositi on = wheelchair _r ou t e . route_next
wcnextarea : WheelChair * Area
wcnextarea = wcnextpositi on . isinarea
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