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 NORDIC INSTITUTE OF ASIAN STUDIES
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93. Andrew Hardy: Red Hills

 TANEGASHIMA

The Arrival of Europe in Japan

Olof G.Lidin
 Nordic Institute of Asian Studies
Monograph Series, No. 90
First published in 2002 by NIAS Press
Nordic Institute of Asian Studies
Leifsgade 33, DK–2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
tel: (+45) 3254 8844 • fax: (+45) 3296 2530
E-mail: [email protected] • Website: http://www.niaspress.dk/
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
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Routledges’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to
www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”

Cover design by Jesper von Wieding

© Olof G.Lidin 2002

Publication of this book was made possible thanks to
economic support from the Carlsberg Foundation, Denmark
British Library Catalogue in Publication Data
Lidin, Olof G.
Tanegashima: the arrival of Europe in Japan.—(NIAS
monographs in Asian studies; no. 90)
1. Portuguese—Japan—Tanegashima—History—16th century
2. Portuguese—Japan—Tanegashima—History—16th century
—Sources 3. Weapons—Japan—History—Kamakura Momoyama
periods, 1185–1600 4. Weapons—Japan—History—Kamakura
Momoyama periods, 1185–1600—Sources 5. Japan—Civilization
Western influences 6. Japan—Civilization—1185–1600 7. Japan—
Religion—To 1600 8. Japan—Civilization—Western influences—
Sources 9. Japan—Civilization—1185–1600—Sources 10. Japan—
Religion—To 1600—Sources
I. Title II. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies
303.4'82520469

ISBN 0-203-47957-2 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-47995-5 (Adobe eReader Format)

ISBN 87-91114-10-1 (Print Edition) (NIAS cloth)
ISBN 87-91114-12-8 (Print Edition) (NIAS paperback)

ISBN 0-7007-1674-2 (Print Edition) (RoutledgeCurzon cloth)

ISBN 0-7007-1675-0 (Print Edition) (RoutledgeCurzon paperback)

ISBN 0-203-47957-2 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-48004-X (OEB Format)
ISBN 0-7007-1675-0 (Print Edition)
To the people of Tanegashima
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 Contents

Preface xii
Author’s Note xiv

CHAPTER 1 The Arrival of the Portuguese 1

CHAPTER 2 The Record of the Musket (Teppōki)—a Translation 27
CHAPTER 3 Translations of the Tanegashima kafu 31
CHAPTER 4 The Tanegashima Family and the Tanegashima kafu 39
CHAPTER 5 The Teppōki, the Tanegashima kafu and the Historical Setting 49
CHAPTER 6 Fernão Mendes Pinto’s Four Visits to Japan, according to the 69
Peregrinaçam
CHAPTER 7 The Record of the Kunitomo Teppōki (Kunitomo teppōki)—a 89
Translation
CHAPTER 8 The Kunitomo Teppōki—a Discussion 95
CHAPTER 9 Teppō Production at Sakai 102
CHAPTER 10 Teppō Production at Negoro 105
CHAPTER 11 The Spread of the Teppō on Kyushu 107
CHAPTER 12 Francisco (Francis) Xavier in Japan 112

APPENDICES

I: The Teppōki 126

II: The Tanegashima kafu (Partial) 131
III: The Kunitomo Teppō 133
Notes 139
Kanji Glossary 188
Bibliography 197
Index 211
 Illustrations

MAPS

1. The long route from Lisbon to Japan (based on the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum of xiv
1570 by Abraham Ortelius)
2. Tanegashima and the approaches to Japan 2
3. Tanegashima and the spread of the teppō 6
4. Detail map of central Honshu 101
5. Kyushu in the late 16th century 108
6. Xavier’s travels in Japan 116

FIGURES

1. The original musket brought by the Portuguese and the first musket produced by 4
Yaita Kinbee Kiyosada
2. The beautiful Wakasa and the less beautiful Portuguese merchant 8
3. Wakasa, holding the teppō, welcomes today’s visitors 9
4. Picture by Hokusai of the first two Portuguese on Tanegashima 18
5. The 14th-generation Tanegashima lord, Tanegashima Tokitaka (1528–79), and his 40
29th-generation descendant, Tanegashima Tokikuni (b. 1949)
6. Title page of Mendes Pinto’s Peregrinaçam (1614 edition) 70
7. Portrait of Fernão Mendes Pinto 80
8. Portuguese trumpeter 82
9. Japanese portrait of Francis Xavier 113
 Preface

Beginnings are fascinating—in history as in life generally. A great beginning, if not the
greatest, in Japanese history was the arrival of the West. This had to wait until the middle
of the sixteenth century, or more exactly 1543, as will be discussed in this exposition. It
has been my long-standing wish to find out about and to present the facts about this
beginning, which forms a frontier in Japanese history as important as the earlier outset
when the Japanese world was confronted with the Chinese civilization. Beginnings have,
however, the nature of being difficult to trace—also this beginning in Japanese history.
When describing an origin in history it is also important to trace what led up to this origin
and follow up in times immediately afterwards. Part of the arrival of the first Europeans
was also the arrival of Francis Xavier and the Jesuit mission but there the line is drawn.
The work is focused on the short period between 1543 and 1549, the infancy years of
the European (that is, Portuguese) presence in Japan. After the arrival of the Jesuit
missionaries a new age begins with lively contacts and yearly reports. These first six
years are what is of main interest here because they are a beginning, filled with so many
question marks. The discussion has of course been extended to times both before and
after but, in the main, the emphasis is on this period. In the centre of the presentation the
reader will find the early Japanese works which deal with the Portuguese arrival, the
Teppōki (‘Record of the Musket’) and the Tanegashima kafu (‘Chronicle of the
Tanegashima Family’), the first translated in full and the second in its relevant part.
Since the subject deals with a colourful era of East-West relations, it has been easy to
find pictures and illustrations to illuminate the presentation. For the scholarly reader,
originals of the translated kanbun texts are added as an appendix.
During the work I have visited Tanegashima, the location of this historical beginning,
several times and to this wonderful island I wish to express my first thanks. Then there
are some local people who have assisted me in my work. My special thanks go to Mr.
H.Yoshinaga who received me first time already in 1989. Next my gratitude goes to Mr.
Tokikuni Tanegashima (the present, 29th generation of the Tanegashima family) who
readily met me, escorted me around the island and informed me about his amazing family
tradition. Then my gratitude goes to M.Inomoto, the author, who honoured me by sharing
his rich knowledge about the island. Next I wish to thank Ms. N.Futami, who was my
research assistant, helping me whenever I had problems or was in need of information.
Thanks, too, to Director T.Hirayama who often accompanied me in my research work
and generously made office facilities available.
On the Western side my special thanks go to Professor K.Kracht and Humboldt
University in Berlin where I was allowed to use office facilities during repeated visits and
where Ms. K.Adachi-Rabe assisted me through the mysteries of kanbun readings. My
gratitude also goes to Gerald Jackson, Editor in Chief, and his staff who did great
preparatory work and to the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS Press) that
undertook the publication of the work.
 Last but not least, my thanks to the Carlsberg Foundation whose financial support for
this book assisted its publication.
 Author’s Note

My translations of the sources, the Teppōki, Tanegashima kafu, Kunitomo teppōki and
Yaita-shi Kiyosada ichiryū no keizu have keen made from originals in Chinese, each
furnished with kaeriten (‘return markers’) for reading in Japanese. It was later that I
found M.di Russo’s translation of the Teppōki, which made me revise my translation and
add some important footnotes. Later I also found a Japanese version of the Tanegashima
kafu at the Kenritsu toshokan at Kagoshima with some valuable readings that are added.
The Teppōki and Kunitomo teppōki are appendices to T.Hora, Tanegashima jū and they
appear as printed in his work. The excerpt of Tanegashima kafu (Ch. 2, Shigetoki), about
the arrival of the two Portuguese, originates from a copy held at the Kenritsu toshokan.
The Yaita-shi Kiyosada ichiryū no keizu is also found in T.Hora’s Tanegashima-jū, Ch. 1,
as well as in other sources, as the footnotes indicate.

Map 1: The long route from Lisbon to Japan (based on the Theatrum Orbis
Terrarum of 1570 by Abraham Ortelius)
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