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Goldman
and His Critics
philosophers and their critics
General Editor: Ernest Lepore
Philosophy is an interactive enterprise. Much of it is carried out in dialogue as theories and
ideas are presented and subsequently refined in the crucible of close scrutiny. The purpose
of this series is to reconstruct this vital interplay among thinkers. Each book consists of a
temporary assessment of an important living philosopher’s work. A collection of essays
written by an interdisciplinary group of critics addressing the substantial theses of the
philosopher’s corpus opens each volume. In the last section, the philosopher responds to
his or her critics, clarifies crucial points of the discussion, or updates his or her doctrines.
1 Dretske and His Critics
Edited by Brian P. McLaughlin
2 John Searle and His Critics
Edited by Ernest Lepore and Robert van Gulick
3 Meaning in Mind: Fodor and His Critics
Edited by Barry Loewer and Georges Rey
4 Dennett and His Critics
Edited by Bo Dahlbom
5 Danto and His Critics
Edited by Mark Rollins
6 Perspectives on Quine
Edited by Robert B. Barrett and Roger F. Gibson
7 The Churchlands and Their Critics
Edited by Robert N. McCauley
8 Singer and His Critics
Edited by Dale Jamieson
9 Rorty and His Critics
Edited by Robert B. Brandom
10 Chomsky and His Critics
Edited by Louise M. Antony and Norbert Hornstein
11 Dworkin and His Critics
Edited by Justine Burley
12 McDowell and His Critics
Edited by Cynthia Macdonald and Graham Macdonald
13 Stich and His Critics
Edited by Dominic Murphy and Michael Bishop
14 Danto and His Critics, 2nd Edition
Edited by Mark Rollins
15 Millikan and Her Critics
Edited by Dan Ryder, Justine Kingsbury, and Kenneth Williford
16 Goldman and His Critics
Edited by Brian P. McLaughlin and Hilary Kornblith
Goldm an
and His Critics

Edited by
B r i a n P. McL a u gh l i n
and Hilary Kornblith
This edition first published 2016
© 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Registered Office
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ , UK
Editorial Offices
350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148‐5020, USA
9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ , UK
The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ , UK
For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about
how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at
www.wiley.com/wiley‐blackwell.
The right of Brian McLaughlin and Hilary Kornblith to be identified as
the authors of of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance
with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988,
without the prior permission of the publisher.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears
in print may not be available in electronic books.
Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks.
All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks
or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with
any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in
preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness
of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a
particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional
services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional
advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: McLaughlin, Brian P., editor.
Title: Goldman and his critics / edited by Brian McLaughlin and Hilary Kornblith.
Description: Hoboken : Wiley, 2016. | Series: Philosophers and their critics |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016025078 (print) | LCCN 2016025889 (ebook) | ISBN 9780470673676 (cloth) |
ISBN 9781118609255 (pdf) | ISBN 9781118609170 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Goldman, Alvin I., 1938–
Classification: LCC B945.G594 G65 2016 (print) | LCC B945.G594 (ebook) | DDC 191–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016025078
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover image: Photo by Nick Romanenko, ©2016 Rutgers University
Set in 10/12.5pt Ehrhardt by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India

1 2016
Contents

List of Contributors vii


Forewordix
Alvin I. Goldman
Prefacex

Part I Reliabilism, Internalism, and Externalism 1

1 Internalism, Reliabilism, and Deontology 3


Michael Williams
Reply to Michael Williams
2 Goldman against Internalism 22
Laurence BonJour
Reply to BonJour
3 Historical versus Current Time Slice Theories in Epistemology 43
Thomas Kelly
Reply to Kelly
4 The Justification of Memory Beliefs: Evidentialism, Reliabilism,
Conservatism69
Matthew McGrath
Reply to McGrath
5 Unreliable Testimony 88
Elizabeth Fricker
Reply to Fricker

Part II Epistemological Trouble‐Shooting and Social Epistemology 125

6 Process Reliabilism and Virtue Epistemology 127


Ernest Sosa
Reply to Sosa
vi C o n te n ts

7 Goldman on Evidence and Reliability 149


Jack C. Lyons
Reply to Lyons
8 A Naturalistic Approach to the Generality Problem 178
Erik J. Olsson
Reply to Olsson
9 Veritism and Epistemic Value 200
Duncan Pritchard
Reply to Pritchard
10 The Condorcet Jury Theoremand Voter‐Specific Truth 219
Christian List and Kai Spiekermann
Reply to List and Spiekermann

Part III Cognitive Science, Philosophy of Mind, and Metaphysics 235

11 Knowledge and Reliability 237


Jennifer Nagel
Reply to Nagel
12 Goldman on Knowledge of Mind 259
Christopher S. Hill
Reply to Hill
13 Under Influence: Is Altercentric Bias Compatible with
Simulation Theory? 280
Frédérique de Vignemont and Hugo Mercier
Reply to Vignemont and Mercier
14 Finding the Body in the Brain: From Simulation Theory to
Embodied Simulation 297
Vittorio Gallese
Reply to Gallese
15 Embodiment in Perception: Will we Know it When we See it?318
Chaz Firestone
Reply to Firestone
16 Cognitive Science and Metaphysics: Partners in Debunking 337
Jonathan Schaffer
Reply to Schaffer

Appendix: Alvin Goldman’s Publications 369


Index379
List of Contributors

Laurence BonJour Thomas Kelly


Professor Emeritus Professor
Department of Philosophy Department of Philosophy
University of Washington, Seattle Princeton University
Chaz Firestone Christian List
Graduate Student Professor of Political Science and
Department of Psychology Philosophy
Yale University Departments of Government and
Philosophy
Elizabeth Fricker
London School of Economics
Fellow and Tutor
Faculty of Philosophy Jack C. Lyons
Magdalen College Professor
University of Oxford Department of Philosophy
University of Arkansas
Vittorio Gallese
Professor of Human Physiology Matthew McGrath
Department of Neuroscience Professor
University of Parma Department of Philosophy
University of Missouri, Columbia
Alvin I. Goldman
Board of Governors Professor of Hugo Mercier
Philosophy and Cognitive Science Ambizione Fellow
Department of Philosophy Cognitive Science Center
Rutgers University University of Neuchâtel
Christopher S. Hill Jennifer Nagel
William Herbert Perry Faunce Professor Associate Professor
Department of Philosophy Department of Philosophy
Brown University University of Toronto
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viii L i st of C ontr i butors

Erik J. Olsson Kai Spiekermann


Professor of Theoretical Philosophy Associate Professor of Political Philosophy
Lund University Department of Government
London School of Economics
Duncan Pritchard
Professor Frédérique de Vignemont
Department of Philosophy CNRS Researcher
University of Edinburgh Insitut Jean Nicod
Jonathan Schaffer Michael Williams
Distinguished Professor Krieger‐Eisenhower Professor
Department of Philosophy Department of Philosophy
Rutgers University Johns Hopkins University
Ernest Sosa
Board of Governors Professor
Department of Philosophy
Rutgers University
Foreword

My first and foremost thanks for this volume go to the co‐editors, Hilary Kornblith and
Brian P. McLaughlin, who invested huge amounts of time and energy to this project, from
conception to final execution. I have debts to each of them for many things over many
years, but their work on this project exceeds everything that went before. To the authors
of the volume’s chapters I am also exceedingly grateful. I could not have imagined a more
astute and incisive assemblage of critics. I very much appreciate the careful and thorough
pieces of philosophy (and cognitive science, in some instances) that they collectively
directed toward a wide range of my writings. It is possible that I originally misread the
proposed volume’s title. I thought it read “Goldman and His ‘Critics’,” with scare quotes
around ‘Critics.’ So I wasn’t initially prepared for the tough‐minded seriousness of the
critiques I encountered. Nonetheless, I pulled myself together and wrote replies with
roughly comparable levels of seriousness; at any rate, as serious as could be mounted sub-
ject to my 1000‐word limit per reply. Thanks for the workout, my friends.
Alvin I. Goldman (September, 2015)
Preface

This volume contains sixteen essays on Alvin Goldman’s work and his replies to them.
Many of the essays focus on Goldman’s contributions to epistemology, both individual
and social. Others deal with his important contributions to philosophy of cognitive
­science, philosophy of mind – especially simulation theory – and metaphysics. It is diffi-
cult to contain the range of Goldman’s interests and contributions within the covers of a
single volume.
Goldman’s contributions to epistemology, beginning almost fifty years ago with
“A Causal Theory of Knowing” (1967), completely changed the field. His externalism
brought about a paradigm shift in epistemological theorizing from the centrality of the
would‐be knower’s perspective to a third‐person view of the features in virtue of which a
belief is justified. Part and parcel of this shift was a move away from what Goldman called
a “current time slice view” of justification, according to which the justificational status of
a belief at a given time depends exclusively on features of the believer at that time, in favor
of a historical theory of justification, which makes a belief ’s justificatory status depend on
features of its causal ancestry. Goldman has elaborated and defended this externalist view
in ever greater detail and depth over the years, and the debate between externalists and
internalists continues to be a focus of discussion in the epistemological literature. It is
thus appropriate that a number of papers here are addressed to that issue.
Once one adopts an externalist approach to epistemological issues, the exclusive focus
on features of individual knowers that had been so prevalent within the epistemological
literature begins to look misguided. Much that goes on within individuals is, to be sure,
relevant to epistemological concerns. But features of the social environment are ripe for
epistemological analysis as well, and, especially beginning with Knowledge in a Social
World (1999), Goldman has played a crucial role not only in highlighting the importance
of these social features, but in developing a full‐scale social epistemology. These concerns
are reflected in a number of the contributions to this volume.
Goldman’s work in philosophy of mind and cognitive science rightly receive attention
here as well. Goldman gave one of the earliest articulations and defenses of the simulation
account of self‐knowledge, a view he presented most fully in Simulating Minds: The
Philosophy, Psychology, and Neuroscience of Mindreading (2006), and which he further
P r e f ac e xi

elaborated in the papers collected in Joint Ventures: Mindreading, Mirroring, and Embodied
Cognition (2013).
Finally, Goldman’s work in metaphysics, influenced, as so much of his work is, by
results in the cognitive sciences, is also the focus of attention here.
Throughout his career, Goldman’s work has been a model of interdisciplinary research
and of scientifically informed philosophy. He has co‐authored work not only with
other philosophers, but with economists, psychologists, neuroscientists, and lawyers.
The breadth of his vision, the care and clarity with which he has worked out his ideas, the
originality and scope of his views, have all contributed to the importance of his work.
Goldman’s evident pleasure in interacting with other researchers, and the tremendous
contributions he has made by way of those interactions, can be seen here in his replies to
the contributors to this volume. We have all profited from these interactions over many
years, and it is our pleasure that this volume should serve as a token of our appreciation
for Goldman’s many seminal contributions.

We would like to thank Sam Carter for his help with editorial work and for preparing
the index.
Part I

Reliabilism, Internalism,
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