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East Eats West Writing in Two Hemispheres 1st Edition
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Author(s): Andrew Lam
ISBN(s): 9781597141383, 1597141380
Edition: 1
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f-SH if

PRAISE FOR^’cwfjParj West

“Lam describes our new Pacific world in prose that is subtle,

mesmerizing, and unforgettable.”—Jeff Chang, author of Can’t Stop
Won’t Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation and Who We Be:
The Colorization of America

“Andrew Lam is an expert time-traveler, collapsing childhood and

adulthood; years of war and peace; and the evolution of language in
his own life, time, and mind. To read Andrew’s work is a joy and a pro­
found journey.”—Farai Chideya, reporter and author of Kiss the Sky

“Lam’s story is heartbreaking and inspiring as it tells of the travails,

the tragedies, and the successes of the Vietnamese and other Asians
who came to America to escape oppression and better their lives and
the lives of their children and in the process, blessed and changed
America. Larry Engelmann, author of Tears before the Rain:
An Oral History of the Fall of South Fietnam

“One of the best American essayists of his generation.”

—Wayne Karlin, author of Wandering Souls: Journeys with the
Dead and the Living in Fiet Nam

“By turns playful, thoughtful, and critically astute, this is his version
of the voice the New America speaks, and it is a superbly fresh lyric.
East Eats West is a sublime dissertation on what happens when the
‘marginal’ finally arrives at the ‘center.’”—Ruben Martinez, Fletcher
Jones Chair in Literature and Writing at Loyola Marymount University
and author of Crossing Over: A Mexican Family on the Migrant Trail

“Andrew Lam’s work weaves journalism and storytelling beautifully.

Together the essays craft a new Vietnamese American identity that is
 invested in neither retrieving ‘authentic’ culture or claiming America.
Lam’s vision is shaped by the past, not beholden to it, and trusting
of the future.”—Isabelle Thuy Pelaud, associate professor of Asian
American studies at San Francisco State University

“No one writes about being Vietnamese and American with a finer sad­
ness or a richer sense of irony or greater humor than Andrew Lam.”
—Richard Rodriguez, author of Brown: The Last Discovery of America

“With a sharp eye on American idiosyncrasies, with a sad understand­

ing of the inevitable distance between immigrant parents and their
children, with a nuanced hopefulness for culinary utopias, and with an EAST EATS WEST
unstoppable curiosity to fathom the layered multilingual memories of
an immigrant. East Eats West initiates the reader to the fact that ‘in the
Writing in Two Hemispheres
land of plenty there’s plenty of irony’ too.”—Werner Sollors, pro­
fessor of African and African American studies. Harvard University,-
author of Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture ANDREW LAM
“Sometimes sweet, sometimes bitter, always delicious, Andrew Lam’s
elegantly plated and richly spiced morsels of transcultural observation
are a must for anyone interested in delving deeper into the evolving
social palate of a nation whose tastes, aspirations and desires are more
shaped by immigrant influences than ever before. Indeed, given that
the melting pot has long since been dismissed as a description of our
diverse society, commentators might do well to look to Lam’s musings
on the quintessential dish of his heritage, pho, for a substitute meta­
phor—America as an interwoven tangle of discrete ingredients, each
lending flavor to the others, and held together by a broth of infinite
richness and depth that incorporates the best of each. East Eats West is
a movable feast for a nouvelle America that, like all great meals, leaves
you both fully satiated yet somehow hungry for more.”
—Jeff Yang, “Asian Pop” columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle Heyday, Berkeley. California
 r/fy
■ Z- 3 5"(f
<2.Z>ZO CONTENTS

©2010 by Andrew Lam

Acknowledgments vi
All rights reserved. No portion of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in Introduction i
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in ode to the Bay 5
writing from Heyday.
Wild, Wild East 13
“Who Will Light Incense.’”, “Mourning the Loss of the Tiger,” “Singing in the My Teacher, My Friend 23
Family,” “In Search of Hermes’ Belt,” “Stress, Vietnamese-Style,” “Too Much
Waterloo 33
Self-Esteem Can Be Bad for Your Child,” “Our Man Obama: The Post-Imperial
Presidency,” “Letter to a Young Iraqi Refugee to America,” and “Can Ghosts Cross One Asian Writer’s Lesson:
the Ocean.’” first appeared in New American Media and are reproduced with permission. Love Your Immigrant Parents, Follow Your Bliss 39

“Wild, Wild East,” “California Cuisine of the World” (originally “Diversity Feeds From Rice Fields to Microchips:
California Cuisine”), and “Letters from a Younger Brother” (originally “Letter to The Vietnamese Story in California 5i
Myself ”) first appeared in California Magarine.
Who Will Light Incense.^ 6p
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mourning the Loss of the Tiger 73
Lam, Andrew.
East eats West: writing in two hemispheres / Andrew Lam. Singing in the Family 77
p. cm.
California Cuisine of the World 81
ISBN 978-1-59714-138-3 (pbk.: alk. paper)
I. Lam, Andrew. 2. Vietnamese Americans—Biography. 3. Vietnamese Americans__ In Search of Hermes’ Belt Sg
Social life and customs. 4. Culture diffusion—United States. 5. Culture diffusion__
Vietnam. 1. Title.
Stress, Vietnamese-Style 93
E184.V53L358 2010 Too Much Self-Esteem Can Be Bad for Your Child 9J
973’.O495—dc22
2010017834 From Mao to Yao Ming loi
Tragedy and the New American Childhood loy
Cover Design: Lorraine Rath
Interior Design: Rebecca LeGates
A Our Man Obama: The Post-Imperial Presidency ii5
Printing and Binding: Thomson-Shore, Dexter, MI
Ph(o)netics 123
Ordefs, inquiries, and correspondence should be addressed to: Letter to a Young Iraqi Refugee to America 129
H^day 1
P. Q. Box 9145, Berkeley, CA 94709 Can Ghosts Cross the Ocean.^ 135
(5*0) 549-3564, Fax (510) 549-1889
Buddha and Ancestral Spirits in Suburbia 139
www.heydaybooks.com t
i '4 >, Letters from a Younger Brother 189
109P7654321 j
About the Author 169
 TO AMY, ERIC. AND BRANDON

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS introduction

I have a few mentors to thank: Richard Rodriguez, for his kind­

whenever I hear the word chua, Vietnamese for “sour,” I think
ness and wise counsel; Sandy Close, who provides an unconven­
of tamarind, the sticky brown fruit that grew in abundance
tional environment for a quirky writer; and her husband, Franz
on shading trees in my old schoolyard back in Saigon, and its
Schurmann, who was de facto my world politics and history
intense sour-sweet memories inevitably cause my molars to
professor for many years after I graduated from college. I am
vibrate and my mouth to water. I hear “sour” in English and I
inspired by my good friend Milbert, who travels to some very hot
don’t feel a thing.
spots for the sake of human rights.
And yet, it is in English now that I ply my trade, it is in Eng­
I also am indebted to my mother, whose stories of Vietnam
lish that I dream and think, and it is in English that I best express
stay deep in her psyche even if the contemporary American land­
myself. Vietnam, its language, its memories, are reduced to a kind
scape begins to fade, and of course my father, who, despite his
of lullaby, which is to say, visceral and yet out of the quotidian of
own grief, shares much of his worldly wisdom with his children.
my life.
And last, I am thankful to my first English teacher, Mr. Kaeselau,
Such are the strange bearings of those who lurk between East
whose kindness will always stay deep in my heart.
and West, between languages, between memories and desires.
Where the two hemispheres overlap, however, is where I learned
and relearned how to mediate opposed ideas and to bridge dispa­
rate viewpoints. A barely charted territory, it is fraught with con­
tradictions and tensions, its waters treacherous with the various
tugs and undercurrents.
Over the years I have watched the East and West pas de deux
as forces of history as well as my own fragmented biography.
The differences I learned very early on. In Vietnam you do not
look your teachers in the eye unless it is to challenge them. In
America if you fail to look your teachers in the eye they may
think you shifty, that you have something to hide. Americans are
fond of saying, “I love you.” Vietnamese don’t share words of

1
 introduction
INTRODUCTION

affection very easily, if at all. No, they show it; it’s all in the ges­ swearing my allegiance to the flag, and promising my soul and
tures working three jobs so your kids can go to private school,
body to protect the land and its sacred rice fields and rivers.
saving the best apple for your spouse while eating the bruised one
Wide-eyed child that I was, I believed every word.
yourself. Americans celebrate birthdays. Vietnamese light incense
But then the war ended and I, along with my family (and even­
and have feasts on death anniversaries of important relatives.
tually a couple of million other Vietnamese), betrayed our agrar­
American children can t wait to leave home at eighteen, Vietnam­
ian ethos and land-bound sentiments by fleeing overseas to lead a
ese children stay around long into adulthood, and often even after
very different life.
they marry. In Vietnam individualism is equated with selfishness.
These days I regularly travel between East Asia and the
America elevates it to an ideology, it demands it: life, liberty, and
United States as an American journalist and writer. My relatives,
the pursuit of happiness. America whispers rebellion of the indi­
once all concentrated in Saigon, are scattered across three conti­
vidual against the communal: Follow your dream.
nents, speaking three and four other languages, becoming citizens
Perhaps it is easier to abandon one system and swallow the
of several different countries. Once communal and bound by a
new. Then perhaps life wouldn’t be so difficult for those who
common sense of geography, we are now part of a global tribe.
migrate East to West. But the melting pot concept hasn’t really
Still trying to adjust to the radical shift in our lives—once a very
worked. It is more like a blender into which differences are forced
sedentary people, we have become a highly mobile clan with mul­
and then regurgitated as platitudes, sort of like Disney movies,
tiple affiliations—we thrive and prosper. It is that transition, that
which rewrite all complicated stories toward a single outcome, a
adding on of identity, that effort to adjust, that I mainly write
thinning, predictable, happily-ever-after formula.
about, both in fiction and nonfiction.
The modern condition, the reality, on the other hand, is messy,
I think of that tongue-tied refugee child at the blackboard in
defined by mismatch and by an intensifying and growing com­
seventh grade drawing pictures of helicopters and rice paddies,
plexity. Or rather, increasingly it is cosmopolitanism that is the
trying to tell his story to his new American classmates, sharing
norm. According to the French writer Pascal Bruckner, cosmo­ what he remembered, what he had lost. He knew it even before he
politanism speaks of being rooted in the depths of several lay­
could fully articulate it: between East and West lay a terrain that
ers of memory, in numerous particularities. “It does not collect a
needed to be charted by stories, fused by his new eyes and imagi­
trait here or there. It becomes incarnate. It means counterbalanc­
nation, and he needed to tell those stories if he ever hoped to be
ing the land of one’s birth with additional homelands.” I think
whole again. Decades later, I’m happy to report that—dancing at
of It as something like Michael Ondaatje’s novel The English
the far end of that continuum—he’s still doggedly at it.
Patient, m which a set of complicated characters with variant and
divergent histories decide to populate an abandoned villa, and in
It t ey argue and fall in love, and in between they tell each other
tneir stories.
Here s mine. I grew up a patriotic South Vietnamese living in
letnam during the war. I remember singing the national anthem.

2 3
ODE TO THE BAY

My first California moment: I am twelve years old. I do not yet

speak English, only Vietnamese and French. Fresh from the
Pendleton refugee camp, I am, after summer school, quickly
enrolled in an ESL class at Colma Junior High, south of San
Francisco. On our second day we all learn to parrot this phrase:
“I am from...” Thus, shyly, in various accents, the world intro­
duces itself:

...the. Philippines
.. .Mexico
...Nicaragua
....Greece
... Taiwan
... Vietnam.

For my first semester I am wedged between Mexico and Tai­

wan. Taiwan is timid and bookish, but boisterous Mexico, whose
name is Juan, and I immediately bond. Communicating with our
hands, facial gestures, and a few shared words, we manage to joke
and banter. “I am from Mexico,” Juan keeps whispering in vari­
ous cadences, as if trying out a new song, until I fall into a fit of
giggles. Mrs. H., our teacher, who is beautiful and blond, and
married to a black man from Africa (.she shows us pictures of her
wedding the first day), makes us sit outside of the classroom for
disrupting the class.
 EAST EATS WEST ODE TO THE BAY

And here’s the moment: A redhead stops by as Juan continues there were 112 languages spoken in the Bay Area, and 80 in the
his antics outside. “I’m from here,” she says, and then she shakes thirty-square-mile city of Richmond, population one hundred
our hands as if we had just landed on the tarmac. “Welcome to thousand. On warm summer afternoons, San Francisco’s Nob
America, she says. She then gives us each a stick of cinnamon Hill turns into the modern Tower of Babel. The languages of the
gum. Juan and I look at each other and shrug. I pop the gum into
world—Chinese, French, Spanish, German, Russian, Thai, Japa­
my mouth and chew.
nese, Hindi, Vietnamese, and many more I do not recognize—
Spicy. Sweet.
waft in through open windows, accompanied by the cable cars’
As an American adult I can now finally say what I intuited merry ding-clanging bells.
at that piquant instant: to live in the Bay Area, where I am now
These days Shanghai, Mumbai, Cairo, Paris, Buenos Aires,
from, is to live at the crossroads of a global society. It’s many
and the like are much closer to the Bay Area than we ever thought
a tourist s mistake to define the place materially, and it is true possible. There’s a transnational revolution taking place, one
that the things it is known for—arching bridges and grand ports
right beneath our noses. The teenage girl in Marin County is flirt­
and famed high-tech companies—evoke, in many ways, what
ing in the chat room with the teenage boy in Islamabad. The Chi­
often transpires here: the ability to span distances and transgress
nese businessman in Silicon Valley is talking to his grandmother
borders.
in Guangdong on his cell phone while answering emails to his
A magnificent terrain, certainly, and full of golden promises, business partners in London and Rio de Janeiro. And when a
but so much more: a place where human restlessness and fabulous woman at a cocktail party told me casually that she was bicoastal,
alchemical commingling are becoming increasingly the norm. she did not mean the tired New York—San Francisco trajectory.
The entire world comes to the Bay Area, and the Bay Area, in
She summers in San Francisco but winters in Shanghai.
return, assimilates the world. The Central Pacific Railroad ended Or try on this scene, another California moment: in their high-
here, but more than a century and a half later, the majority of ceilinged SoMa flat, two friends of mine are conversing with the
the construction of that far-reaching new undertaking, the infor­ world. An Austrian HiB Silicon Valley computer whiz chats with
mation highway—Yahoo, Google, IBM, eBay, Cisco Systems, his parents in Vienna on his webcam; his Singaporean boyfriend,
Craigslist, Apple, Pixar, Intel, Oracle, and a myriad of others— who is holding his hand, is gossiping in mixed Mandarin and
while centered here, is everywhere, virtually.
English on his cell phone with his sister in Melbourne. On TV,
Gertrude Stein once observed about Oakland, where she spent which neither one is watching at the moment, characters from
her childhood, that “there’s no there there.” But having grown
their favorite Japanese anime are fighting a bloody battle in some
up here and traveled the world, I’d like to add this corollary:
futuristic metropolis.
nowhere is as both here and there as the Bay Area.
California’s diversity is, of course, nothing new. Multiracial,
Go to the San Francisco International Airport on any given
multicultural, and multilingual—even if differences were not
day and you’ll see what I mean. A world in motion, in flux: the
historically celebrated, all these delineations were part of the
number of people who pass through those gates at SFO each year
Golden State from the get-go. Native’Americans in California
exceeds the entire population of the Golden State. At last count.
were forced to forfeit their lands to early settlers, and another

6 7
 EAST EATS WEST ODE TO THE BAY

epic collision came when Latin and Anglo America met East Asia In my lifetime here I have watched the pressure to move
and the result was modern California. toward some generic, standardized melting-potted center
Long before Webster acknowledged the word, globaliza­ jgUate—transform, in fact—to something quite its opposite, as
tion had already swept over the Bay Area. Gold made the state the demography shifts toward a society in which there’s no dis­
famous around the world, and the world rushed in and greeted cernible majority, no clear single center. Being Asian I can’t help
itself, perhaps for the first time. Since then layers upon layers of
but notice, of course, the region’s undeniable Asian flare. It’s
complexity tastes, architecture, religions, animals, plants, sto­
therefore not surprising that Kevin, with his Germanic ances­
ries, music, languages—have been piled onto the place, making try, is so impressed by the Orient. Or rather, the Orient has for
it in many ways postmodern even before the rest of the world a while now impressed itself upon him. In a Chinese restaurant
struggled to enter the modern era. the other day, he scowled at the French tourist’s struggle with
Before I came to San Francisco I too knew it, as most East
her chopsticks over a bowl of shrimp noodle at the next table—
Asians knew it, as Old Gold Mountain, with the Golden Gate as a single chopstick in each well-manicured hand, as if she were
entrance to a wondrous America. Living on that mountain now, about to knit. “I have to say, that fucking offends me! It’s just so
I too have seen my share of the gold rush made new by micro- ’
un-San Franciscan.”
chips and startup companies. “Try to imagine,” a Vietnamese Which made me laugh. Somehow Kevin’s unabashed insis­
American entrepreneur friend of mine tells me, “a new wave tence that chopstick etiquette should be essential to Bay Area
of Indians and Chinese and Vietnamese software programmers living is at once obvious and somehow radical. Which is to also
building the information highway, and you have the repeat of say, if I once felt ashamed of my parents’ singsong accents or my
when poor Chinese laborers were building the railroad.” Except mother’s strong-scented cooking, or my own Vietnamese memo­
for this: he retired at thirty-eight, having sold his startup com­ ries, I see them now as a norm, as regional colors, if not assets.
pany at the right time, and now manages his portfolio and col­ Ethnic is chic in a metropolis that grows increasingly hori­
lects art. zontal, where ethnic festivals and parades are celebrated publicly
Diversity may not be new, but it has certainly been intensi­ with everyone else participating and cheering, and in my mind’s
fied by the volume of interactions, and by the rate of change we eye, they crisscross and stretch into one another, amalgamating
are all experiencing due to the forces of globalization. And new toward a hopeful future shimmering at the horizon.
too IS the way our society has gone from being overtly xenopho­ But here, too, is where extreme individualism cohabits with
bic—many Chinese railroad workers were murdered when they estranged communalism, often within the same block. Tightly
finished building the railroad—to celebratory about our differ­ knit tribes—Little Saigons, Chinatowns, Little Kabuls—with
ences. While racism will always lurk in many a resenting heart, their own in-language media and temples and churches, exist
and fear of the other will always be part of the human condition, alongside Latino Muslims, black Buddhists, Mien teenagers
cultures that were once considered proprietary have spilled irre-’ speaking Ebonics. Cities meld into one another here, where
vocably into the mainstream, mixing with one another, trans­ neighborhoods overlap one another, and where every system—
forming the landscape. community, company, individual—is opened to various degrees.

8 9
 EAST EATS WEST ODE TO THE BAY

communicating with every other, and constantly readjtisting expansive in its richness as never before, if an individual is open
itself in many marvelous and surprising ways. to change.
This is the age of “hybridity,” as coined by G. Pascal Zach­ To live in the Bay Area fully is to learn to see the many dimen­
ary, in which individuals claim multiple memberships. Chil­ sions of the world simultaneously; where others hear a cacoph­
dren born from so much intermixing have coined new words to ony, the resident of cosmopolitan reality discerns a symphony. It
describe themselves—Blaxicans, Hindjews, Chirish, Afropinos, entails the ability to overcome the paralysis that may be caused by
Caureans, Japoricans, Cambofricans, Chungarians, Zebras, many conflicting ideas, by finding and inventing new connections
and Rainbows—coinages that confound the standard catego­ between them. It entails fundamental respect for others’ histories.
ries offered by the U.S. Census. What to do indeed when the Above all, one needs the spirit of adventure and curiosity, and the
category of “Other” threatens to be as large as anything like willingness to hear and embrace others’ stories and to recognize
“Black” or “Hispanic” or “Asian”.'' Lonny Shavelson and Fred in them one’s own.
Setterberg, authors of the book of photos and essays Under the
Dragon, remind us that nearly a quarter of UC Berkeley stu­
dents polled in 2004 identified themselves as “multi-racial or One more California moment: Sitting next to me on a jumbo jet
multi-ethnic.” coming back from Tokyo, an old woman in her nineties gives in
But if the center does not hold, or rather, if we now live in to nostalgia. The orchards she knew as a little girl come flood­
a multi-centered reality, where not just society but individuals ing back as she peers down at the valley below. She remembers
themselves have become diverse, with multiple affiliations and the scent of peach blossoms, a verdant valley, a slow rhythm of
memberships, then what possible metaphor can capture it all? life. But oh, how everything changes so quickly. How the peach
Shavelson and Setterberg came up with one: under the flap of the trees of her youth had transformed into a Valley of Silicon. She is
dancing Chinese dragon at the Chinese New Year parade, Latinos otherwise a kindred soul, an avid traveler. “Have you been away
and Russian immigrants and Samoans are found dancing along long.^” she asks.
with the Chinese. It is both an apt and poetic image of this new “A month,” I say. “Not too long, but long enough. I can’t wait
undiscovered country. to come home.”
But be warned: the horizontal metropolis is not seeking equi­ We are almost on the ground. On the speakers, the flight atten­
librium. And, like the undulating dragon, it seeks to create new dant tells us in English, Mandarin, then Japanese to fasten our
patterns and points of connection in a world that is constantly seatbelts and adjust our seats for the landing. Out the window,
changing. No one book or essay is therefore enough to capture beneath our wings, I see the rolling hills of San Francisco, the
the enormous complexity of the Bay Area. spanning bridges, the shimmering high-rises, the sparkling bay.
After all, here is where, for the first time in human history, all But then I feel the gentle touch of my seatmate’s wizened hand
of the world’s traditions and ideas are available at close prox­ alighting on my own. “Well,” she says, imparting a longstanding
imity, and with the information of the world compressed and local wisdom, “tell you what—it’s a new world every time.”
compiled and available at the click of a mouse. Here life can be

10 11
WILD, WILD EAST

Picture this sun-drenched memory: I am five years old in white

pajamas and swinging on a hammock. The cicadas are humming
on the flame trees but I’m not entirely there in the Mekong Delta.
In my hands is a thick, worn picture book; I’m on a quest with
Monkey King, Pig Monster, and a cranky Water Demon as they
search for their kidnapped master in Journey to the West—my first
martial arts, magic-endowed epic.
That famous, well-loved sixteenth-century yarn came down
from far up north—from an equally mythical country called
China. Besides Confucianism and Taoism, China gave me clash­
ing swords, flashing silk brocades, and demonic fighters dancing
on mountaintops, and for many a childhood siesta I just simply
couldn’t go to sleep.
Picture, then, another memory: I am nine and being driven
to school in an army jeep in Saigon. But today the street is filled
with weeping young men donning white headbands. On their
shoulders sits a garlanded altar. My jeep draws near. Bruce
Lee’s handsome photograph stares out of the altar, his face full
of confidence and determination. Asia’s most famous son died
a few days earlier while making a film in Hong Kong. I, too,
begin to cry.
Every schoolboy I know loves Bruce Lee, and I am no excep­
tion. At school, the older boys often say, “Little Dragon Lee
shows the Americans and the French how it is to fight, and what
honor really is.” Through Little Dragon Lee, we can imagine

13
 EAST EATS WEST WILD, WILD EAST

ourselves our own faces, on the silver screen, never mind that We knew all the lore of martial arts epics: the right acupres­
Vietnamese see China as a traditional enemy. Lee transcended sure could paralyze one’s enemy, the antidote to the deadly flower
race and national boundaries. In the schoolyard many of us, after from the Cave of Desperate Love was the poisonous sting of a
having seen a Bruce Lee movie, would pretend to know martial certain bee, Wu Tang Clan’s secret fighting manual would teach
arts. We would fight each other under the shade of the tamarind you how to soar high above the treetops and run on the surface
trees, and repeat certain lines learned from the film, and echo of water. “The Iron Palm,” “The Eight Holy Dragon Steps,”
Bruce Lee’s famous high-pitched growl to unnerve our oppo­ and “The Six-Median Sword Energy”—this was the idiom of our
nents. Lee single-handedly brought the heroic Asian male image, childhood wonders.
long suffering from invisibility, onto the world stage, so how can Alas, it was not yet a shared language, and it fell on mostly
I not weep at his passing.^ deaf American ears. “How can you paralyze someone with just
And picture this, my Vietnamese close-up: I am eleven. Com­ a finger, that’s just so stupid,” our young neighbors would jeer
munist tanks roll into Saigon. An inveterate bookworm, I read over the fence when we tried to explain the great power of vari­
quickly the last pages of Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils, written by ous kung fu techniques. Embarrassed, we took our mock kung
that most famous and prolific of all Wuxia (martial arts) novel­ fu fighting, our heroic quest in ancient China, into the safety of
ists, Jin Yong, whose work inspired several generations of film­ the garage, hidden from neighbors and the glaring Californian
makers and comic book artists across Asia. I toss the book back sunlight.
through the car’s window, grab my backpack, wave good-bye to Until the Cold VFar ended, Asian immigrants to America were
Uncle Phuoc, the family chauffeur, and board the C-130 cargo largely cut off from the narratives of their home continent. News
plane with my mother, sister, and two grandmothers to begin our and images from home barely trickled in. A letter from Vietnam
lives in exile. On the plane heading toward Guam, amidst weep­ took months to arrive. A newspaper from Hong Kong took days
ing refugees, my head remains full of dueling villains and heroes to arrive. There was no section of the supermarket that offered
as my homeland beneath me gives way to a vast green sea. Mythi­ spices from Asia.
cal, magical China accompanies me on my own journey to the Out of nostalgia, my cousins and I would sometimes venture
other west; the wild, wild West. to the Great Star Theater, that dingy, moldy barn on the edge of
But the America that received my family and me in the mid­ San Francisco Chinatown where kung fu movies were the daily
seventies did not yet fathom the dawning of the Pacific Century. staple. Back then, the stories of revenge and blood debts and
And if Bruce Lee, with his swift kicks and furious punches and the heroes’ agonizing endurance, learning martial arts in order
energized grunts, made a dent in the American imagination, he to restore their clans’ honor and so on, could be seen at a few
died too soon and did not save me from the taunts of the neigh­ art houses and, increasingly, through the new invention called
borhood kids. The blond teenagers who played softball and Fris­ the VCR, into which we slipped videotapes from Hong Kong
bee mocked my cousins and me. For a few more years yet, we to watch the old Wuxia epics unfold in the comfort of our own
tried to live out our childhood kung fu fantasies in the backyard homes, dreaming of a lost continent.
of my parents’ new home. But as the century drew to a close, everything changed.

14 15
 CCI T
WILU. WIIB H5T

Let’s fast-forward a couple of decades or so, toward the new

it serves as the background to various movies, television shows,
millennium, to an age of unprecedented travel and mass migra­
video games, and ads. Turn on the TV and you’ll see ads like the
tion and global commerce, where the borders are porous and
one for chatnow.com, where a young woman raises her foot men­
information, thanks to various high-tech gadgets, flows freely
acingly near a man’s head while calmly talking to him, and car­
regardless of boundaries and geography, and where the East is
toons like Kim Possible, where martial arts fighting seems like the
now sizzling hot.
normal routine for teenage girls, as well as children’s afternoon
Picture this new kung fu moment: Michelle Yeoh and Zhang
shows like Power Rangers, cult reruns of Xena: Warrior Princess
Ziyi are dueling it out with mind-boggling martial arts skills from
(who can indeed paralyze someone with a touch of her finger!),
one ancient rooftop to another, a steady drumbeat egging them
the ABC hit series Alias, and so on. Charlie’s new Angels all
on. Fists and kicks fly, elbows and knees clash, there are back flips
know martial arts. The new Mr. and Mrs. Smith, Brad Pitt and
and somersaults, and the excited audience at the Sony Metreon
Angelina Jolie, simply employ their fighting skills to beat each
Cineplex murmur their collective approval. When that awesome
other up as their marriage goes awry. Everybody, to paraphrase
scene is over, they erupt in clamorous cheers. It’s Ang Lee’s film Carl Douglas, is kung fu fighting.
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, an American production, filmed So much has changed since Bruce Lee first flew like an aveng­
entirely in Mandarin but shown in thousands of major theatres
ing god across the silver screen in his awe-inspiring kick. Lee not
across the United States—a first. Lee has rendered sophisticated
only introduced martial arts to the West, he redefined cinematic
and elegant an old genre, lifting it above its often “chopsocky,” language itself. Gone is the old idea that bigger is better. Swift­
low-budget status to the level of poetry.
ness and a precise kick can topple mass. Agility proves superior to
I must confess, watching the audience’s enthusiastic reaction brawn. The body in martial arts motion is pure art, an acrobatic
I am of two minds. It is like seeing my own childhood fantasies
dance endowed with a kind of lethal elegance and grace that had
emerge finally from my parents’ dusty garage to spill irrevocably not, up until Bruce Lee, been imagined for cinematic fights.
onto the public sphere. I feel terribly proud and excited, but there
The Hong Kong movie industry in the late eighties and early
is also this nagging feeling lurking right underneath, something
nineties took Bruce Lee’s legacy a few steps further. While it
akin to mourning. In an era when America increasingly relies on
lagged behind Hollywood for a long time, the Hollywood of
the Far East for entertainment and inspiration, my private world,
the East, as it was known, suddenly made movies that “not only
it seems, is private no longer; Asia exudes her mysticism and astonished people, but more important, [were] unrestrained, free
America is falling slowly under her spell.
ranging and unburdened by tradition,” according to Li Cheuk-
Kung fu fighting, once exotic, has become the norm. At the
to, writing for Cinemaya. Jackie Chan did amazing stunts and
beginning, learning martial arts was the foreground, the under­
became a globe-trotting cop, and Michelle Yeoh could kick back­
lying plot. Remember David Carradine in the TV series Kung
ward over her shoulder to dispose of an opponent, while every­
Fu, in the early seventies.^ As Kwai Chang Caine, he learned
one else too tried to outdo each other with their kung fu skills
martial arts in China and then went on to search for his father
on-screen and with their imaginative cinematography, one movie
in America. But these days kung fu fighting is so common that
more inventive and fantastic than the next.

16
17
 EAST EATS WEST WILD, WILD EAST

During this golden era, which began to fade after China took ymonos falling in love with handsome but hapless travelers, I
over in 1997, Hong Kong movies reminded David Overbey, ^as out of luck. It didn’t help that rampant video piracy had cut
writing in Film Comment magazine, of Hollywood in its heyday, the dwindling profit margin to near nothing while Bangkok and
“before the great split between commerce and art.” The deci­ Seoul and even Mainland China had begun to turn into bona fide
sive breakthrough in action movies came in the early 1990s with new centers for filmmaking, including fabulous martial arts mov­
productions like Once Upon a Time in China and Swordsman II ies Seoul, in time, became the new Hollywood of the Far East, its
and A Chinese Ghost Story, in which characters are playful and glamorous stars and pop singers commanding mass continental
barely affected by gravity. Dueling fighters float like birds in the appeal, its soap operas translated into a dozen Asian languages.
air, wearing fantastical costumes and following a story line even Hong Kong’s loss, however, was Hollywood’s gain. John
more fanciful than their clothing: a cult leader absorbs chi power Woo, considered by many to be the best of the Hong Kong cop-
from lesser fighters and shrinks them to nothing; energy bolts and-robber filmmakers, was the first to move to Hollywood in
come through swords to split a horse in two; a fighter acliieves the mid-nineties, and he stayed. Woo turned the likes of Tom
superpower but in the process must castrate himself and, in Hong Cruise and Jean-Claude Van Damme and Nicolas Cage into slick
Kong’s new gender-bending motif, turn into a beautiful woman. action heroes. Soon Woo was followed by many of his compatri­
Anything can happen in these movies, and the eye-blurring ots. The mega-hit The Matrix also benefited from the Far East.
fighting reaches a level that can only be called superb, surreal, and Not only did it borrow ideas from the Japanese anime series
balletic. The new narrative seems to reflect a sense of uninhibited Ghost in the Shell, it also gained greatly from a team of Hong
wildness, and many characters—powerful eccentrics—live out­ Kong martial arts choreographers. Chief among them was Yuen
side the social norms and stifling traditions, taking only what’s Wo-ping, a martial arts master who also shaped the careers of
good and discarding the rest. The movies were beginning to Jet Li and Jackie Chan. It’s as if all the cinematic and martial arts
examine and explore and deconstruct Confucian ideas, and along skills that Hong Kong filmmakers had incorporated in the pre­
with it, issues of loyalty and patriotism and friendship and love. vious three decades were applied to render Keanu Reeves, the
Hong Kong, after all, like the rest of the globalized world, was hapa star—part Asian, part white—who played a Neo-Christ/
moving into the age of options; its kung fu movies crossed mul­ Buddha in a futuristic world ruled by machines, as a stunningly
tiple genres, and the story lines, along with the poetic choreogra­ skilled martial artist.
phy, were often so stunning and clever that they left an indelible If Hong Kong was once known for borrowing indiscriminately
mark on the rest of the world. from Hollywood movies, the reverse has now happened. Its mar­
Sadly, that period of renaissance ended all too soon. The last tial arts genre has inspired the West, where it continues to evolve.
time I visited Hong Kong, the theater near my hotel was playing Oliver Stone, Francis Ford Coppola, Quentin Tarantino, and
solely American films, from The Blair Witch Project to The Gen­ many other directors have all expressed tremendous enthusiasm
eral’s Daughter to The Sixth Sense. If I had expected sword-toting for the martial arts genre. Tarantino, who watched Hong Kong
heroes flying on rooftops, gangster girls using guns and knives movies while working in a video store before finding fame, drew
to take over each other’s casinos, or beautiful ghosts in fabulous heavily on John Woo’s film City on Fire in making his first film.

18 13
 EAST EATS WEST WILD, WILD EAST

A longtime fan of Hong Kong movies, he revolu­ 0iany Chinese thinkers and writers wondered why China couldn’t
tionized Hollywood with his relentless pace, his bloody but often make the same movie. As one Chinese critic observed, “The
humorous movies. Kill Bill i and 2, for instance, are his tribute panda and kung fu are China’s treasures, but we have to let for­
to Shaw Brothers kung fu movies, to the TV series Kung Fu, and eigners remind us of that.” And please, don’t get him and his col­
to his own movies, from Pulp Fiction to Reservoir Dogs. In the leagues started on Disney’s Mulan!
first Kill Bill, Uma Thurman plays a swordswoman rising from Another case in point: the animated television series Avatar:
a coma to take revenge on an assassin posse to which she once The Last Airbender, wherein a boy wakes up a hundred years into
belonged. She wears a yellow jumpsuit just like the one Bruce Lee the future and finds his whole race gone, and he must bring bal­
wore more than three decades before in Fist of Fury, she searches ance back to the world, is also produced by Americans, Michael
for a good sword, she improves her martial arts skills, and she Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko. They both admit to bor­
hacks dozens of men to death in scene after scene. The audience rowing wildly from Asian themes: from martial arts to Taoist
laughs when bodies are chopped and blood spurts. No one can ideas of elemental manipulation to Hindu ideas of reincarnation
oppose Thurman in her wrath. to the mature themes of revenge, death, genocide, and love with
Tarantino leads the pack in reinventing the old genre, turn­ which Japanese manga and anime are often infused.
ing the slash-and-smash form into something that is all at once It is astounding to think of a new generation of American chil­
replete with not only a traditional plot, but also homage and sat­ dren growing up not with innocuous Bugs Bunny or Tom and
ire. The old kung fu movie has gone through radical changes over Jerry but with an array of adult narratives from Japan: complex
the years, entering the age of postmodernism, and has matured to and often terrifying themes of war and destruction and revenge
the point where it draws a huge following even when it is poking along with their new cartoon characters, many of whom are well
fun at itself. versed in martial arts. But such are the marvels of the renewed
So here’s the thing: West has become part of East. Yoga is New World, in which we all continually renegotiate the meaning
the new aerobics (my instructor is a redhead) and acupuncture is of pluralism.
now accepted by HMOs (my favorite acupuncturist is French). After all, one does not believe in the effects of feng shui and
Many women and men of American letters now have South Asian acupuncture without eventually recognizing the chi, that mysteri­
or Chinese last names, which is no longer new. You can find fish ous force ancient Taoist priests saw flowing through the universe.
sauce and wasabi down the aisle in Safeway. Turn on the TV and One does not practice yoga and meditation without making some
the Food Network will teach you how to make pho soup and Thai kind of inroad into the nature of the enlightened mind, the way
curry. Asian cultures have become so much part of America that ancient yogis saw it. One does not practice martial arts seriously
they’re tattooed as Chinese or Sanskrit characters on alabaster without embodying the mindset of ancient martial arts warriors:
skin, and often it’s non-Asian Americans who peddle Asian cul­ years of practice and endurance, and the will of steel.
tures to everyone, including Asians. East and West—the twain have met with the blessing of shared
Kung Fu Panda, a Steven Spielberg production, was a block­ fascination. A refugee to California, I once resigned myself to
buster smash in China. The animated film was so popular that the idea that incense smoke, gongs, and Confucian dramas were

20 21
 EAST EATS WEST

simply an Asian immigrant’s preoccupation, a private affair of

sorts. But I’ve changed my mind.
Picture this, my new kung fu moment: I am at my writing
desk, typing in the early morning, my oolong tea beside me. But
I’m not fully there. I’m in a land where cultures intersect and
traditions crisscross, between swords flashing on ancient, lichen-
MY TEACHER. MY FRIEND
covered temple rooftops and cars zooming down double-tiered
freeways. Like the heroes of old, I carry on my skills, walking
a path with determination to tell my stories. Language is my
weapon, invention my martial art. I seek to marry the New World The year I reached puberty was also the year I became an Ameri­
to the Old Continent, fantasies to memories, and, through the act can teenager, and the man who stood at the entrance to my New
of writing, reimagine the hemispheres as one. World was my first English teacher. Ernie Kaeselau was his name.
He passed away recently, and though I hadn’t seen him in more
than three decades, the news of his demise left me unexpectedly
bereft.
I remember a warm voice, expressive eyes, and bushy eye­
brows that wiggled comically at a pun or a joke. I remember
someone who treated me with care, made me feel special when
I—a stranger on a new shore—was terribly lost and bewildered.
Having fled Saigon in spring of 1975 during finals in sixth
grade, I landed in San Francisco a couple months later and
attended summer school at Colma Junior High in Daly City, pre­
paring myself for seventh grade. Never mind that I didn’t speak
English, only Vietnamese and passable French, and that two days
after my mother, grandmothers, sister, and I left in a cargo plane,
communist tanks came crashing through the gates of the Inde­
pendence Palace in Saigon, and the war ignominiously ended.
Never mind that in those few months before arriving in San
Francisco I subsisted in two refugee camps and spent most of my
nights in a tent praying for the safety of my father and other rela­
tives and friends who remained behind.
I never knew what Mr. K’s politics were—liberal is my
guess—and if I had any then, ours would have surely clashed
when it came to the politics of Vietnam. But when it came to

22 23
Other documents randomly have
different content
 History - Mind Map
Spring 2021 - School

Prepared by: Associate Prof. Smith

Date: July 28, 2025

Introduction 1: Literature review and discussion

Learning Objective 1: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 3: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 4: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 5: Ethical considerations and implications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Conclusion 2: Key terms and definitions
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 15: Experimental procedures and results
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 17: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 20: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Summary 3: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 24: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 25: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 26: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 28: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 29: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Abstract 4: Learning outcomes and objectives
Example 30: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 39: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Results 5: Interdisciplinary approaches
Example 40: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 48: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 6: Experimental procedures and results
Example 50: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 52: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 52: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 54: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Test 7: Experimental procedures and results
Practice Problem 60: Best practices and recommendations
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 61: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 64: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 66: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 69: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 69: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 8: Experimental procedures and results
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 73: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 75: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 79: Historical development and evolution
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Topic 9: Key terms and definitions
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 83: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 84: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 84: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 88: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 10: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Practice Problem 90: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 92: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 93: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 93: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 94: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 94: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 99: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 100: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Review 11: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 106: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 106: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 108: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 109: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 110: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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