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Efficient Electrical Systems
Design Handbook
“This page left intentionally blank.”
Efficient Electrical Systems
Design Handbook
by
Albert Thumann, P.E., C.E.M. and
Harry Franz, P.E.
 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Thumann, Albert.
Effcient electrical systems design handbook / by Albert Thumann and Harry
Franz.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-10: 0-88173-593-0 (alk. paper) -- ISBN-10: 0-88173-594-9 (electronic)
ISBN-13: 978-1-4398-0300-4 (Taylor & Francis : alk. paper)
1. Commercial buildings--Electric equipment. 2. Electric power systems.
I. Franz, Harry, 1947- II. Title.

TK4001.T58 2008
621.3--dc22
2008039662

Effcient electrical systems design handbook / by Albert Thumann and Harry Franz.
©2009 by The Fairmont Press. All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Published by The Fairmont Press, Inc.

700 Indian Trail
Lilburn, GA 30047
tel: 770-925-9388; fax: 770-381-9865
http://www.fairmontpress.com

Distributed by Taylor & Francis Ltd.

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Boca Raton, FL 33487, USA
E-mail: [email protected]

Distributed by Taylor & Francis Ltd.

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Deodar Road
London SW15 2NU, UK
E-mail: [email protected]

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

10: 0-88173-593-0 (The Fairmont Press, Inc.)

13: 978-1-4398-0300-4 (Taylor & Francis Ltd.)

While every effort is made to provide dependable information, the publisher,

authors, and editors cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions.

iv
This book is dedicated to my father
who showed me how to install
electrical systems.

Albert Thumann

v
Efficient Electrical Systems
Design Handbook
“This page left intentionally blank.”
Contents

Chapter Page
1 Electrical Basics ...................................................................................... 1
2 Using the Language of the Electrical Engineer ................................ 19
3 Equipment Selection Considerations. ............................................... 41
4 Analyzing Power Distribution Systems ........................................... 63
5 Conduit and Conductor Sizing .......................................................... 87
6 How to Design a Lighting System ................................................... 167
7 Using Logic to Simplify Control Systems ....................................... 201
8 Applying Process Controllers and
Electronic Instrumentation ............................................................... 223
9 Protective Relaying for Power Distribution Systems ................... 237
10 Energy Economic Analysis ............................................................... 265
11 Energy Management Systems .......................................................... 283
12 Power Line Disturbances: A User’s Perspective
of Mitigation Equipment and Techniques ...................................... 301
13 Variable Speed Drives ....................................................................... 315
14 Field Measurements and Determination of Electric
Motor Efficiency ............................................................................. ... 337
15 Testing Rewinds to Avoid Motor Efficiency Degradation ........... 349
16 Guidelines for Implementing an
Energy-efficient Motor Retrofit Program........................................ 365
References........................................................................................................ 385
Index ............................................................................................................... 387

vii
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“This page left intentionally blank.”
Foreword

The understanding of electrical system design has become increas-

ingly important, not only to the electrical designer, but to safety, plant
and project engineers as well. With the advent of high energy costs, plant
and project engineers have needed to become more aware of electrical
systems. Both safety and energy efficiency will be covered in this text
along with practical application problems for industrial and commercial
electrical design.

ix
“This page left intentionally blank.”
Chapter 1

Electrical Basics

The field of electrical engineering is a large and diverse one. Often

included under the general title of electrical engineer are the fields of elec-
tronics, semiconductors, computer science, power, lighting and electro-
magnetics. The focus of this book is on the consulting or plant electrical
engineer whose responsibilities include facility power distribution and
lighting.
The following chapter provides a brief review of basic concepts that
serve as background for the electrical engineer. A thorough understand-
ing of these concepts, while helpful, is not essential to understanding the
remainder of this book.

ELECTRICAL UNITS

Table 1-1 and the following text provide definitions of the basic elec-
trical quantities.

Table 1-1. Electrical Quantities in MKS Units

————————————————————————————————
Quantity Symbol Definition Unit
————————————————————————————————
Force f push or pull Newton
Energy w ability to do work joule or watt-
second
Power p energy /unit of time watt
Charge q integral of current coulomb
Current i rate of flow of charge ampere
Voltage v energy /unit charge volt
Electric field E force/unit charge volt/meter
strength
Magnetic flux B force/unit charge tesla
density momentum
Magnetic flux φ integral of magnetic weber
weber flux density
————————————————————————————————
1
2 Efficient Electrical Systems Design Handbook

“Force”—A force of 1 newton is required to cause a mass of 1 kilogram to

change its velocity at a rate of 1 meter per second.
“Energy”—Energy in a system is measured by the amount of work which
the system is capable of doing. The joule or watt-second is the energy
associated with an electromotive force of 1 volt and the passage of
one coulomb of electricity.
“Power”—Power measures the rate at which energy is transferred or trans-
formed. The transformation of 1 joule of energy in 1 second repre-
sents an average power of 1 watt.
“Charge”—Charge is a “quantity” of electricity. The coulomb is defined as
the charge on 6.24 × 1018 electrons, or as the charge experiencing a
force of 1 newton in an electric field of one volt per meter, or as the
charge transferred in 1 second by a current of 1 ampere.
“Current”—The current through an area is defined by the electric charge
passing through per unit of time. The current is the net rate of flow of
positive charges. In a current of 1 ampere, charge is being transferred
at the rate of 1 coulomb per second.
“Voltage”—The energy-transfer capability of a flow of electric charge is
determined by the potential difference of voltage through which the
charge moves. A charge of 1 coulomb receives or delivers an energy
of 1 joule in moving through a voltage of 1 volt.
“Electric Field Strength”—Around a charge, a region of influence exists
called an “electric field.” The electric field strength is defined by the
magnitude and direction of the force on a unit positive charge in the
field (i.e., force/unit charge).
“Magnetic Flux Density”—Around a moving charge or current exists a
region of influence called a “magnetic field.” The intensity of the
magnetic effect is determined by the magnetic flux density, which
is defined by the magnitude and direction of a force exerted on a
charge moving in the field with a certain velocity. A force of 1 newton
is experienced by a charge of 1 coulomb moving with a velocity of 1
meter per second normal to a magnetic flux density of 1 tesla.
“Magnetic Flux”—Magnetic flux quantity, in webers, is obtained by inte-
grating magnetic flux density over an area.

RESISTANCE

If a battery is connected with a wire to make a complete circuit, a

current will flow. (See the schematic representation in Figure 1-1.) The cur-
Electrical Basics 3

rent that flows is observed to be proportional to the applied voltage. The

constant that relates the voltage and current is called “resistance.” If the
symbol v represents volts, the symbol i represents current, and the symbol
R represents resistance (measured in ohms-Ω), the relationship can be ex-
pressed by the equation:

FORMULA 1-1 v = Ri

This expression is called Ohm’s Law.

Since voltage is the energy per unit charge and current is the charge
per unit time, the basic expression for electrical energy per unit time, or
power, is:

FORMULA 1-2 P = vi = i2R

Consequently, resistance is also defined as a measure of the ability of a

device to dissipate power (in the form of heat).

Figure 1-1. Ohm’s Law Representation

CAPACITANCE

Now let’s connect the battery to two flat plates separated by a small
air space between them. (See the schematic representation in Figure 1-2.)
When a voltage is applied, it is observed that a positive charge appears on
the plate connected to the positive terminal of the battery, and a negative
charge appears on the plate connected to the negative terminal. If the bat-
tery is disconnected, the charge persists. Such a device that stores charge
is called a capacitor.
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