1/9/2019 Civil Procedure Code 1908 (CPC) - Indian laws Bare Acts

Civil Procedure Code 1908 (CPC)

August 3, 2013

Civil Procedure Code 1908

Civil Procedure Code 1908 – 1st Page
Civil Procedure Code 1908 – 2nd Page
Civil Procedure Code 1908 – 3rd Page

1. Short title, commencement and extent

(1) This Act may be cited as the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.

(2) It shall come into force on the first day of January, 1909.

1
[(3) It extends to the whole of India except.-

(a) the State of Jammu and Kashmir;

(b) the State of Nagaland and the tribal areas.

Provided that the State Government concerned may, by notification in the Official Gazette,
extend the provisions of this Code or any of them to the whole or part of the State of Nagaland
or such tribal areas, as the case may be, with such supplemental, incedental or consequential
modifications as may be specified in the notification.

Explanation.- In this clause, “tribal areas” means the territories which immediately before the
21st day of January, 1972, were included in the tribal areas of Assam as referred to in
paragraph 20 of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution.]

(4) In relation to the Amindivi Islands, and the East Godavari, West Godavari and
Visakhapatnam Agencies in the State of Andhra Pradesh and the Union territory of
Lakshadweep, the application of this Code shall be without prejudice to the application of any
rule or regulation for the time being in force in such Islands, Agencies or such Union territory, as
the case may be, relating to the application of this Code.

1. Subs. by Act 104 of 1976, sec. 2, for sub-section (3) (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

2. De nitions.
In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,-

(1) “Code” includes rules;

(2) “decree” means the formal expression of an adjudication which, so far as regards the Court
expressing it, conclusively determines the rights of the parties with regard to all or any of the
matters in controversy in the suit and may be either preliminary or final. It shall be deemed to
1
include the rejection of a plaint and the determination of any question within [* * *] section
144, but shall not include-

(a) any adjudication from which an appeal lies as an appeal from an order, or

(b) any order of dismissal for default.

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Explanation – A decree is preliminary when further proceedings have to be taken before the suit
can be completely disposed of. It is final when such adjudication completely disposes of the suit,
it may be partly preliminary and partly final;

(3) “decree-holder” means any person in whose favour a decree has been passed or an order
capable of execution has been made;

(4) “district” means the local limits of the jurisdiction of a principal Civil Court of original
jurisdiction (hereinafter called a “District Court”), and includes the local limits of the ordinary
original civil jurisdiction of a High Court;

3
[(5) “foreign Court” means a Court situate outside India and not established or continued by
the authority of the Central Government;]

(6) “foreign judgment” means the judgment of a foreign Court;

(7) “Government Pleader” includes any officer appointed by the State Government to perform all
or any of the functions expressly imposed by this Code on the Government Pleader and also any
pleader acting under the directions of the Government Pleader;

4
[(7A) “High Court” in relation to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, means the High Court in
Calcutta;

5
(7B) “India”, except in sections 1, 29, 43, 44, [44A], 78, 79, 82, 83 and 87A, means the
territory of India excluding the State of Jammu and Kashmir];

(8) “Judge” means the presiding officer of a Civil Court;

(9) “judgment” means the statement given by the judge on the grounds of a decree or order;

(10) “judgment-debtor” means any person against whom a decree has been passed or an order
capable of execution has been made;

(11) “legal representative” means a person who in law represents the estate of a deceased
person, and includes any person who intermeddles with the estate of the deceased and where a
party sues or is sued in a representative character the person on whom the estate devolves on
the death of the party so suing or sued;

(12) “means profits” of property means those profits which the person in wrongful possession of
such property actually received or might with ordinary diligence have received therefrom,
together with interest on such profits, but shall not include profits due to improvements made
but the person in wrongful possession;

(13) “movable property” includes growing crops;

(14) “order” means the formal expression of any decision of a Civil Court which is not a decree;

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(15) “pleader” means any person entitled to appear and plead for another in Court, and includes
an advocate, a vakil and an attorney of a High Court;

(16) “prescribed” means prescribed by rules :

(17) “public officer” means a person falling under any of the following descriptions, namely:-

(a) every Judge;

(b) every member of 2[an All-India Service];

(c) every commissioned or gazetted officer in the military, 6[naval or air forces] of 7[the Union]
8
[***] while serving under the Government.

(d) every officer of a Court of Justice whose duty it is, as such officer, to investigate or report on
any matter of law or fact, or to make, authenticate or keep any document, or to take charge or
dispose of any property, or to execute any judicial process, or to administer any oath, or to
interpret, or to preserve order, in the court, and every person especially authorized by a Court of
Justice to perform any of such duties:

(e) every person who holds any office by virtue of which he is empowered to place or keep any
person in confinement;

(f) every officer of the Government whose duty it is, as such officer, to prevent offences to give
information of offences, to bring offenders to justice, or to protect the public health, safety or
convenience;

(g) every officer whose duty it is, as such officer, to take, receive, keep or expend any property
on behalf of the Government, or to make any survey, assessment or contract on behalf of the
Government, or to execute any revenue process, or to investigate, or to report on, any matter
affecting the pecuniary interests of the Government, or to make, authenticate or keep any
document relating to the pecuniary interests of the Government, or to prevent the infraction of
any law for the protection of the pecuniary interests of the Government; and

(h) every officer in the service or pay of the Government, or remunerated by fees or commission
for the performance of any public duty;

(18) “rules” means rules and forms contained in the First Schedule or made under section 122
or section 125;

(19) “share in a corporation” shall be deemed to include stock, debenture stock, debentures or
bonds; and

(20) “signed”, save in the case of a judgment or decree, includes stamped.

9[***]

1. The words and figures “Section 47 or” omitted by Act No. 104 of 1976 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977)..
2.Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976 for “Indian Civil Service” (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
3. Subs. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 4, for clause (5) (w.e.f. 1-4-1951).
4. Ins. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 4 (w.e.f. 1-4-1951).
5. Ins. by Act 42 of 1953, sec. 4 and Sch. III (w.e.f. 23-12-1953).
6. Subs. by Act 35 of 1934, sec. 2 sch., for “or naval”.
7. Subs. by the A.O. 1950, for “His Majesty”.

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8. The words “including His Majesty’s Indian Marine Service”, omitted by Act 35 of 1934, sec. 2.
9. Clause (21) ins. by the A.O. 1950 and omitted by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 4 (w.e.f. 1-4-1951).

3. Subordination of Courts.
For the purposes of this Code, the District Court is subordinate to the High Court, and every Civil
Court of a grade inferior to that of a District Court and every Court of Small Causes is
subordinate to the High Court and District Court.

4. Savings.
(1) In the absence of any specific provision to the contrary, nothing in this Code shall be
deemed to limit or otherwise affect any special or local law now in force or any special
jurisdiction or power conferred, or any special form of procedure prescribed, by or under any
other law for the time in force.

(2) In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the proposition contained in sub-
section (1) nothing in this Code shall be deemed to limit or otherwise affect any remedy which a
landholder or landlord may have under any law for the time being in force for the recovery of
rent of agricultural land from the produce of such land.

5. Application of the Code to Revenue Courts

(1) Where any Revenue Courts are governed by the provisions of this Code in those matters of
procedure upon which any special enactment applicable to them is silent, the State Government
1
[***] may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare that any portions of those provisions
which are not expressly made applicable by this Code shall not apply to those Courts, or shall
only apply to them with such modifications as the State Government 2[***] may prescribe.

(2) “Revenue Court” in sub-section (1) means a Court having jurisdiction under any local law to
entertain suits or other proceedings relating to the rent, revenue or profits of land used for
agricultural purposes, but does not include a Civil Court having original jurisdiction under this
Code to try such suits or proceedings as being suits or proceedings of a civil nature.

1. The words “with the previous sanction of the G.G. in C”, omitted by Act 38 of 1920, sec. 2
and Sch. I.
2. The words “with sanction aforesaid” omitted by Act 38 of 1920, sec. 2 and Sch. I.

6. Pecuniary jurisdiction.
Save in so far as is otherwise expressly provided, nothing herein contained shall operate to give
any Court jurisdiction over suits the amount or value of the subject-matter of which exceeds the
pecuniary limits (if any) of its ordinary jurisdiction.

7. Provincial Small Cause Courts.

The following provisions shall not extend to Courts constituted under the Provincial Small Cause
Courts Act, 1887 (9 of 1887), 1[or under the Berar Small Cause Courts Laws, 1905], or to
Courts exercising the jurisdiction of a Court of Small Causes 2[under the said Act or Law], 3[or
to Courts in] 4[any part of India to which the said Act does not extend exercising a
corresponding jurisdiction] that is to say,-

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(a) so much of the body of the Code as relates to-

(i) suits excepted from the cognizance of a Court of Small Causes;

(ii) the execution of decrees in such suits;

(iii) the execution of decrees against immovable property ; and

(b) the following sections, that is to say,-

section 9, sections 91 and 92, sections 94 and 95 5[so far as they authorize or relate to-

(i) orders for the attachment of immovable property;

(ii) injunctions,

(iii) the appointment of a receiver of immovable property, or

(iv) the interlocutory orders referred to in clause (e) of section 94],

and sections 96 to 112 and 115.

1. Ins. by Act 4 of 1941, sec. 2 and Sch. III.

2. Subs. by Act 4 of 1941, sec. 2 and Sch. III for “under that Act”.
3. Ins. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 5 (w.e.f. 1-4-1951)
4. Subs. by the Adaptation of Laws (no. 2) Order, 1956, for “Part B States”.
5. Subs. by Act 1 of 1926, sec. 3, for “so far as they relate to injunctions and interlocutory
orders”.

8. Presidency Small Cause Courts.

Save as provided in sections 24, 38 to 41, 75, clauses (a), (b) and (c), 76 1[77,157 and 158],
and by the Presidency Small Cause Courts Act, 1882, (15 of 1882) the provisions in the body of
this Code shall not extend to any suit or proceedings in any Court of Small Causes established in
the towns of Calcutta, Madras and Bombay :
2
[Provided that –

(1) the High Courts of Judicature at Fort William Madras and Bombay, as the case may be, may
from time to time, by notifications in the Official Gazette, direct that any such provisions not
inconsistent with the express provisions of the Presidency Small Cause Courts Act, 1882, (15 of
1882) and with such modifications and adaptation as may be specified in the notification, shall
extend to suits or proceedings or any class of suits or proceedings in such Court:
(2) all rules heretofore made by any of the said High Courts under section 9 of the Presidency
Small Cause Courts Act, 1882 (15 of 1882) shall be deemed to have been validly made.]

STATE AMENDMENTS

Gujarat– In section 8, in the opening para, After the words “Calcutta, Madras and Bombay”
insert the words “and in the City of Ahmedabad”.
[Vide Gujarat Act No. 32 of 1961, sec. 21 and Sch. (1-11-1961)].

1. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976 for “77 and 155 to 158” (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
2. Added by Act 1 of 1914, sec. 2

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9. Courts to try all civil suits unless barred.

The Courts shall (subject to the provisions herein contained) have jurisdiction to try all suits of a
civil nature excepting suits of which their cognizance is either expressly or impliedly barred.

1
[Explanation I].- A suit in which the right to property or to an office is contested is a suit of a
civil nature, notwithstanding that such right may depend entirely on the decision of questions as
to religious rites or ceremonies.

2
[Explanation ll].- For the purposes of this section, it is immaterial whether or not any fees are
attached to the office referred to in Explanation I or whether or not such office is attached to a
particular place.].

STATE AMENDMENTS

Maharashtra– After section 9 insert the following section 9A.

“9A. Where at the hearing of application relating to interim relief in a suit, objection to
jurisdiction is taken such issue to be decided by the court as a preliminary issue:-

(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this code or any other law for the time being in force,
if at the hearing of any application for granting or setting aside an order granting any interim
relief, whether by way of stay, injunction, appointment of a receiver or otherwise, made in any
suit, on objection to jurisdiction of the court to entertain such suit is taken by any of the parties
to the suit the court shall proceed to determine at the hearing of such application the issue as to
the jurisdiction as a preliminary issue before granting for setting aside the order granting the
interim relief. Any such application shall be heard and disposed of by the court as expeditiously
as possible and shall not in any case be adjourned to the hearing of the suit.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), at the hearing of any such
application the court may grant such interim relief as it may consider necessary, pending
determination by it of the preliminary issue as to the jurisdiction”.

[Vide Maharashtra Act No. 65 of 1977, sec. 3 (w.e.f. 19-12-1977)].

COMMENTS

(i) The appropriate form for resolution of an industrial dispute is the forum constituted under
Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. Jurisdiction of Civil Court is impliedly barred in such cases. C.T.
Nikam v. Municipal Corporation of Ahmedabad, AIR 2002 SC 997.

(ii) Telephone bill—Jurisdiction of Civil Court—The Civil Court has jurisdiction to enforce the right
of a subscriber under section 7B of the Telegraph Act; Union of India v. Sasi S., AIR 1999 Ker
336.

(iii) The application for grant of interim relief would not be disposed of till decision on question
of jurisdiction although ad-interim relief can be granted in view of provisions under section
9A(2); ICICI Ltd. v. Sri Durga Bansal Fertilizers Ltd., AIR 1999 Bom 402.

(iv) Under section 9 of the Code of Civil Procedure, the jurisdiction of Civil Court with regard to a
particular matter can be said to be excluded if there is an express provision or by implication it
can be inferred that the jurisdiction is taken away; Union of India v. Sasi S., AIR 1999 Ker 336.

1. Explanation renumbered as Explanation I thereof by Act No. 104 of 1976, Sec. 5 (w.e.f. 1-2-
1977).

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2. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

10. Stay of suit.

No Court shall proceed with the trial of any suit in which the matter in issue is also directly and
substantially in issue in a previously instituted suit between the same parties, or between
parties under whom they or any of them claim litigating under the same title where such suit is
pending in the same or any other Court in 1[India] having jurisdiction to grant the relief claimed,
or in any Court beyond the limits of 1[India] established or continued by 2[the Central
Government] 3[***] and having like jurisdiction, or before 4[the Supreme Court].

Explanation- The pendency of a suit in a foreign Court does not preclude the Courts in 1[India]
from trying a suit founded on the same cause of action.

COMMENTS

(i) The language of section 10 suggests that it is referable to a suit instituted in the civil court
and it cannot apply to proceedings of other nature instituted under any other statute; National
Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences v. C. Parmeshwara, AIR 2005 SC 242.

(ii) Two suits—Between same parties—Involving same subject‑matter and same questions—
Held, subsequent suit should be stayed; Radhika Konel Parekh v. Konel Parekh, AIR 1993 Mad
90: (1993) LW 159: (1993) 1 Mad LJ 163.

1. Subs. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 3, for “the States” (w.e.f. 1-4-1951)

2. Subs. by A.O. 1937, for “the G.G. in C.”
3. The words “or the Crown Representative” omitted by the A.O. 1948.
4. Subs. by the A.O. 1950, for “His Majesty in Council”.

11. Res judicata.

No Court shall try any suit or issue in which the matter directly and substantially in issue has
been directly and substantially in issue in a former suit between the same parties, or between
parties under whom they or any of them claim, litigating under the same title, in a Court
competent to try such subsequent suit or the suit in which such issue has been subsequently
raised, and has been heard and finally decided by such Court.

Explanation I- The expression “former suit” shall denote a suit which has been decided prior to
the suit in question whether or not it was instituted prior thereto.

Explanation II.- For the purposes of this section, the competence of a Court shall be determined
irrespective of any provisions as to a right of appeal from the decision of such Court.
Explanation III.- The matter above referred to must in the former suit have been alleged by one
party and either denied or admitted, expressly or impliedly, by the other.
Explanation IV.- Any matter which might and ought to have been made ground of defence or
attack in such former suit shall be deemed to have been a matter directly and substantially in
issue in such suit.
Explanation V.- Any relief claimed in the plaint, which is not expressly granted by the decree,
shall, for the purposes of this section, be deemed to have been refused.
Explanation VI- Where persons litigate bona fide in respect of public right or of a private right
claimed in common for themselves and others, all persons interested in such right shall, for the
purposes of this section, be deemed to claim under the persons so litigating.
[Explanation VII.- The provisions of this section shall apply to a proceeding for the execution of
a decree and reference in this section to any suit, issue or former suit shall be construed as
references, respectively, to proceedings for the execution of the decree, question arising in such

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proceeding and a former proceeding for the execution of that decree.

Explanation VIII.-An issue heard and finally decided by a Court of limited jurisdiction, competent
to decide such issue, shall operate as res judicata in as subsequent suit, notwithstanding that
such Court of limited jurisdiction was not competent to try such subsequent suit or the suit in
which such issue has been subsequently raised.]

COMMENTS

(i) The principle of res judicata is a procedural provision. A jurisdictional question if wrongly
decided would not attract the principles of res judicata. When an order is passed without
jurisdiction, the same becomes a nullity. When an order is a nullity, it cannot be supported by
invoking procedural principle; Management of Sonepat Co-op. Sugar Mills Ltd. v. Ajit Singh, AIR
2005 SC 1050.

(ii) There is a distinction between issue estoppel and res judicata. Res judicata debars a court
from exercising its jurisdiction to determine the lis if it has attained finality whereas the doctrine
of issue estoppel is invoked against the party. If such issue is decided against him, he would be
estopped from raising the same in the latter proceedings. The doctrine of res judicata creats a
different kind of estoppel viz. estoppel by Accord; Bhanu Kumar Jain v. Archana Kumar, AIR
2005 SC 626.

(iii) First writ petition filed on the ground of apprehended bias and subsequent second petition
was filed on allegations of actual bias, is not barred by res judicata; G.N. Nayak v. Goa
University, AIR 2002 SC 790.

(iv) Section 11 of the Code of Civil Procedure has no doubt some technical aspects for instance
the rule of constructive res judicata may be said to be technical but the basis of which the said
rule rests is founded on the consideration of public policy; Sumer Mal v. State of Rajasthan, AIR
2000 Raj 1.

(v) The technical principle of res judicata would not be operative more so, if substantial change
in circumstances is averred and found prima facie justified; Smt. Rehana Parveen v. Naimuddin,
AIR 2000 MP 1.

(vi) Assuming, the cause of action in both the suits was based upon title in the suit land and was
akin in all the cases, yet, as referred to above, in as much the earlier two suits were dismissed
as withdrawn with permission to file fresh on the same cause of action, third suit will not be
barred by any principle of law; Harbhagwan v. Smt. Punni Devi, AIR 1999 P&H 223.

(vii) Where the Sangh has been duly represented in the previous court proceedings and were
litigating bona fidely which resulted in failure cannot be allowed to lay any objection in execution
or to plead nullity of decree hence doctrine of res judicata applies. The decree of ejectment will
bind every member of Sangh; Singhai Lal Chand Jain v. Rashtriya Swayam Sewak Sangh,
Panna, JT 1996(3) SC 64.

1. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 6 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

12. Bar to further suit.

Where a plaintiff is precluded by rules from instituting a further suit in respect of any particular
cause of action, he shall not be entitled to institute a suit in respect of such cause of action in
any Court to which this Code applies.

13. When foreign judgment not conclusive.

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A foreign judgment shall be conclusive as to any matter thereby directly adjudicated upon
between the same parties or between parties under whom they or any of them claim litigating
under the same title except-

(a) where it has not been pronounced by a Court of competent jurisdiction;

(b) where it has not been given on the merits of the case;

(c) where it appears on the face of the proceedings to be founded on an incorrect view of
international law or a refusal to recognise the law of

1[India] in cases in which such law is applicable;

(d) where the proceedings in which the judgment was obtained are opposed to natural justice;

(e) where it has been obtained by fraud;

(f) where it sustains a claim founded on a breach of any law in force in 1[India].

1. Subs. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 3, for “the States” (w.e.f. 1-4-1951)

14. Presumption as to foreign judgments.

The Court shall presume upon the production of any document purporting to be a certified copy
of a foreign judgment that such judgment was pronounced by a Court of competent jurisdiction,
unless the contrary appears on the record; but such presumption may be displaced by proving
want of jurisdiction.

15. Court in which suits to be instituted.

Every suit shall be instituted in the Court of the lowest grade competent to try it.

16. Suits to be instituted where subject-matter situate.

Subject to the pecuniary or other limitations prescribed by any law, suits-

(a) for the recovery of immovable property with or without rent or profits,

(b) for the partition of immovable property,

(c) for foreclosure, sale or redemption in the case of a mortgage of or charge upon immovable
property,

(d) for the determination of any other right to or interest in immovable property,

(e) for compensation for wrong to immovable property,

(f) for the recovery of movable property actually under distraint or attachment, shall be
instituted in the Court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction the property is situate :

Provided that a suit to obtain relief respecting, or compensation for wrong to, immovable
property held by or on behalf of the defendant, may where the relief sought can be entirely
obtained through his personal obedience be instituted either in the Court within the local limits
of whose jurisdiction the property is situate, or in the Court within the local limits of whose

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jurisdiction the defendant actually and voluntarily resides, or carries on business, or personally
works for gain.

Explanation.– In this section “property” means property situate in 1[India].

COMMENTS

Where the property mortgaged as collateral security for loan advanced to defandant by a bank
situated at place ‘J’ then the suit for foreclosure by the bank can only be instituted before Civil
Court at place ‘J’; Central Bank of India v. Eleena Fasteners (P) Ltd., AIR 1999 HP 104.

1. Subs. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 3, for “the States” (w.e.f. 1-4-1951).

17. Suits for immovable property situate within jurisdiction of

different Courts.
Where a suit is to obtain relief respecting, or compensation for wrong to, immovable property
situate within the jurisdiction of different Court, the suit may be instituted in any Court within
the local limits of whose jurisdiction any portion of the property is situate :

Provided that, in respect of the value of the subject matter of the suit, the entire claim is
cognizable by such Court.

18. Place of institution of suit where local limits of

jurisdiction of Courts are uncertain.
(1) Where it is alleged to be uncertain within the local limits of the jurisdiction of which of two or
more Courts any immovable property is situate, any one of those Courts may, if satisfied that
there is ground for the alleged uncertainty, record a statement to that effect and thereupon
proceed to entertain and dispose of any suit relating to that property, and its decree in the suit
shall have the same effect as if the property were situate within the local limits of its jurisdiction
:

Provided that the suit is one with respect to which the Court is competent as regards the nature
and value of the suit to exercise jurisdiction.

(2) Where a statement has not been recorded under sub-section (1), and objection is taken
before an Appellate or Revisional Court that a decree or order in a suit relating to such property
was made by a Court not having jurisdiction where the property is situate, the Appellate or
Revisional Court shall not allow the objection unless in its opinion there was, at the time of the
institution of the suit, no reasonable ground for uncertainty as to the Court having jurisdiction
with respect thereto and there has been a consequent failure of justice.

19. Suits for compensation for wrongs to person or

movables.
Where a suit is for compensation for wrong done to the person or to movable property, if the
wrong was done within the local limits of the jurisdiction of one Court and the defendant resides,
or carries on business, or personally works for gain, within the local limits of the jurisdiction of
another Court, the suit may be instituted at the option of the plaintiff in either of the said
Courts.

Illustrations

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(a) A, residing in Delhi, beats B in Calcutta. B may sue A either in Calcutta or in Delhi.

(b) A, residing in Delhi, publishes in Calcutta statements defamatory of B. B may sue A either in
Calcutta or in Delhi.

20. Other suits to be instituted where defendants reside or

cause of action arises.
Subject to the limitations aforesaid, every suit shall be instituted in Court within the local limits
of whose jurisdiction-

(a) the defendant, or each of the defendants where there are more than one, at the time of the
commencement of the suit, actually and voluntarily resides, or carries on business, or personally
works for gain; or

(b) any of the defendants, where there are more than one, at the time of the commencement of
the suit actually and voluntarily resides, or carries on business, or personally works for gain,
provided that in such case either the leave of the Court is given, or the defendants who do not
reside, or carry on business, or personally work for gain, as aforesaid, acquiesce in such
institution; or

(c) the cause of action, wholly or in part, arises.

1
[* * *]

2
[Explanation].-A corporation shall be deemed to carry on business at its sole or principal office
3
in [India] or, in respect of any cause of action arising at any place where it has also a
subordinate office, at such place.

Illustrations

(a) A is a tradesman in Calcutta, B carries on business in Delhi. B, by his agent in Calcutta, buys
goods of A and requests A to deliver them to the East Indian Railway Company. A delivers the
goods accordingly in Calcutta. A may sue B for the price of the goods either in Calcutta, where
the cause of action has arisen or in Delhi, where B carries on business.

(b) A resides at Simla, B at Calcutta and C at Delhi A, B and C being together at Benaras, B and
C make a joint promissory note payable on demand, and deliver it to A. A may sue B and C at
Benaras, where the cause of action arose. He may also sue them at Calcutta, where B resides,
or at Delhi, where C resides; but in each of these cases, if the non-resident defendant object,
the suit cannot proceed without the leave of the Court.

COMMENTS

(i) Facts pleaded which have no bearing with the lis or the dispute involved in the case, do not
give rise to a cause of action so as to confer territorial jurisdiction on the Court concerned. For
that fact pleaded must have relevance to the lis/dispute; Union of India v. Adani Exports Ltd.,
AIR 2002 SC 126.

(ii) Where the agreement stated that jurisdiction regarding all disputes is at Delhi where the
agreement has been signed and executed while the agreement by parties was not signed at
Delhi but at some other place, then the agreement cannot be said to be conferring exclusive
jurisdiction to Civil Court at Delhi. Party can file a suit under section 20(c) at place where cause

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of action wholly or partly arose; Jabalpur Cable Network Pvt. Ltd. v. E.S.P.N. Software India Pvt.
Ltd., AIR 1999 MP 271.

(iii) Where the agreement was an agreement for sale of movable property then sections 16 and
19 would not govern the cause of action in such case but section 20 of the Code would be
attracted for determining jurisdiction of Court; Jabalpur Cable Network Pvt. Ltd. v. E.S.P.N.
Software India Pvt. Ltd., AIR 1999 MP 271.

1. Explanation I omitted by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 7 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

2. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 7, for “Explanation II” (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
3. Subs. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 3, for “the States” (w.e.f. 1-4-1951)

21. Objections to jurisdiction.

1
[(1)] No objection as to the place of suing shall be allowed by any appellate or Revisional Court
unless such objection was taken in the Court of first instance at the earliest possible opportunity
and in all cases where issues or settled at or before such settlement, and unless there has been
a consequent failure of justice.

2[(2) No objection as to the competence of a Court with reference to the pecuniary limits of its
jurisdiction shall be allowed by any Appellate or Revisional Court unless such objection was
taken in the Court of first instance at the earliest possible opportunity, and in all cases where
issues are settled, at or before such settlement, and unless there has been a consequent failure
of justice.

(3) No objection as to the competence of the executing Court with reference to the local limits of
its jurisdiction shall be allowed by any Appellate or Revisional Court unless such objection was
taken in the executing Court at the earliest possible opportunity, and unless there has been a
consequent failure of justice.]

COMMENTS

There is no intermediary stage for raising an objection to jurisdiction except filing of written
statement and taking that plea unless the matter is covered by section 9A of the Code; B.S.I.
Ltd. v. M.V. “CRISTIAN-C”, AIR 1999 Bom 320.

1. Section 21 renumbered as sub-section (1) thereof by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 8
(w.e.f 1-2-1977).
2. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 8 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

21A. Bar on suit to set aside decree on objection as to place

of suing.
1
[21A. Bar on suit to set aside decree on objection as to place of suing.

No suit shall lie challenging the validity of a decree passed in a former suit between the same
parties, or between the parties under whom they or any of them claim, litigating under the same
title, on any ground based on an objection as to the place of suing.

Explanation.-The expression “former suit” means a suit which has been decided prior to the
decision in the suit in which the validity of the decree is questioned, whether or not the
previously decided suit was instituted prior to the suit in which the validity of such decree is
questioned ].

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1. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 9 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

22. Power to transfer suits which may be instituted in more

than one Court.
Where a suit may be instituted in any one of two or more Courts and is instituted in one of such
Courts, any defendant, after notice to the other parties, may, at the earliest possible opportunity
and in all cases where issues are settled at or before such settlement, apply to have the suit
transferred to another Court, and the Court to which such application is made, after considering
the objections of the other parties (if any), shall determine in which of the several Courts having
jurisdiction the suit shall proceed.

COMMENTS

(i) Transfer application with allegations against the P.O. Report from P.O. may be called only with
regard to the allegations contained in the transfer application; Pushpa Devi Saraf v. Jai Narain
Parasrampuria, AIR 1992 SC 1133.

(ii) Both husband and wife initiating separate proceeding at different places. Both the
proceedings triable by the same court. Husband’s case to be transferred to the place where
wife’s case is pending; Ms. Shakuntala Modi v. Om Prakash Bharoka, AIR 1991 SC 1104.

23. To what Court application lies.

(1) Where the several Courts having jurisdiction are subordinate to the same Appellate Court,
an application under section 22 shall be made to the Appellate Court.

(2) Where such Courts are subordinate to different Appellate Courts but to the same High Court,
the application shall be made to the said High Court.

(3) Where such Courts are subordinate to different High Courts, the application shall be made
the High Court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction the Court in which the suit is brought
is situate.

24. General power of transfer and withdrawal.

(1) On the application of any of the parties and after notice to the parties and after hearing such
of them as desired to be heard, or of its own motion without such notice, the High Court or the
District Court may at any stage-

(a) transfer any suit, appeal or other proceeding pending before it for trial or disposal to any
Court subordinate to it and competent to try or dispose of the same, or

(b) withdraw any suit, appeal or other proceeding pending in any Court subordinate to it, and-

(i) try or dispose of the same; or

(ii) transfer the same for trial or disposal to any Court subordinate to it and competent to try or
dispose of the same; or

(iii) retransfer the same for trial or disposal to the Court from which it was withdrawn.

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(2) Where any suit or proceeding has been transferred or withdrawn under sub-section (1), the
Court which 1[is thereafter to try or dispose of such suit or proceeding] may, subject to any
special directions in the case of any order of transfer, either retry it or proceed from the point at
which it was transferred or withdrawn.

2
[(3) For the purposes of this section,-

(a) Courts of Additional and Assistant Judges shall be deemed to be subordinate to the District
Court;

(b) “proceeding” includes a proceeding for the execution of a decree or order.]

(4) the Court trying any suit transferred or withdrawn under this section from a Court of Small
Causes shall, for the purposes of such suit, be

deemed to be a Court of Small Causes.

3
[(5) A suit or proceeding may be transferred under this section from a

Court which has no jurisdiction to try it.]

1. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 10 for “thereafter tries such suit” (w.e.f. 1-2-
1977).
2. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 10 for sub-section (3) (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
3. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 10 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

25. Power of Supreme Court to transfer suits, etc.

1[25. Power of Supreme Court to transfer suits, etc.

(1) On the application of a party, and after notice to the parties, and after hearing such of them
as desire to be heard, the Supreme Court may, at any stage, if satisfied that an order under this
section is expedient for the ends of justice, direct that any suit, appeal or other proceeding be
transferred from a High Court or other Civil Court in one State to a High Court or other Civil
Court in any other State.

(2) Every application under this section shall be made by a motion which shall be supported by
an affidavit.

(3) The Court to which such suit, appeal or other proceeding is transferred shall, subject to any
special directions in the order of transfer, either retry it or proceed from the stage at which it
was transferred to it.

(4) In dismissing any application under this section, the Supreme Court may, if it is of opinion
that the application was frivolous or vexatious, order the applicant to pay by way of
compensation to any person who has opposed the application such sum, not exceeding two
thousand rupees, as it considers appropriate in the circumstances of the case.

(5) The law applicable to any suit, appeal or other proceeding transferred under this section
shall be the law which the Court in which the suit, appeal or other proceeding was originally
instituted ought to have applied to such suit, appeal or proceeding.]

COMMENTS

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(i) In transfer of suits, appeals or other proceedings paramount consideration is that justice
according to law is done; Dr. Subramaniam Swamy v. Ramakrishna Hegde, AIR 1990 SC 113.

(ii) No case can be transferred to another court unless first Court is biased or some reasonable
grounds exist; Gujarat Electricity Board v. Atmaram Sungomal Poshani, (1989) SCJ 180.

1. Subs. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 11 for s. 25 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

26. Institution of suits.

1
[(1)] Every suit shall be instituted by the presentation of a plaint or in such other manner as
may be prescribed.

2[(2) In every plaint, facts shall be proved by affidavit.]

1. Section 26 renumberd as sub-section 26(1) thereof by Act No. 46 of 1999, section 2

(w.e.f. 1-7-2002).
2. Ins. by Act No. 46 of 1999, section 2 (w.e.f. 1-7-2002).

27. Summons to defendants.

Where a suit has been duly instituted, a summons may be issued to the defendant to appear
and answer the claim and may be served in manner prescribed 1[on such day not beyond thirty
days from date of the institution of the suit].

1. Added by Act No. 46 of 1999, section 3 (w.e.f. 1-7-2002).

28. Service of summons where defendant resides in another

State.
(1) A summons may be sent for service in another State to such Court and in such manner as
may be prescribed by rules in force in that State.

(2) The Court to which such summons is sent shall, upon receipt thereof, proceed as if it had
been issued by such Court and shall then return the summons to the Court of issue together
with the record (if any) of its proceedings with regard thereto.

1
[(3) Where the language of the summons sent for service in another State is different from the
language of the record referred to in sub-section (2), a translation of the record,-

(a) in Hindi, where the language of the Court issuing the summons is Hindi, or

(b) in Hindi or English where the language of such record is other than Hindi or English,

shall also be sent together with the record sent under that sub-section].

1. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 12 (w.e.f. 1-5-1977).

29. Service of foreign summonses.

1
[Service of foreign summonses.

Summons and other processes issued by-

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(a) any Civil or Revenue Court established in any part of India to which the provisions of this
Code do not extent, or

(b) any Civil or Revenue Court established or continued by the authority of the Central
Government outside India, or

(c) any other Civil or Revenue Court outside India to which the Central Government has, by
*†,,
notification in the Official Gazette, declared the provisions of this section to apply

may be sent to the Courts in the territories to which this Code extends, and served as if they
were summonses issued by such Courts.]

1. Subs. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 6, for section 29 (w.e.f. 1-4-1951).

* The Central Government has declared that the provisions of this section shall apply
to all Civil Courts in Mongolia, vide G.S.R. 622(E), dated 1st October, 2005.

† The Central Government has declared that the provisions of this Act shall apply to all
Civil Courts in the Kingdom of Bahrain, vide G.S.R. 644(E), dated 22nd October, 2005.

30. Power to order discovery and the like.

Subject to such conditions and limitations as may be prescribed, the Court may, at any time,
either of its own motion or on the application of any party,-

(a) make such orders as may be necessary or reasonable in all matters relating to the delivery
and answering of interrogatories, the admission of documents and facts, and the discovery,
inspection, production, impounding and return of documents or other material objects
producible as evidence;

(b) issue summonses to persons whose attendance is required either to give evidence or to
produce documents or such other objects as aforesaid;

(c) order any fact to be proved by affidavit.

31. Summons to witness.

The provisions in sections 27, 28 and 29 shall apply to summonses to give evidence or to
produce documents or other material objects.

32. Penalty for default

The Court may compel the attendance of any person to whom a summons has been issued
under section 30 and for that purpose may-

(a) issue a warrant for his arrest;

(b) attach and sell his property;

(c) impose a fine upon him 1[not exceeding five thousand rupees];

(d) order him to furnish security for his appearance and in default commit him to the civil
prison.

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1. Substituted by Act No. 46 of 1999, section 4 (w.e.f. 1 -7-2002) for “not exceeding
five hundred rupees”.

33. Judgment and decree.

The Court, after the case has been heard, shall pronounce judgment, and on such judgment a
decree shall follow

34. Interest
(1) Where and in so far as a decree is for the payment of money, the Court may, in the decree,
order interest at such rate as the Court deems reasonable to be paid on the principal sum
adjudged, from the date of the suit to the date of the decree, in addition to any interest
adjudged on such principal sum for any period prior to the institution of the suit, 2[with further
interest at such rate not exceeding six per cent, per annum as the Court deems reasonable on
such principal sum from] the date of the decree to the date of payment, or to such earlier date
as the Court thinks fit:

1
[Provided that where the liability in relation to the sum so adjudged had arisen out of a
commercial transaction, the rate of such further interest may exceed six per cent, per annum,
but shall not exceed the contractual rate of interest or where there is no contractual rate, the
rate at which moneys are lent or advanced by nationalised banks in relation to commercial
transactions.

Explanation I.-In this sub-section, “nationalised bank” means a corresponding new bank as
defined in the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1970 (5 of
1970).

Explanation II.-For the purposes of this section, a transaction is a commercial transaction, if it is

connected with the industry, trade or business of the party incurring the liability.]

(2) Where such a decree is silent with respect to the payment of further interest 3[on such
principal sum] from the date of the decree to the date of payment or other earlier date, the
Court shall be deemed to have refused such interest, and a separate suit therefore shall not lie.

COMMENTS

(i) General provision of section 34 would authorise the Redressal Fora and Commissions to also
grant interest appropriately under the circumstances of each case; Sovintorg (India) Ltd. v.
State Bank of India, AIR 1999 SC 2963.

(ii) The claimants have been allowed interest on the decretal amount from the date of the
decree though the amount of compensation was quantified only from the date of the passing of
the decree. In such circumstances the direction of the Division Bench in the matter of award of
interest is also not liable to be interfered; Municipal Corporation of Delhi v. Sushila Devi, AIR
1999 SC 1929.

1. Added by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 13 (w.e.f. 1-7-1977).

2. Subs. by Act 66 of 1956, sec. 2, for certain words (w.e.f. 1-1-1957)
3. Subs. by Act 66 of 1956, sec. 2, for “on such aggregate sum as aforesaid” (w.e.f. 1-
1-1957)

35. Costs.

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(1) Subject to such conditions and limitations as may be prescribed, and to the provisions of law
for the time being in force, the costs of and incident to all suits shall be in the discretion of the
Court, and the Court shall have full power to determine by whom or out of what property and to
what extent such costs are to be paid, and to give all necessary directions for the purposes
aforesaid. The fact that the Court has no jurisdiction to try the suit shall be no bar to the
exercise of such powers.

(2) Where the Court directs that any costs shall not follow the event, the Court shall state its
reasons in writing.

1
[***]

COMMENTS

(i) Employer committed default in not remitting premium from salary of an employee to LIC,
Employer was directed to pay cost of proceedings to heirs of employee; Delhi Electric Supply
Undertaking v. Basanti Devi, AIR 2000 SC 43.

(ii) It is necessary to discourage people from bringing petitions which are motivated by mere
personal interests in the name of public interest, for which they have no locus standi. To prevent
and penalise such abuse of the process of the Court in the garb of public interest, the Court
invoked this section and imposed a cost of Rs. 10,000 on the petitioners; Prayag Vyapar Mandal
v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1997 All 1.

1. Sub-section (3) omitted by Act 66 of 1956, sec. 3 (w.e.f. 1-1-1957)

35A. Compensatory costs in respect of false or vexatious

claims or defenses.
1
[Compensatory costs in respect of false or vexatious claims or defenses.

2 3
(1) If any suit or other proceedings [including an execution proceedings but [excluding an
appeal or a revision]] any party objects to the claim of defence on the ground that the claim or
defence or any part of it is, as against the objector, false or vexatious to the knowledge of the
party by whom it has been put forward, and if thereafter, as against the objector, such claim or
defence is disallowed, abandoned or withdrawn in whole or in part, the Court, 4[if it so thinks fit]
may, after recording its reasons for holding such claim or defence to be false or vexatious, make
an order for the payment the object or by the party by whom such claim or defence has been
put forward, of cost by way of compensation.

(2) No Court shall make any such order for the payment of an amount exceeding 5[three

thousand rupees] or exceeding the limits of it pecuniary jurisdiction, whichever amount is less:

Provided that where the pecuniary limits of the jurisdiction of any Court exercising the
jurisdiction of a Court of Small Causes under the Provincial Small Cause Courts Act, 1887 (9 of
1887) 6[or under a corresponding law in force in 7[any part of India to which the said Act does
not extend]] and not being a Court constituted 8[under such Act or law], are less than two
hundred and fifty rupees, the High Court may empower such Court to award as costs under this
section any amount not exceeding two hundred and fifty rupees and not exceeding those limits
by more than one hundred rupees:

Provided, further, that the High Court may limit the amount or class of Courts is empowered to
award as costs under this Section.

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(3) No person against whom an order has been made under this section shall, by reason
thereof, be exempted from any criminal liability in respect of any claim or defence made by him.

(4) The amount of any compensation awarded under this section in respect of a false or
vexatious claim or defence shall be taken into account in any subsequent suit for damages or
compensation in respect of such claim or defence.]

STATE AMENDMENTS

Uttar Pradesh-(i) For sub-section (1) of section 35 A substitute the following.

“(1) If any suit or other proceedings including proceedings in execution, but not being an appeal
or revision, the court finds that the claim or defence or any part thereof is false or vexatious to
the knowledge of the party by whom it has been put forward and if such claim or defence or
such part is disallowed, abandoned or withdrawn in whole or in part, the court may, after
recording its reasons for holding such claim or defence to be false or vexatious, make an order
for the payment to the successful party or costs by way of compensation irrespective of the
decisions on other issues in the case”.

[Vide U.P. Act No. 24 of 1954, sec. 2 Sch., Item 5, Entry 1 (w.e.f. 30-11-1954)].

(ii) After sub-section (1) insert the following sub-section, namely:-.

“(1-A) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall mutatis mutandis apply to an appeal where the
appellate Court confirms the decision of the trial court and the trial court has not awarded or
insufficient, compensatory cost under that sub-section.

[Vide U.P. Act No. 57 of 1976, sec. 2 (w.e.f. 1-1-1977)].

1. Section 35A was ins. by Act 9 of 1922, sec. 2, which, under section 1(2) thereof
may be brought into force in any State by the State Government on any specified date.
It has been so brought into force in Bombay, Bengal, U.P., Punjab, Bihar, C.P., Assam,
Orissa and Tamil Nadu.
2. Subs. by Act 66 of 1956, sec. 4, for “not being an appeal” (w.e.f. 1-1-1957).
3. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 14, for “excluding an appeal” (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
4. Subs. by Act 66 of 1956, sec. 4 for certain words (w.e.f. 1-1-1957).
5. Subs. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 14 for “one thousand rupees” (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
6. Ins. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 7 (w.e.f. 1-4-1951).
7. Subs. by the Adoptation of Laws (No. 2) Order, 1956, for “a Part B State”.
8. Ins. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 7, for “under that Act” (w.e.f. 1-4-1951).

35B. Costs for causing delay.

1[35B. Costs for causing delay.

(1) If, on any date fixed for the hearing of a suit or for taking any step therein, a party to the
suit-

(a) fails to take the step which he was required by or under this Code to take on that date, or

(b) obtains an adjournment for taking such step or for producing evidence or on any other
ground,

the Court may, for reasons to be recorded, make an order requiring such party to pay to the
other party such costs as would, in the opinion of the Court, be reasonably sufficient to

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reimburse the other party in respect of the expenses incurred by him in attending the Court on
that date, and payment of such costs, on the date next following the date of such order, shall be
a condition precedent to the further prosecution of-

(a) the suit by the plaintiff, where the plaintiff was ordered to pay such costs.

(b) the defence by the defendant, where the defendant was ordered to pay such costs.

Explanation.-Where separate defences have been raised by the defendants or groups of

defendants, payment of such costs shall be a condition precedent to the further prosecution of
the defence by such defendants or groups of defendants as have been ordered by the Court to
pay such costs.

(2) The costs, ordered to be paid under sub-section (1) shall not, if paid, be included in the
costs awarded in the decree passed in the suit; but, if such costs are not paid, a separate order
shall be drawn up indicating the amount of such costs and the names and addresses of the
persons by whom such costs are payable and the order so drawn up shall be executable against
such persons.]

1. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 15 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

36. Application to orders

1
[36. Application to orders

The provisions of this Code relating to the execution of decree (including provisions relating to
payment under a decree) shall, so far as they are applicable, be deemed to apply to the
execution of orders (including payment an order).]

1. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 16 for s. 36 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

37. De nition of Court which passed a decree.

The expression “Court which passed a decree”, or words to that effect, shall, in relation to the
execution of decrees, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context, be deemed
to include,-

(a) where the decree to be executed has been passed in the exercise of appellate jurisdiction,
the Court of first instance, and

(b) where the Court of first instance has ceased to exist or to have jurisdiction to execute it, the
Court which, if the suit wherein the decree was passed was instituted at the time of making the
application for the execution of the decree, would have jurisdiction to try such suit.

1
[Explanation.-The Court of first instance does not cease to have jurisdiction to execute a decree
merely on the ground that after the institution of the suit wherein the decree was passed or
after the passing of the decree, any area has been transferred from the jurisdiction of that Court
to the jurisdiction of any other Court; but in every such case, such other Court shall also have
jurisdiction to execute the decree, if at the time of making the application for execution of the
decree it would have jurisdiction to try the said suit.]

1. Sub-section (3) omitted by Act 66 of 1956, sec. 3 (w.e.f. 1-1-1957)

38. Court by which decree may be executed.

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A decree may be executed either by the court which passed it, or by the Court to which it is sent
for execution.

COMMENTS

(i) Retransfer of execution proceedings at the instance of the judgment debtors do not preclude
the decree holders from initiating fresh execution proceedings against other judgement debtors
at original court; Om Prakash v. M/s. Hargovind Raj Kumar, AIR 1993 Raj 68.

(ii) Injunction decree is not enforceable. However, it can be enforced by seeking police aid on
necessary directions from the Court; Matha Gavarayya v. District Collector, E.G. Distt., AIR 1993
AP 103.

39. Transfer of decree.

(1) The Court which passed a decree may, on the application of the decree-holder, send it for
execution to another Court 1[of competent jurisdiction],-

(a) if the person against whom the decree is passed actually and voluntarily resides or carries
on business, or personally works for gain, within the local limits of the jurisdiction of such other
Court, or

(b) if such person has not property within the local limits of the jurisdiction of the Court which
passed the decree sufficient to satisfy such decree and has property within the local limits of the
jurisdiction of such other Court, or

(c) if the decree directs the sale or delivery of immovable property situate outside the local
limits of the jurisdiction of the Court which passed it, or

(d) if the Court which passed the decree considers for any other reason, which it shall record in
writing, that the decree should be executed by such other Court.

(2) The Court which passed the decree may of its own motion send it for execution to any
subordinate Court of competent jurisdiction.

1[(3) For the purposes of this section, a Court shall be deemed to be a Court of competent
jurisdiction if, at the time of making the application for the transfer of decree to it, such Court
would have jurisdiction to try the suit in which such decree was passed.]

2
[(4) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to authorise the Court which passed a decree to
execute such decree against any person or property outside the local limits of its jurisdiction.]

STATE AMENDMENTS

Uttar Pradesh-Sub-section (3) of section 39 shall be substituted.

“(3) For the purpose of this section, a court shall be deemed to be a court of competent
jurisdiction if the amount or value of the subject matter of the suit wherein the decree was
passed does not exceed the pecuniary limits if any of its ordinary jurisdiction at the time of
making the application for the transfer of decree to it, notwithstanding that it had otherwise no
jurisdiction to try the suit”. [Vide U.P. Act No. 31 of 1978, sec. 2 (w.e.f. 1-8-1978)].

1. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, S. 18 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

2. Ins. by CPC Act No. of 2002 section 2 (w.e.f. 1 -7-2002).

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40. Transfer of decree to Court in another State.

Where a decree is sent for execution in another State, it shall be sent to such Court and
executed in such manner as may be prescribed by rules in force in that State.

41. Result of execution proceedings to be certi ed.

The Court to which a decree is sent for execution shall certify to the Court which passed it the
fact of such execution, or where the former Court fails to execute the same the circumstances
attending such failure.

42. Powers of Court in executing transferred decree.

1[(1)] The Court executing a decree sent to it shall have the same powers in executing such
decree as if it had been passed by itself. All persons disobeying or obstructing the execution of
the decree shall be punishable by such Court in the same manner as if it had passed the decree.
And its order in executing such decree shall be subject to the same rules in respect of appeal as
if the decree had been passed by itself.

2
[(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of sub-section (1) the powers of the
Court under that sub-section shall include the following powers of the Court passed the decree,
namely:-

(a) power to send the decree for execution to another Court under section 39;

(b) power to execute the decree against the legal representative of the deceased judgment-
debtor under section 50;

(c) power to order attachment of a decree.

(3) A Court passing an order in exercise of the powers specified in sub-section (2) shall send a
copy thereof to the Court which passed the decree.

(4) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to confer on the Courts to which a decree is sent for
execution any of the following powers, namely-

(a) power to order execution at the instance of the transferee of the decree;

(b) in the case of a decree passed against a firm, power to grant leave to execute such decree
against any person other than such a person as is referred to in clause (b), or clause (c), of sub-
rule (1) of rule 50 of Order XXI.]

STATE AMENDMENT

Uttar Pradesh-Section 42 shall be substituted by following.

“42. Power of Court in executing transferred decree:

(1) The court executing a decree sent to it shall have the same powers in executing such decree
as if it had been passed by itself. All persons disobeying or obstructing the decree shall be
punishable by such court in the same manner as if it had passed the decree, and its order in
executing such decree shall be subject to the same rules in respect of appeal as if the decree
had been passed by itself.

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(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of sub-section (1) the powers of the
court under that sub-section shall include the following powers of the court which passed the
decree, namely-

(a) power to send the decree for execution to another court under section 39.

(b) power to execute the decree against the legal representative of the deceased judgment
debtor under section 50.

(c) power to order attachment of a decree.

(d) power to decide any question relating to the bar of limitation to the

executability of the decree.

(e) power to record payment or adjustment under Rule 2 of order XXI.

(f) power to order stay of execution under Rule 29 Order XXI,

(g) in the case of a decree passed against a firm power to grant leave to execute such decree
against any person other than a person as is referred to in clause (b) or clause (c) of sub-rule
(1) of Rule 50 of Order XXI.

(3) A court passing an order in exercise of the powers specified in sub-section (2) shall send a
copy thereof to the court which passed the decree.

(4) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to confer on the court to which a decree is sent for
execution, the power to order execution at the instance of the transfer of a decree.”

[Vide U.P. Act No. 14 of 1970, sec. 2 (w.e.f. 8-4-1970)].

1. Section 42 renumbered as sub-section (1) thereof by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 19
(w.e.f. 1-2-1977)
2. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 19 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

43. Execution of decrees passed by Civil Courts in places to

which this Code does not extend.
1
[Execution of decrees passed by Civil Courts in places to which this Code does not extend.

Any decree passed by any Civil Court established in any part of India to which the provisions of
this Code do not extend, or by any Court established or continued by the authority of the
Central Government outside India, may, if it cannot be executed within the jurisdiction of the
Court by which it was passed, be executed in the manner herein provided within the jurisdiction
of any Court in the territories to which this Code extends].

1. Subs. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 8, for section 43 (w.e.f. 1-4-1951)

44. Execution of decrees passed by Revenue Court in places

to which this Code does not extend.
1[Execution of decrees passed by Revenue Court in places to which this Code does not extend.

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The State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare that the decrees of
any Revenue Court in any part of India to which the provisions of this Code do not extend or any
class of such decrees, may be executed in the State as if they had been passed by Courts in that
State].

1. Subs. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 9, for section 44 (w.e.f. 1-4-1951)

44A. Execution of decrees passed by Courts in reciprocating

territory.
1
[44A. Execution of decrees passed by Courts in reciprocating territory.

(1) Where a certified copy of decree of any of the superior Courts of 2[***] any reciprocating
territory has been filed in a District Court, the decree may be executed in 3[India] as if it had
been passed by the District Court.

(2) Together with the certified copy of the decree shall be filed a certificate from such superior
Court stating the extent, if any, to which the decree has been satisfied or adjusted and such
certificate shall, for the purposes of proceedings under this section, be conclusive proof of the
extent of such satisfaction or adjustment.

(3) The provisions of section 47 shall as from the filing of the certified copy of the decree apply
to the proceedings of a District Court executing a decree under this section, and the District
Court shall refuse execution of any such decree, if it is shown to the satisfaction of the Court
that the decree falls within any of the exceptions specified in clauses (a) to (f) of section 13.

4
[Explanation 1- “Reciprocating territory” means any country or territory outside India which the
Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare to be a reciprocating
territory for the purposes of this section; and “superior Courts”, with reference to any such
territory, means such Courts as may be specified in the said notification.

Explanation 2.- “Decree” with reference to a superior Court means any decree or judgment of
such Court under which a sum of money is payable, not being a sum payable in respect of taxes
or other charges of a like nature or in respect to a fine or other penalty, but shall in no case
include an arbitration award, even if such an award is enforceable as a decree or judgment.]]

1. Ins. by Act 8 of 1937, sec. 2

2. The words “United Kingdom or: omitted by Act 71 of 1952, sec. 2
3. Subs. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 3, for “the States” (w.e.f. 1-4-1951)
4. Subs. by Act 71 of 1952, sec. 2, for Explanation 1 to 3.

45. Execution of decrees outside India.

1
[45. Execution of decrees outside India.

So much of the foregoing sections of this Part as empowers a Court to send a decree for
execution to another Court shall be construed as empowering a Court in any State to send a
decree for execution to any Court established 2[***] by the authority of the Central
Government3[outside India] to which the State Government has by notification in the Official
Gazette declared this section to apply].

STATE AMENDMENTS

Pondicherry-After section 45 insert the following:-

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“45-A. Execution of decrees etc. passed or made before the Commencement of the Code in
Pondicherry- Any Judgment, decree or order passed or made before the Commencement of this
Code by any Civil Court in the Union Territory of Pondicherry shall for the purpose of execution
be deemed to have been passed or made under this Code.

Provided that nothing contained in this section shall be construed as extending the period of
limitation to which any proceeding in respect of such judgment decree or order may be subject.”

[Vide Act No. 26 of 1968, sec. 3(i) and Sch., Pt II (w.e.f. 5-9-1968)].

1. Subs. by the A.O. 1937, for section 45.

2. The words “or continued” omitted by the A.O. 1948.
3. Subs. by the A.O. 1950, for “in any Indian State.”

46. Precepts.
(1) Upon the application of the decree-holder the Court which passed the decree may, whenever
it thinks fit, issue a precept to any other Court which would be competent to execute such
decree to attach any property belonging to the judgment-debtor and specified in the precept.

(2) The Court to which a precept is sent shall proceed to attach the property in the manner
prescribed in regard to the attachment of property in execution of a decree:

Provided that no attachment under a precept shall continue for more than two months unless
the period of attachment is extended by an order of the Court which passed the decree or unless
before the determination of such attachment the decree has been transferred to the Court by
which the attachment has been made and the decree-holder has applied for an order for the
sale of such property. Questions to be determined by Court executing decree

47. Questions to be determined by the Court executing

decree
(1) All questions arising between the parties to the suit in which the decree was passed, or their
representatives, and relating to the execution, discharge or satisfaction of the decree, shall be
determined by the Court executing the decree and not by a separate suit.

1
[* * * *]

(3) Where a question arises as to whether any person is or is not the representative of a party,
such question shall, for the purposes of this section, be determined by the Court.

2[Explanation I.-For the purposes of this section, a plaintiff whose suit has been dismissed and a
defendant against whom a suit has been dismissed are parties to the suit.

Explanation II.-(a) For the purposes of this section, a purchaser of property at a sale in
execution of a decree shall be deemed to be a party to the suit in which the decree is passed;
and

(b) all questions relating to the delivery of possession of such property to such purchaser or his
representative shall be deemed to be questions relating to the execution, discharge or
satisfaction of the decree within the meaning of this section.]

COMMENTS

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(i) Executing court has to first decide whether preliminary decree in question is severable from
final degree and can be executed independently. If not, then only after passing of the final
decree it can be executed; Md. Serajuddin v. Md. Abdul Khalique, AIR 2005 Gauhati 40.

(ii) Once decree reached finality, it is not open to judgement-debtor to plead new facts in
execution proceedings; Pothuri Thulasidas v. Potru Nageswara, AIR 2005 AP 171.

(iii) Suit was not ‘in reality’ one in the nature of execution of the earlier order of eviction in
favour of plaintiff and is not barred. Suit based upon fresh cause of action. The High Court was
wrong in treating present suit as one ‘virtually’ for execution of the order of eviction passed in
the earlier rent control case. Hence the ban under section 47 cannot apply; Ajit Chopra v. Sadhu
Ram, AIR 2000 SC 212.

(iv) An executing court granted decree for interest which was not part of the decree for
execution on ground of delay and unreasonable stand taken in execution. Since the executing
court cannot travel beyond decree under execution, the said decree was held to be without
jurisdiction; Kameshwar Das Gupta v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR 1997 SC 410.

(v) New plea cannot be allowed to be raised for the first time in execution proceedings; Jalada
Daland Uchha Bidyapith v. State of Orissa, AIR 1993 Ori 257: 1993 (1) Ori LR 77.

(vi) Execution of the decree ought not to be refused, unless the decree itself is a nullity; Jalada
Daland Uchha Bidyapith v. State of Orissa, AIR 1993 Ori 257: 1993 (1) Ori LR 77.

(vii) Injunction decree can be enforced by the legal heir of the decree holder against the J.O.
after the death of the decree holder; D’souza, J. v. A. Joseph, AIR 1993 Kant 68: ILR (Kant)
(1992) 2972.

(viii) Death of the decree holder during pendency of the execution proceedings. His legal
representative can continue the proceedings after obtaining the succession certificate;
Kariyamma v. Assistant Commissioner and Land Acquisition Officer, AIR 1993 Karn 321: 1993
(1) Civ LJ 297: 1992 (3) Cur CC 664.

(ix) In absence of any challenge to decree no objection can be raised in execution; State of
Punjab v. Mohinder Singh Randhawa, AIR 1992 SC 473.

(x) Auction sale held in execution of final decree can be set aside under section 47 on
displacement by Appellate Court of preliminary decree on which final decree was based; Kumar
Sudhendu Narain Deb v. Renuka Biswas, AIR 1992 SC 385.

1. Sub-section (2) omitted by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 20 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
2. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 20 for Explanation (w.e.f. 1-2-1977). Earlier
Explanation was ins. by Act 66 of 1956, sec. 5 (w.e.f. 1-1-1957).

48. Execution barred in certain cases.

Rep. by the limitation Act, 1963(36 of 1963), s. 28 (with effect from the 1st January, 1964)

49. Transferee.
Every transferee of a decree shall hold the same subject to the equities (if any) which the
judgment-debtor might have enforced against the original decree-holder.

50. Legal representative.

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(1) Where a judgment-debtor dies before the decree has been fully satisfied, the holder of the
decree may apply to the Court which passed it to execute the same against the legal
representative of the deceased.

(2) Where the decree is executed against such legal representative, he shall be liable only to the
extent of the property of the deceased which has come to his hands and has not been duly
disposed of; and, for the purpose of ascertaining such liability, the Court executing the decree
may, of its own motion or on the application of the decree-holder, compel such legal
representative to produce such accounts as it thinks fit.

51. Powers of Court to enforce execution.

Subject to such conditions and limitations as may be prescribed, the Court may, on the
application of the decree-holder, order execution of the decree-

(a) by delivery of any property specifically decreed;

(b) by attachment and sale or by the sale without attachment of any property;

(c) by arrest and detention in prison 1[for such period not exceeding the period specified in
section 58, where arrest and detention is permissible under that section];

(d) by appointing a receiver; or

(e) in such other manner as the nature of the relief granted may require:

2
[Provided that, where the decree is for the payment of money, execution by detention in prison
shall not be ordered unless, after giving the judgment-debtor an opportunity of showing cause
why he should not be committed to prison, the Court, for reasons recorded in writing, is
satisfied-

(a) that the judgment-debtor, with the object or effect of obstructing or delaying the execution
of the decree,-

(i) is likely to abscond or leave the local limits of the jurisdiction of the Court, or

(ii) has, after the institution of the suit in which the decree was passed, dishonestly transferred,
concealed, or removed any part of his property, or committed any other act of bad faith in
relation to his property, or

(b) that the judgment-debtor has, or has had since the date of the decree, the means to pay the
amount of the decree or some substantial part thereof and refuses or neglects or has refused or
neglected to pay the same, or

(c) that the decree is for a sum for which the judgment-debtor was bound in a fiduciary capacity
to account.

Explanation.-In the calculation of the means of the judgment-debtor for the purposes of clause
(b), there shall be left out of account any property which, by or under any law or custom having
the force of law for the time being in force, is exempt from attachment in execution of the
decree.]

STATE AMENDMENTS

Uttar Pradesh-In section 51 of the Code Clause (bb) shall be inserted after clause (b).

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“(bb) by transfer other than sale by attachment or without attachment of any property”

[Vide U.P. Act No. 24 of 1954, sec. 2 and Sch I, Item 5, Entry 4 (w.e.f. 30-11-1954)].

COMMENTS

Money decree passed against the company and its managing director. Held, the decree is not
passed against Managing Director in his individual capacity. He cannot be sent to jail in
enforcement of the decree; M/s. March Ltd. (In Liqn.), Chandigarh v. M/s. Pan India Plastic Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi, AIR 1993 P&H 215: 1993 (1) Bank LT 127: 1993 (1) Land LR 431.

—————

1. Ins. by Act 104 of 1976, sec. 21 (w.e.f. 1‑2‑1977).

2. Ins. by Act 21 of 1936, sec. 2.

52. Enforcement of decree against legal representative.

(1) Where a decree is passed against a party as the legal representative of a deceased person,
and the decree is for the payment of money out of the property of the deceased, it may be
executed by the attachment and sale of any such property.

(2) Where no such property remains in the possession of the judgment-debtor and he fails to
satisfy the Court that he has duly applied such property of the deceased as is proved to have
come into his possession, the decree may be executed against the judgment-debtor to the
extent of the property in respect of which he has failed so to satisfy the Court in the same
manner as if the decree had been against him personally.

53. Liability of ancestral property.

For the purposes of section 50 and section 52, property in the hands of a son or other
descendant which is liable under Hindu law for the payment of the debt of a deceased ancestor,
in respect of which a decree has been passed, shall be deemed to be property of the deceased
which has come to the hands of the son or other descendant as his legal representative.

54. Partition of estate or separation of share.

Where the decree is for the partition of an undivided estate assessed to the payment of revenue
to the Government, or for the separate possession of a share of such an estate, the partition of
the estate or the separation of the share shall be made by the Collector or any gazetted
subordinate of the Collector deputed by him in this behalf, in accordance with the law (if any) for
the time being in force relating to the partition, or the separate possession shares, of such
estates.

STATE AMENDMENT

Karnataka:– For section 54, substitute the following section, namely:-

“54. Partition of Estate or sepration of share:-

Where the decree is for the partition of an undivided estate assessed to the payment of revenue
to the Government or for the separate possession of share of such an estate, the partition of the
estate or the separation of the share of such an estate shall be made by the Court in accordance

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with the law if any, for the time being in force relating to the partition , or the separate
possession of shares and if neccessary on the report of a revenue officer, not below the rank of
tehsildar or such other person as the Court may appoint as Commissioner in that behalf.”

[Vide Karnataka Act 36 of 1998, sec. 2.]

55. Arrest and detention.

(1) A judgment-debtor may be arrested in execution of a decree at any hour and on any day,
and shall, as soon as practicable, be brought before the Court, and his detention may be in the
civil prison of the district in which the Court ordering the detention is situate, or, where such civil
prison does not afford suitable accommodation, in any other place which the State Government
may appoint for the detention of persons ordered by the Courts of such district to be detained:

Provided, firstly, that, for the purpose of making an arrest under this section, no dwelling-house
shall be entered after sunset and before sunrise :

Provided, secondly, that no outer door of a dwelling-house shall be broken open unless such
dwelling-house is in the occupancy of the judgment-debtor and he refuses or in any way
prevents access thereto, but when the officer authorised to make the arrest has duly gained
access to any dwelling-house, he may break open the door of any room in which he has reason
to believe the judgment-debtor is to be found:

Provided, thirdly, that, if the room is in the actual occupancy of a woman who is not the
judgment-debtor and who according to the customs of the country does not appear in public,
the officer authorised to make the arrest shall give notice to her that she is at liberty to
withdraw, and, after allowing a reasonable time for her to withdraw and giving her reasonable
facility for withdrawing, may enter the room for the purpose of making the arrest:

Provided, fourthly, that, where the decree in execution of which a judgment-debtor is arrested,
is a decree for the payment of money and the judgment-debtor pays the amount of the decree
and the costs of the arrest to the officer arresting him, such officer shall at once release him.

(2) The State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare that any person or
class of persons whose arrest might be attended with danger or inconvenience to the public shall
not be liable to arrest in execution of a decree otherwise than in accordance with such procedure
as may be prescribed by the State Government in this behalf.

(3) Where a judgment-debtor is arrested in execution of a decree for the payment of money and
brought before the Court, the Court shall inform him that he may apply to be declared an
1
insolvent, and that he [may be discharged], if he has not committed any act of bad faith
regarding the subject of the application and if he complies with provisions of the law of
insolvency for the time being in force.

(4) Where a judgment-debtor expresses his intention to apply to be declared an insolvent and
furnishes security, to the satisfaction of the Court, that he will within one month so apply, and
that he will appear, when called upon, in any proceeding upon the application or upon the
decree in execution of which he was arrested, the Court 2[may release] him from arrest, and, if
he fails so to apply and to appear, the Court may either direct the security to be realised or
commit him to the civil prison in execution of the decree.

1. Subs. by Act 3 of 1921, sec. 2, for “will be dicharged”.

2. Subs. by Act 3 of 1921, sec. 2, for “shall release”.

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56. Prohibition of arrest or detention of women in execution

of decree for money.
Notwithstanding anything in this Part, the Court shall not order the arrest or detention in the
civil prison of a woman in execution of a decree for the payment of money.

57. Subsistence allowance.

The State Government may fix scales, graduated according to rank, race and nationality, of
monthly allowances payable for the subsistence of judgment-debtors.

58. Detention and release.

(1) Every person detained in the civil prison in execution of a decree shall be so detained,-

12
(a) where the decree is for the payment of a sum of money exceeding [five thousand
rupees], for a period not exceeding three months, and]

3
[(b) where the decree is for the payment of a sum of money exceeding two thousand rupees,
but not exceeding five thousand rupees, for a period not exceeding six weeks :]

Provided that he shall be released from such detention before the expiration of the 4[said period
of detention]-

(i) on the amount mentioned in the warrant for his detention being paid to the officer in charge
of the civil prison, or

(ii) on the decree against him being otherwise fully satisfied, or

(iii) on the request of the person on whose application he has been so detained, or

(iv) on the omission by the person, on whose application he has been so detained, to pay
subsistence allowance :

Provided, also, that he shall not be released from such detention under clause (ii) or clause (iii),
without the order of the Court.

5[(1A) For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that no order for detention of the
judgment-debtor in civil prison in execution of a decree for the payment of money shall be
made, where the total amount of the decree does not exceed 6[two thousand rupees.]]

(2) A judgment-debtor released from detention under this section shall not merely by reason of
his release be discharged from his debt, but he shall not be liable to be re-arrested under the
decree in execution of which he was detained in the civil prison.

1. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 22, for “fifty rupees, for a period of six months,
and” (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
2. Subs, by Act No. 46 of 1999, section 5 for “one thousand rupees”, (w.e.f. 1-7-2002).
3. Clause (b) subs. by Act 104 of 1976, sec. 22 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977) and again subs. by
Act 46 of 1999, sec. 5 (w.e.f. 1-7-2002)
4. Subs. by Act 104 of 1976, sec. 22 for certain words (w.e.f. 1-2-1977)
5. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, s. 22, (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
6. Subs. by Act No. 46 of 1999 section 5 for “five hundred rupees” (w.e.f. 1-7-2002).

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59. Release on ground of illness.

(1) At any time after a warrant for the arrest of a judgment-debtor has been issued the Court
may cancel it on ground of his serious illness.

(2) Where a judgment-debtor has been arrested, the Court may release him if, in its opinion, he
is not in a fit state of health to be detained in the civil prison.

(3) Where a judgment-debtor has been committed to the civil prison, he may be released
therefrom,-

(a) by the State Government, on the ground of the existence of any infectious or contagious
disease, or

(b) by the committing Court, or any Court to which that Court is subordinate, on the ground of
his suffering from any serious illness.

(4) A judgment-debtor released under this section may be re-arrested, but the period of his
detention in the civil prison shall not in the aggregate exceed that prescribed by section 58.

60. Property liable to attachment and sale in execution of

decree
1
60. Property liable to attachment and sale in execution of decree.—(1) The following property
is liable to attachment and sale in execution of a decree, namely, lands, houses or other
buildings, goods, money, bank notes, cheques, bills of exchange, hundis, promissory notes,
Government securities, bonds or other securities for money, debts, shares in a corporation and,
save as hereinafter mentioned, all other saleable property, movable or immovable, belonging to
the judgment debtor, or over which, or the profits of which, he has a disposing power which he
may exercise for his own benefit, whether the same be held in the name of the judgment‑debtor
or by another person in trust for him or on his behalf:

Provided that the following properties shall not be liable to such attachment or sale, namely:—

(a) the necessary wearing‑apparel, cooking vessels, beds and bedding of the judgment‑debtor,
his wife and children, and such personal ornaments as, in accordance with religious usage,
cannot be parted with by any woman;

(b) tools of artisans, and, where the judgment debtor is an agriculturist, his implements of
husbandry and such cattle and seed‑grain as may, in the opinion of the Court, be necessary to
enable him to earn his livelihood as such, and such portion of agricultural produce or of any
class of agricultural produce as may have been declared to be free from liability under the
provisions of the next following section;

(c) houses and other buildings (with the materials and the sites thereof and the land
immediately appurtenant thereto and necessary for their enjoyment) belonging to 2[an

agriculturist or a labourer or a domestic servant] and occupied by him;

(d) books of account;

(e) a mere right to sue for damages;

(f) any right of personal service;

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(g) stipends and gratuities allowed to pensioners of the Government 3[or of a local authority or
of any other employer], or payable out of any service family pension fund 4notified in the Official
Gazette by 5[the Central Government or the State Government] in this behalf, and political
pension;

6
[(h) the wages of labourers and domestic servants, whether payable in money or in kind
7
[***];]

8 9 10 11
[(i) salary to the extent of [the first [ [one thousand rupees]] and two‑thirds of the
12
remainder] [in execution of any decree other than a decree for maintenance]:

13[Provided that where any part of such portion of the salary as is liable to attachment has been
under attachment, whether continuously or intermittently, for a total period of twenty four
months, such portion shall be exempt from attachment until the expiry of a further period of
twelve months, and, where such attachment has been made in execution of one and the same
decree, shall, after the attachment has continued for a total period of twenty four months, be
finally exempt from attachment in execution of that decree;]]

14(ia) one‑third of the salary in execution of any decree for maintenance;]

15
[(j) the pay and allowances of persons to whom the Air Force Act, 1950 (45 of 1950), or the
Army Act, 1950 (46 of 1950), or the Navy Act, 1957 (62 of 1957), applies;]

(k) all compulsory deposits and other sums in or derived from any fund to which the Provident
Funds Act, 16[1925 (19 of 1925)], for the time being applies in so far as they are declared by
the said Act not to be liable to attachment;

17
[(ka) all deposits and other sums in or derived from any fund to which the Public Provident
Fund Act, 1968 (23 of 1968), for the time being applies, in so far as they are declared by the
said Act as not to be liable to attachment;

(kb) all moneys payable under a policy of insurance on the life of the judgment debtor;

(kc) the interest of lessee of a residential building to which the provisions of law for the time
being in force relating to control of rents and accommodation apply;]

18 19
[(l) any allowance forming part of the emoluments of any [servant of the Government] or of
20
any servant of a railway company or local authority which the [appropriate Government] may
by notification in the Official Gazette declare to be exempt from attachment, and any
21
subsistence grant for allowance made to [any such servant] while under suspension;]

(m) an expectancy of succession by survivorship or other merely contingent or possible right or

interest;

(n) a right to future maintenance;

(o) any allowance declared by 22[any Indian law] to be exempt from liability to attachment or
sale in execution of a decree; and

(p) where the judgment‑debtor is a person liable for the payment of land-revenue; any movable
property which, under any law for the time being applicable to him, is exempt from sale for the
recovery of an arrear of such revenue.

23
[Explanation I.—The moneys payable in relation to the matters mentioned in clauses (g), (h),
(i) (ia), (j), (l) and (o) are exempt from attachment or sale, whether before or after they are

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actually payable, and, in the case of salary, the attachable portion thereof is liable to
attachment, whether before or after it is actually payable.]

24
[Explanation II.—In clauses (i) and (ia)] “salary” means the total monthly emoluments,
excluding any allowance declared exempt from attachment under the provisions of clause (l),
derived by a person from his employment whether on duty or on leave.

25 26
[Explanation [III].—In clause (l) “appropriate Government” means—

(i) as respect any 27[person] in the service of the Central Government, or any servant of 28[a

Railway Administration] or of a cantonment authority or of the port authority of a major port,

the Central Government;

29[***]

30
(iii) as respects any other servant of the Government or a servant of any other [***] local
authority, the State Government.]

31
[Explanation IV.—For the purposes of this proviso, “wages” includes bonus, and “labourer”
includes a skilled, unskilled or semi skilled labourer.

Explanation V.—For the purposes of this proviso, the expression “agriculturist” means a person
who cultivates land personally and who depends for his livelihood mainly on the income from
agricultural land, whether as owner, tenant, partner, or agricultural labourer.

Explanation VI.—For the purposes of Explanation V, an agriculturist shall be deemed to cultivate

land personally, if he cultivates land—

(a) by his own labour, or

(b) by the labour of any member of his family, or

(c) by servants or labourers on wages payable in cash or in kind (not being as a share of the
produce), or both.]

32
[(1A) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, an
agreement by which a person agrees to waive the benefit of any exemption under this section
shall be void.]

(2) Nothing in this section shall be deemed 33[***] to exempt houses and other buildings (with
the materials and the sites thereof and the lands immediately appurtenant thereto and
necessary for their enjoyment) from attachment or sale in execution of decrees for rent of any
such house, building, site or land, 34[***].

35[***]

STATE AMENDMENTS

Andhra Pradesh.—In section 60, in sub-section (1), in the proviso, in clause (g), in its
application to the Andhra Area of the State of Andhra Pradesh, after the words “stipends and
gratuities, allowed to pensioners of the Government”, insert the words “or of a local authority”.

[Vide Code of Civil Procedure (Andhra Pradesh) (Andhra Area) Amendment Act, 1950 (34 of
1950) as amended by the Andhra Pradesh Act 9 of 1961.]

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In its application to the whole of the State of Andhra Pradesh,—

A. (i) In section 60, in sub-section (i), in the proviso, after clause (k), insert the following
clause, namely:—

“(kk) amount payable: under policies issued in pursuance of the rules for the Andhra Pradesh
Government Life Insurance and Provident Fund and the Hyderabad State Life Insurance and
Provident Fund;”

(ii) In section 60, in sub-section (1), after Explanation 2, insert the following Explanation,
namely:—

“Explanation 2A.—Where any sum payable to a Government servant is exempt from attachment
under the provisions of clause (kk), such sum shall remain exempt from attachment
notwithstanding the fact that owing to the death of the Government servant it is payable to
some other person.”

[Vide Code of Civil Procedure (Andhra Pradesh) (Telangana Area) Amendment Act 11 of 1953, as
amended by the Andhra Pradesh Act 10 of 1962.]

B. (i) In section 60, in sub-section (1), in the proviso, after clause (kk), insert the following
clause, namely:—

“(kkk) amounts payable under the Andhra Pradesh State Employees’ Family Benefit Fund
Rules;”;

(ii) in Explanation 2 A, for the expression “clause (kk)”, substitute the expression “clauses (kk)
and (kkk)”.

[Vide Andhra Pradesh Act 24 of 1979, sec. 2 (w.e.f. 5-9-1979).]

In its application to the Telangana area of the State of Andhra Pradesh in section 60, in sub-
section (1):—

(i) in the proviso, after clause (g), insert the following clause, namely:—

“(gg) pension granted or continued by the Central Government, the Government of the pre
reorganisation Hyderabad State or any other State Government on account of past services or
present infirmities or as a compassionate allowance; and”

(ii) after Explanation 2, insert Explanation 2A which is same as given above with the addition of
the words, brackets and letters “clause (gg) or” after the words “under the provisions of”.

[Vide Andhra Pradesh Act 18 of 1953 (w.e.f. 2-12-1953).]

Chandigarh.—Same as in Punjab.

Delhi.—Same as in Punjab.

Gujarat.—In section 60, in sub-section (1),—

(a) in the proviso, after clause (g), insert the following clause, namely:—

“(gg) stipends and gratuities allowed to pensioners of a local authority, and”

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(b) in Explanation I, after the brackets and letter “(g)”, insert the brackets and letters “(gg)”.

[Vide Code of Civil Procedure (Bombay Amendment) Act, 1948 (Bombay Act 60 of 1948), sec. 2
(w.e.f. 30-11-1948).]

Haryana.—Same as in Punjab.

Himachal Pradesh.—In section 60, in sub section (1), in the proviso,—

(i) in clause (c), at the end, insert the following:—

“or compensation paid for such houses and buildings (including compensation for the materials
and the sites and the land referred to above) acquired for a public purpose”;

(ii) after clause (c), insert the following, clause, namely:—

“(cc) compensation paid for agricultural lands belonging to agriculturists and acquired for a
public purposes;”

[Vide Civil Procedure Code (Himachal Pradesh Amendment) Act 6 of 1956.]

Karnataka.—In section 60, in sub-section (1), in the proviso, after clause (p), insert the
following clause, namely:—

‘’(pp) where the judgment‑debtor is a servant of the State Government who has insured his life
under the rules in force relating to the Official Branch of the Karnataka Government Life
Insurance Department,—

(1) in the case of insurance effected prior to the ninth day of May, 1911, the whole of the bonus
payable or paid thereunder to such servant, or in the event of his death to his nominee or other
person or persons entitled to such bonus under the said rules; and

(2) in the case of insurance effected on or after the ninth day of May, 1911, and such insurance
is compulsory, then the bonus in respect of the compulsory premia payable or paid to such
servant, or in the event of his death to his nominee or other person or persons entitled to such
bonus under the said rules.”

[Vide Civil Procedure Code (Mysore Amendment) Act 14 of 1952.]

Kerala.—In section 60, in sub-section (1), in the proviso—

(i) in clause (g), after the words “stipends and gratuities allowed to pensioners”, insert the
words “or of a local authority”.

[Vide Kerala Act 13 of 1957, sec. 3 (w.e.f. 1-10-1958).]

[Ed.—This amendment in clause (g) was made prior to the amendment made by the Central act
104 of 1976, sec. 23 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).]

(ii) after clause (g), insert the following clause, namely:—

“(gg) all moneys payable to the beneficiaries under the Family Benefit Scheme for the
employees of the Government of Kerala;”

[Vide Kerala Act 1 of 1988, sec. 2 (w.e.f. 5-1-1988).]

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Maharashtra.—In Section 60, in sub-section (1), in the proviso—

(a) after clause (g), the following clause shall be inserted, namely:

“(gg) in the Hyderabad area of the State of Maharashtra, any pension granted or continued by
the Central Government or the Government of the former State of Hyderabad or any other State
Government, on account of past services or present infirmities or as a compassionate allowance,
which is not covered by clause (g);”

(b) after clause (kb), insert the following clause, namely:

“(kbb) the amounts payable under the policies issued in pursuance of the Rules for the
Hyderabad State Life Insurance and provident fund, which are not covered under clause (ka) or
(kb).

Explanation.—Where any sum payable to a Government servant is exempt from attachment

under this clause or clause (gg) such sum shall remain exempt from attachment,
notwithstanding the fact that owing to the death of the Government servant the sum is payable
to some other person;”

[Vide Maharashtra Act 65 of 1977, sec. 6 (w.e.f. 19-12-1977).]

Pondicherry.— Same as in Tamil Nadu.

[Vide Pondicherry Act 26 of 1968.]

Punjab.—In its application to the State of Punjab including the Pepsu area thereof as it was
immediately before the 1st November, 1956,—

(a) in section 60, in sub-section (1), in the proviso,—

(i) in clause (c), for the words “occupied by him” the following words shall be deemed to be
substituted, namely:—

“not proved by the decree holder to have been let out on rent or lent to persons other than his
father, mother, wife, daughter‑in‑law, brother, sister or other dependants or left vacant for a
period of a year or more”.

(ii) after clause (c), insert the following clauses, namely:—

“(cc) milch animals, whether in milk or in calf, kids, animals used for the purposes of transport
of draught cart and open spaces or enclosures belonging to an agriculturist and required for use
in case of need for tying cattle, parking carts, or stacking fodder or manure;

(ccc) one main residential‑house and other buildings attached to it (with the material and the
sites thereof and the land immediately appurtenant thereto and necessary for their enjoyment)
belonging to a judgment debtor other than an agriculturist and occupied by him:

Provided that the protection afforded by this clause shall not extend to any property specifically
charged with the debt sought to be recovered.”

(b) In Section 60, after sub‑section (2), insert the following sub‑sections, namely:—

“(3) Notwithstanding any other law for the time being in force an agreement by which a debtor
agrees to waive any benefit of any exemption under this section shall be void.

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(4) For the purposes of this section the word ‘agriculturist’ shall include every person whether as
owner, tenant, partner or agricultural labourer who depends for his livelihood mainly on income
from agricultural land as defined in the Punjab Alienation of Land Act, 1900.

(5) Every member of a tribe notified as agricultural under the Punjab Alienation of Land Act,
1900, and every member of a scheduled caste shall be presumed to be an agriculturist until the
contrary is proved.

(6) No order for attachment be made unless the Court is satisfied that the property sought to be
attached is not exempt from attachment or sale.”

[Vide Punjab Relief of Indebtedness Act 7 of 1934, sec. 35 as amended by Punjab Acts 12 of
1940, 6 of 1942 and 14 of 1960 (w.e.f. 30-12-1960).]

Rajasthan.—In Section 60, in sub section (1), in the proviso,—

(i) in clause (b) after the word “agriculturist,” insert the words “his milch cattle and those likely
to calve within two years,”;

[Vide Rajasthan Act 19 of 1958 (w.e.f. 18-4-1958).]

(ii) after clause (k), insert the following clause, namely:—

“(kk) moneys payable under Life Insurance Certificates issued in pursuance of the Rajasthan
Government Servants Insurance Rules, 1953;”

(iii) In Section 60, in sub-section (1), after Explanation 3, insert the following Explanation,
namely:—

“Explanation 4.—Where any money payable to a Government servant of the State is exempt
from attachment under the provision contained in clause (kk), such money shall remain exempt
from attachment notwithstanding the fact that owing to the death of a Government servant it is
payable to some other person”.

[Vide Rajasthan Act 16 of 1957, sec. 2 (w.e.f. 6-6-1957).]

Tamil Nadu.—In section 60, in sub-section (1), in the proviso, after the words “stipends and
gratuities allowed to the pensioners of the Government”, insert the words “or of a local
authority”.

[Vide Code of Civil Procedure (Madras Amendment) Act (34 of 1950).]

This Act has been extended to Kanya Kumari district and Shen Cottah taluk of the Tirunelveli
District by the Madras by the Andhra Pradesh and Madras (Alteration Boundaries) (Act 66 of
1959) by the Madras (Added Territories) Adaptation of Laws Order, 1961.

Uttar Pradesh.—In section 60, in sub-section (1), after Explanation 1, insert the following
Explanation, namely:—

“Explanation 1A.— Particulars mentioned in clause (c) are exempt from sale in execution of a
decree whether passed before or after the commencement of the Civil Procedure Code (United
Provinces Amendment) Act, 1948, for enforcement of a mortgage of charge thereon.”

[Vide the Code of Civil Procedure (Uttar Pradesh Amendment) Act 35 of 1948, sec. 2 (w.e.f. 28-
8-1948).]

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COMMENTS

Immunity from attachment with regard to residential house is not available to debtor unless he
establishes connection between the agricultural operations carried on by him and the house
sought to be attached; Paruchuru Narasimha Rao v. Nune Pandu Ranga Rao, AIR 1994 AP 197.

—————

1. For amendments to section 60, in its application to East Punjab, see the Punjab
Relief of Indebtedness Act, 1934 (Punjab Act 7 of 1934), sec. 35, as amended by
Punjab Acts 12 of 1940 and 6 of 1942.

2. Subs. by Act 104 of 1976, sec. 23, for “an agriculturist” (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

3. Ins. by Act 104 of 1976, sec. 23 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

4. For such a notification, see Gazette of India, 1909, Pt. I, p. 5.

5. Subs. by the A.O. 1937, for “the G.G. in C.”

6. Subs. by Act 9 of 1937, sec. 2, for clauses (h) and (i). The amendments made by
that section have no effect in respect of any proceedings arising out of a suit
instituted before 1st June, 1937, see Act 9 of 1937, sec. 3.

7. The words “and salary, to the extent of the first hundred rupees and one-half the
remainder of such salary” omitted by Act 5 of 1943, sec. 2.

8. Subs. by Act 5 of 1943, sec. 2, for clause (i) and proviso.

9. Subs. by Act 26 of 1963, sec. 2, for “the first hundred rupees”.

10. Subs. by Act 104 of 1976, sec. 23, for “two hundred rupees and one-half the
remainder” (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

11. Subs. by Act 46 of 1999, sec. 6, for “four hundred rupees” (w.e.f. 1-7-2002).

12. Ins. by Act 66 of 1956, sec. 6 (w.e.f. 1-1-1957).

13. Subs. by Act 104 of 1976, sec. 23, for the proviso (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

14. Ins. by Act 66 of 1956, sec. 6 (w.e.f. 1-1-1957).

15. Subs. by Act 104 of 1976, sec. 23, for clause (j) (w.e.f. 1‑2‑1977).

16. Subs. by Act 9 of 1937, sec. 2, for “1897”.

17. Ins. by Act 104 of 1976, sec. 23 (w.e.f. 1‑2‑1977).

18. Subs. by Act 9 of 1937, sec. 2, for clause (l).

19. Subs. by Act 5 of 1943, sec. 2, for “public officer”.

20. Subs. by the A.O. 1937, for “G.G. in C.”

21. Subs. by Act 5 of 1943, sec. 2, for “any such officer or servant”.

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22. Subs. by A.O. 1937, for “any law passed under the Indian Councils Acts, 1861 and
1892”.

23. Subs. by Act 104 of 1976, sec. 23, for Explanation 1 (w.e.f. 1‑2‑1977).

24. Subs. by Act 104 of 1976, sec. 23, for “Explanation 2.—In clauses (h) and (i)”
(w.e.f. 1‑2‑1977).

25. Ins. by the A.O. 1937.

26. Subs. by Act 104 of 1976, sec. 23, for “3” (w.e.f. 1‑2‑1977).

27. Subs. by Act 5 of 1943, sec. 2, for “public officer”.

28. Subs. by the A.O. 1950, for “a Federal Railway”.

29. Clause (ii) omitted by the A.O. 1948.

30. The word “railway or” omitted by the A.O. 1950.

31. Ins. by Act 104 of 1976, sec. 23 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

32. Ins. by Act 104 of 1976, sec. 23 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

33. The letter and brackets “(a)” rep. by Act 10 of 1914, sec. 3 and Sch. II. 34. The
word “or” rep. by Act 10 of 1914, sec. 3 and Sch. II.

35. Clause (b) rep. by Act 10 of 1914, sec. 3 and Sch. II.

61. Partial exemption of agricultural produce.

The State Government 1[***] may, by general or special order published in the Official Gazette,
declare that such portion of agricultural produce, or of any class of agricultural produce, as may
appear to the State Government to be necessary for the purpose of providing until the next
harvest the due cultivation of the land and for the support of the judgment-debtor and his
family, shall, in the case of all agriculturists or of any class of agriculturists, be exempted from
liability to attachment or sale in exaction of a decree.

1. The words “with the previous sanction of the G.G. in C.” omitted by Act 38 of 1920,
sec. 2 and Sch. I

62. Seizure of property in dwelling-house.

(1) No person executing any process under this Code directing or authorizing seizure of movable
property shall enter any dwelling-house

after sunset and before sunrise.

(2) No outer door of a dwelling-house shall be broken open unless such dwelling-house is in the
occupancy of the judgment-debtor and he refuses or in any way prevents access thereto, but
when the person executing any such process has duly gained access to any dwelling-house, he
may break open the door of any room in which he has reason to believe any such property to
be.

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(3) Where a room in a dwelling-house is in the actual occupancy of a woman who, according to
the customs of the country, does not appear in public, the person executing the process shall
give notice to such woman that she is at liberty to withdraw; and, after allowing reasonable time
for her to withdraw and giving her reasonable facility for withdrawing, he may enter such room
for the purpose of seizing the property, using at the same time every precaution, consistent with
these provisions, to prevent its clandestine removal.

63. Property attached in execution of decrees of several

Courts.
(1) Where property not in the custody of any Court is under attachment in execution of decrees
of more Courts than one, the Court which shall receive or realize such property and shall
determine any claim thereto any objection to the attachment thereof shall be the Court of
highest grade, or, where there is no difference in grade between such Courts, the Court under
whose decree the property was first attached.

(2) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to invalidate any proceeding taken by a Court
executing one of such decrees.

1
[Explanation.-For the purposes of sub-section (2), “proceeding taken by a Court” does not
include an order allowing, to a decree-holder who has purchased property at a sale held in
execution of a decree, set off to the extent of the purchase price payable by him.]

1. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 24 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

64. Private alienation of property after attachment to be void.

1[(1)] Where an attachment has been made, any private transfer or delivery of the property
attached or of any interest therein and any payment to the judgment-debtor of any debt,
dividend or other monies contrary to such attachment, shall be void as against all claims
enforceable under the attachment.

2[(2) Nothing in this section shall apply to any private transfer or delivery of the property
attached or of any interest therein, made in pursuance of any contract for such transfer or
delivery entered into and registered before the attachment.]

Explanation-For the purposes of this section, claims enforceable under an attachment include
claims for the rateable distribution of assets.

Comments

Sale of attached property before dismissal of execution application is void; Nancy John Lyndon v.
Prabhati Lal Chodhury, AIR 1987 SC 2061.

1. Section 64 renumbered as sub-section (1) of that section by Act 22 of 2002, sec. 3

(w.e.f. 1-7-2002).

2. Ins. by Act 22 of 2002, sec. 3 (w.e.f. 1-7-2002).

65. Purchaser’s title.

Where immovable property is sold in execution of a decree and such sale has become absolute,
the property shall be deemed to have vested in the purchaser from the time when the property

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is sold and not from the time when the sale becomes absolute.

66. Suit against purchaser not maintainable on ground of

purchase being on behalf of plaintiff
[Rep. by Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988 (45 of 1988), sec. 7 (w.e.f. 19-5-1988).]

67. Power for State Government to make rules as to sales of

land in execution of decrees for payment of money.
1[(1)] The State Government 2[***] may, by notification in the Official Gazette, make rules for
any local area imposing conditions in respect of the sale of any class of interests in land in
execution of decrees for the payment of money, where such interests are so uncertain or
undermined as, in the opinion of the State Government to make it impossible to fix their value.

3
[(2) When on the date on which this Code came into operation in any local area, any special
rules as to sale of and in execution of decrees were in force therein, the State Government may,
by notification in the Official Gazette, declare such rules to be in force, or may 4[***] by a like
notification, modify the same.

Every notification issued in the exercise of the powers conferred by this sub-section shall set out
the rules so continued or modified.]

4[(3) Every rule made under this section shall be laid, as soon as may be after it is made, before
the State Legislature.]

1. Section 67 renumbered as sub-section (1) of that section by Act 1 of 1914, sec. 3.

2. The words “with the previous sanction of the G.G. in C.,” omitted by Act 38 of 1920,
sec. 2 and Sch. I.
3. Added by Act 1 of 1914, sec. 3.
4. Ins. by Act No. 20 of 1983, sec. 2 and Sch. (w.e.f. 15-3-1984).

68-72. Repealed
68.-72. Rep. by the Code of Civil Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1956 (66 of 1956), s. 7. (w.e.f.
1-1-1957).

73. Proceeds of execution-sale to be rateably distributed

among decree-holders.
(1) Where assests are held by a Court and more persons than one have, before the receipt of
such assests, made application to the Court for the execution of decrees for the payment of
money passed against the same judgment-debtor and have not obtained satisfaction thereof,
the assests, after deducting the costs of realization, shall be rateably distributed among all such
persons :

Provided as follows :-

(a) where any property is sold subject to a mortgage or charge, the mortgage or incumbrancer
shall not be entitled to share in any surplus arising from such sale;

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(b) where any property liable to be sold in execution of a decree is subject to a mortgage or
charges the Court may, with the consent of the mortgagee or incumbrancer, order that the
property be sold free from the mortgage or charge, giving to the mortgagee or incumbrancer
the same interest in the proceeds of the sale as he had in the property sold;

(c) where any immovable property is sold in execution of a decree ordering its sale for the
discharge of an incumbrance thereon, the proceeds of sale shall be applied-

first, in defraying the expenses of the sale;

secondly, in discharging the amount due under the decree;

thirdly, in discharging the interest and principal moneys due on subsequent incumbrances (if
any); and

fourthly, rateably among the holders of decrees for the payment of money against the judgment
debtor, who have, prior to the sale of the property, applied to the Court which passed the decree
ordering such sale for execution of such decrees, and have not obtained satisfaction thereof.

(2) Where all or any of the assets liable to be rateably distributed under this section are paid to
a person not entitled to receive the same, any person so entitled may sue such person to
compel him to refund the assets.

(3) Nothing in this section affects any right of the Government.

COMMENTS

The debts due to the State are entitled to priority over all other debts; Union of India v.
Somasundaram Mills (P) Ltd., AIR 1985 SC 407.

74. Resistance to execution.

Where the Court is satisfied that the holder of a decree for the possession of immovable
property or that the purchaser of immovable property sold in execution of a decree has been
resisted or obstructed in obtaining possession of the property by the judgment-debtor or some
person on his behalf and that such resistance or obstruction was without any just cause, the
Court may, at the instance of the decree-holder or purchaser, order the judgment-debtor or such
other person to be detained in the civil prison for a term which may extend to thirty days and
may further direct that the decree-holder or purchaser be put into possession of the property.

75. Power of court to issue commissions.

Subject to such conditions and limitations as may be prescribed, the court may issue a
commission-

(a) to examine any person;

(b) to make a local investigation;

(c) to examine or adjust accounts; or

(d) to make a partition;

1[(e) to hold a scientific, technical, or expert investigation;

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(f) to conduct sale of property which is subject to speedy and natural decay and which is in the
custody of the Court pending the determination of the suit;

(g) to perform any ministerial act.]

1. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 26 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

76. Commission to another Court.

(1) A commission for the examination of any person may be issued to any Court (not being a
High Court) situate in a State other than the State in which the Court of issue is situate and
having jurisdiction in the place in which the person to be examined resides.

(2) Every Court receiving a commission for the examination of any person under sub-section (1)
shall examine him or cause him to be examined pursuant thereto, and the commission, when it
has been duly executed, shall be returned together with the evidence taken under it to the Court
from which it was issued, unless the order for issuing the commission has otherwise directed, in
which case the commission shall be returned in terms of such order.

77. Letter of request.

In lieu of issuing a commission the Court may issue a letter of request to examine a witness
residing at any place not within 1[India].

1. Subs. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 3, for “the States”.

78. Commissions issued by foreign Courts.

1[78. Commissions issued by foreign Courts.

Subject to such conditions and limitations as may be prescribed the provisions as to the
execution and return of commissions for the examination of witnesses shall apply to
commissions issue by or as the instance of-

(a) Courts situate in any part of India to which the provisions of this Code do not extend; or

(b) Courts established or continued by the authority of the Central Government outside India, or

(c) Courts of any State or country outside India.]

1. Subs. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 11, for section 78 (w.e.f. 1-4-1951).

79. Suits by or against Government

1[Suits by or against Government

In a suit by or against the Government, the authority to be named as plaintiff or defendant, as

the case may be, shall be-

(a) in the case of a suit by or against the Central Government,2[the Union

of India], and

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(b) in the case of a suit by or against a State Government, the State.

1. Subs. A.O. 1948, for section 79.

2. Subs. by the A.O. 1950, for “the Dominion of India”.

80. Notice.
1
[(1)] 2[Save as otherwise provided in sub-section (2), no suits 3[shall be instituted] against the
Government (including the Government of the State of Jammu & Kashmir)] or against a public
officer in respect of any act purporting to be done by such officer in his official capacity, until the
expiration of two months next after notice in writing has been 4[delivered to, or left at the office
of]-

(a) in the case of a suit against the Central Government, 5[except where it relates to a railway],
a Secretary to that Government;

6[7[(b)] in the case of a suit against the Central Government where it relates to railway, the
General Manager of that railway];

8[(bb) in the case of a suit against the Government of the State of Jammu and Kashmir the
Chief Secretary to that Government or any other officer authorised by that Government in this
behalf;]

(c) in the case of a suit against 9[any other State Government], a Secretary to that Government
10
or the Collector of the district; [***]

11
[***]

and, in the case of a public officer, delivered to him or left at this office, stating the cause of
action, the name, description and place of residence of the plaintiff and the relief which he
claims; and the plaint shall contain a statement that such notice has been so delivered or left.

12[(2) A suit to obtain an urgent or immediate relief against the Government (including the
Government of the State of Jammu & Kashmir) or any public officer in respect of any act
purporting to be done by such public officer in his official capacity, may be instituted, with the
leave of the Court, without serving any notice as required by sub-section (1); but the Court shall
not grant relief in the suit, whether interim or otherwise, except after giving to the Government
or public officer, as the case may be, a reasonable opportunity of showing cause in respect of
the relief prayed for in the suit:

Provided that the Court shall, if it is satisfied, after hearing the parties, that no urgent or
immediate relief need be granted in the suit, return the plaint for presentation to it after
complying with the requirements of sub-section (1).

(3) No suit instituted against the Government or against a public officer in respect of any act
purporting to be done by such public officer in his official capacity shall be dismissed merely by
reason of any error or defect in the notice referred to in sub-section (1), if in such notice-

(a) the name, description and the residence of the plaintiff had been so given as to enable the
appropriate authority or the public officer to identify the person serving the notice and such
notice had been delivered or left at the office of the appropriate authority specified in sub-
section (1), and

(b) the cause of action and the relief claimed by the plaintiff had been substantially indicated.]

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STATE AMENDMENTS

Madhya Pradesh –(i) After sub-section (3) of Section 80 the following inserted:

“(4) where in a suit or proceeding referred to in Rule 3B of Order 1, the state is joined as a
defendant or non applicant or where the Court orders joinder of the State as defendant or non
applicant in exercise of powers under Rule 10(2) of Order 1 such suit or proceeding shall not be
dismissed by reasons of Omission of the plaintiff or applicant to issue notice under sub-section
(1)”.

(ii) In sub-section (1) of section 80 for the words “sub-section (2)” substitute “sub-section (2) or
(4)”. [M.P. Act No. 29 of 1984].

1. Sec. 80 renumbered as sub-section (1) of that section by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec.
27 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
2. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 27 for “No suit shall be instituted’ (w.e.f. 1-2-
1977).
3. Subs. by Act 26 of 1963, sec. 3 for “shall be instituted against the Government”
(w.e.f. 5-6-1964). The words in italics were subs. by the A.O. 1948 for “instituted
against the Crown”.
4. Subs. by the A.O. 1937, “in case of the Secretary of State in Council, deliver to , or
left at the office of a Secretary to the L.G. or the COntroller ofn the district”.
5. Ins. by Act 6 of 1948, sec. 2.
6. Clause (aa) ins. by Act 6 of 1948, sec. 2.
7. Clause (aa) relettered as clause (b) and the former clause (b) omitted by the A.O.
1948.
8. Ins. by the Act 26 of 1963, sec. 3 (w.e.f. 5-6-1964).
9. Subs. by the Act 26 of 1963, sec. 3 for “a State Government” (w.e.f. 5-6-1964).
10. The word “and” omitted by the A.O. 1948.
11. Clause (d) omitted by the A.O. 1948.
12. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 27 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

81. Exemption from arrest and personal appearance.

In a suit instituted against a public officer in respect of any act purporting to be done by him in
his official capacity-

(a) the defendant shall not be liable to arrest nor his property to attachment otherwise than in
execution of a decree, and

(b) where the Court is satisfied that the defendant cannot absent himself from his duty without
detriment to the public service, it shall exempt him from appearing in person.

82. Execution of decree.

1
[(1) Where, in a suit by or against the Government or by or against a public officer in respect
of any act purporting to be done him in his official capacity, a decree is passed against the Union
of India or a State or, as the case may be, the public officer, such decree shall not be executed
except in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (2)].

(2) Execution shall not be issued on any such decree unless it remains unsatisfied for the period
of three months computed from the date of

2[such decree].

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3[(3) The provisions of sub-sections (1) and (2) shall apply in relation to an order or award as
they apply in relation to a decree, if the order or award-

(a) is passed or made against 4[the Union of India] or a State or a public officer in respect of
any such act as aforesaid, whether by a Court or by any other authority; and

(b) is capable of being executed under the provisions of this Code or of any other law for the
time being in force as if it were a decree.]

1. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976 for sub-section (1) (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
2. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976 for “such report” (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
3. Ins. by Act 32 of 1949, sec. 2.
4. Subs. by the A.O. 1950, for “the Dominion of India”.

83. When aliens may sue.

Alien enemies residing in India with the permission of the Central Government, and alien
friends, may sue in any Court otherwise competent to try the suit, as if they were citizens of
India, but alien enemies residing in India without such permission, or residing in a foreign
country, shall not sue in any such court.

Explanation-Every person residing in a foreign country, the Government of i which is at war with
India and carrying on business in that country without a licence in that behalf granted by the
Central Government, shall, for the purpose of this section, be deemed to be an alien enemy
residing in a foreign country.

84. When foreign State may sue.

A foreign State may sue in any competent Court:

Provided that the object of the suit is to enforce a private right vested in the Ruler of such State
or in any officer of such State in his public capacity.

85. Persons specially appointed by Government to prosecute

or defend on behalf of foreign Rulers.
(1) The Central Government may, at the request of the Ruler of a foreign State or at the request
of any person competent in the opinion of the Central Government to act on behalf of such
Ruler, by order, appoint any persons to prosecute or defend any suit on behalf of such Ruler, and
any persons so appointed shall be deemed to be the recognized agents by whom appearances,
acts and applications under this Code may be made or done on behalf of such Ruler.

(2) An appointment under this section may be made for the purpose of a specified suit or of
several specified suits, or for the purpose of all such suits as it may from time to time be
necessary to prosecute or defend on behalf of such Ruler.

(3) A person appointed under this section may authorise or appoint any other persons to make
appearances and applications and do acts in any such suit or suits as if he were himself a party
thereto.

86. Suits against foreign Rulers, Ambassadors and Envoys.

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(1) No [* * * *]1 foreign State may be sued in any Court otherwise competent to try the suit
except with consent of the Central Government certified in writing by a Secretary to that
Government:

Provided that a person may, as a tenant of immovable property sue without such consent as
aforesaid 2[a foreign State] from whom he holds or claims to hold the property.

(2) Such consent may be given with respect to a specified suit or to several specified suits or
with respect to all suits of any specified class or classes, and may specify, in the case of any suit
or class of suits, the Court in which 3[the foreign State] may be sued, but it shall to be given,
unless it appears to the Central Government that 3[the foreign State].

(a) has instituted a suit in the Court against the person desiring to sue 4[it], or

(b) 5[itself] or another, trades within the local limits of the jurisdiction of the Court, or

(c) is in possession of immovable property situate within those limits and is to be sued with
reference to such property or for money charged thereon, or

(d) has expressly or impliedly waived the privilege accorded to 4[it] by this section.

6
[(3) Except with the consent of the Central Government, certified in writing by a Secretary to
that government, no decree shall be executed against the property of any foreign State.]

(4) The proceeding provisions of this section shall apply in relation to –

7[(a) any Ruler of a foreign State;]

8
[(aa)] any ambassador or Envoy of a foreign State ;

(b) any High Commissioner of a Commonwealth country; and

9
(c) any such member of the staff [of the foreign State or the staff or retinue of the
Ambassador] or Envoy of a foreign State or of the High Commissioner of a Commonwealth
country as the Central Government may, by general or special order, specify in this behalf.

10[as they apply in relation to a foreign State].

7[(5) the following persons shall not be arrested under this Code, namely : –

(a) any ruler of a foreign State;

(b) any Ambassador or Envoy of a foreign State;

(c) any High Commissioner of a Commonwealth country;

(d) any such member of the staff of the foreign State or the staff or retinue of the Ruler,
Ambassador or Envoy of a foreign State or of the High Commissioner of a Commonwealth
country, as the Central Government may, by general or special order, specify in this behalf.

(6) Where a request is made to the Central Government for the grant of any consent referred to
in sub-section (1), the Central Government shall, before refusing to accede to the request in
whole or in part, give to the person making the request a reasonable opportunity of being
heard.]

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1. The words “Ruler of a” omitted by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 29 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
2. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 29, for “a Ruler” (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
3. S ubs. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 29, for “the Ruler” (w.e.f. 1 -2-1977).
4. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 29, for “him” (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
5. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 29, for “himself (w.e.f. 1- 2-1977).
6. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 29, for sub-section (3) (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
7. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 29 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
8. Cl. (a) re-lettered as cl. (aa) by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 29, (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
9. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 29, for “or retinue of the Ruler, Ambassador”
(w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
10. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 29, for “as they apply in relation to the Ruler of
a foreign State” (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

87. Style of foreign Rulers as parties to suits.

The Ruler of a foreign State may sue, and shall be sued, in the name of his State:

Provided that in giving the consent referred to in section 86, the Central Government may direct
that the Ruler may be sued in the name of an agent or in any other name.

87A. De nitions of “foreign State” and “Ruler”.

(1) In this Part,-

(a) “foreign State” means any State outside India which has been recognised by the Central
Government; and

(b) “Ruler”, in relation to a foreign State, means the person who is for the time being recognized
by the Central Government to be the head of that State.

(2) Every Court shall take judicial notice of the fact –

(a) that a state has or has not been recognized by the Central Government;

(b) that a person has or has not been recognized by the Central Government to be the head of a
State.

87B. Applications of sections 85 and 86 to Rulers of former

Indian States.
1
[(1) In the case of any suit by or against the Ruler of any former Indian State which is based
wholly or in part upon a cause of action which arose before the commencement of the
Constitution or any proceedings arising out of such suit, the provisions of section 85 and sub-
sections (1) and (3) of section 86 shall apply in relation to such Ruler as they apply in relation to
the Ruler of a foreign State].]

(2) In this section-

(a) “former Indian State” means any such Indian State as the Central Government may, by
notification in the Official Gazette, specify for the purposes of this;2[***]

3[(b) “commencement of the Constitution” means the 26th day of January, 1950; and

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(c) “Ruler” in relation to a former Indian State, has the same meaning as in article 363 of the
Constitution.]

1. Subs. by Act 54 of 1972, sec. 3, for sub-section (1) (w.e.f. 9-9-1972).

2. The word “and” omitted by Act 54 of 1972, sec. 3 (w.e.f. 9-9-1972).
3. Subs. by Act 54 of 1972, sec. 3, for clause (b) (w.e.f. 9-9-1972).

88. Where interpleader suit may be reinstituted.

Where two or more persons claim adversely to one another the same debts, sum of money or
other property, movable or immovable, from another person, who claims no interest therein
other than for charges or costs and who is ready to pay or deliver it to the rightful claimant such
other person may institute a suit of interpleader against all the claimants for the purpose of
obtaining a decision as to the person to whom the payment or delivery shall be made and of
obtaining indemnity for himself:

Provided that where any suit is pending in which the rights of all parties can properly be
decided, no such suit of interpleader shall be instituted.

89. Settlement of disputes outside the Court

1
[89. Settlement of disputes outside the Court.

(1) Where it appears to the court that there exist elements of a settlement which may be
acceptable to the parties, the court shall formulate the terms of settlement and give them to the
parties for their observations and after receiving the observation of the parties, the court may
reformulate the terms of a possible settlement and refer the same for-

(a) arbitration;

(b) conciliation

(c) judicial settlement including settlement through Lok Adalat; or

(d) mediation.

(2) Where a dispute had been referred-

(a) for arbitration or conciliation, the provisions of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996
shall apply as if the proceedings for arbitration or conciliation were referred for settlement under
the provisions of that Act.

(b) to Lok Adalat, the court shall refer the same to the Lok Adalat in accordance with the
provisions of sub-section (1) of section 20 of the Legal Services Authority Act, 1987 and all
other provisions of that Act shall apply in respect of the dispute so referred to the Lok Adalat;

(c) for judicial settlement, the court shall refer the same to a suitable institution or person and
such institution or person shall be deemed to be a Lok Adalat and all the provisions of the Legal
Services Authority Act, 1987 shall apply as if the dispute were referred to a Lok Adalat under the
provisions of that Act;

(d) for mediation, the court shall effect a compromise between the parties and shall follow such
procedure as may be prescribed.]

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1. Sec. 89 was repealed by Act 10 of 1940, sec. 49 and Sch. II and again added by Act
No. 46 of 1999, section 7 (w.e.f. 1-7-2002).

90. Power to state case for opinion of Court.

Where any person agree in writing to state a case for the opinion of the Court, then the Court
shall try and determine the same in the manner prescribed.

91. Public nuisances and other wrongful acts affecting the

public.
1[Public nuisances and other wrongful acts affecting the public]

[(1) in the case of a public nuisance or other wrongful act affecting, or likely to affect, the
public, a suit for a declaration and injunction or for such other relief as may be appropriate in
the circumstances of the case, may be instituted,-

(a) by the Advocate General, or

(b) with the leave of the Court, by two or more persons, even though no special damage has
been caused to such persons by reason of such public nuisance or other wrongful act.]

(2) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to limit or otherwise affect any right of suit which
may exist independently of its provisions.

1. Subs. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 30 for the former heading (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

92. Public charities.

1
[Public charities.

(1) In the case of any alleged breach of any express or constructive trust created for public
purposes of a charitable or religious nature, or where the direction of the Court is deemed
necessary for the administration of any such trust, the Advocate-General, or two or more
2
persons having an interest in the trust and having obtained the [leave of the Court] may
institute a suit, whether contentious or not, in the principal Civil Court of original jurisdiction or
in any other Court empowered in that behalf by the State Government within the local limits of
whose jurisdiction the whole or any part of the subject-matter of the trust is situate to obtain a
Aectee,-

(a) removing any trustee;

(b) appointing a new trustee;

(c) vesting any property in a trustee;

3
[(cc) directing a trustee who has been removed or a person who has ceased to be a trustee, to
deliver possession of any trust property in his possession to the person entitled to the
possession of such property];

(d) directing accounts and inquires;

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(e) declaring what proportion of the trust property or of the interest therein shall be allocated to
any particular object of the trust;

(f) authorizing the whole or any part of the trust property to be let, sold, mortgaged or
exchanged;

(g) settling a scheme; or

(h) granting such further or other relief as the nature of the case may require.

(2) Save as provided by the Religious Endowments Act, 1863 (20 of 1863) 4[or by any
corresponding law in force in 5[the territories which, immediately before the 1st November,
1956, were comprised in Part B States]], no suit claiming any of the reliefs specified in sub-
section (1) shall be instituted in respect of any such trust as is therein referred to except in
conformity with provisions of that sub-section.

6
[(3) The Court may alter the original purposes of an express or constructive trust created for
public purposes of a charitable or religious nature and allow the property or income of such trust
or any portion thereof to be applied cy pres in one or more the following circumstances, namely
:-

(a) where the original purposes of the trust, in whole or in part,-

(i) have been, as far as may be, fulfilled; or

(ii) cannot be carried out at all, or cannot be carried out according to the directions given in the
instrument creating the trust or, where there is no such instrument, according to the spirit of the
trust;

(b) where the original purposes of the trust provide a use for a part only of the property
available by virtue of the trust; or

(c) where the property available by virtue of the trust and other property applicable for similar
purposes can be more effectively used in conjunction with, and to that end can suitably be made
applicable to any other purpose, regard being had to the spirit of the trust and its applicability to
common purposes; or

(d) where the original purposes, in whole or in part, were laid down by reference to an area
which then was, but has since ceased to be, a unit for such purposes; or

(e) where the original purposes, in whole or in part, have, since they were laid down,-

(i) been adequately provided for by other means, or

(ii) ceased, as being useless or harmful to the community, or

(iii) ceased to be, in law, charitable, or

(iv) ceased in any other way to provide a suitable and effective method of

using the property available by virtue of the trust, regard being had to the spirit of the trust.]]

STATE AMENDMENT

Uttar Pradesh-After clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 92 insert the following: “

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(bb) for delivery of possession of any trust property against a person who has ceased to be
trustee or has been removed.”

[Vide U.P. Act No. 24 of 1954, sec. 2 and Sch., Item 5, Entry 5 (w.e.f. 30-11-1954).]

COMMENTS

(i) Suit against the appointment of trustees—Held, court cannot enquire whether the trustees
were validly appointed under provisions of section 92; Duttgir Mahant v. Rishi Ram, AIR 1993
P&H 231: 1993(1) Cur LJ 209: (1993) 1 Pun LR 95.

(ii) Sale of property of religious and charitable endowments by private negotiation should not be
permitted by court unless justified by special reasons; R. Venugopala Naidu v. Venkatarayulu
Naidu Charities, AIR 1990 SC 444.

1. Section 92 shall not apply to any religious trust in Bihar.

2. Subs. by Act No. 104 of 1976 for “consent in writing of the Advocate-General”
(w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
3. Ins. by Act 66 of 1956, sec. 9 (w.e.f. 1-1-1957).
4. Ins. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 13 (1-4-1951).
5. Subs. by the Adaptation of Laws (No. 2) Order, 1956, for “a Part B State”.
6. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 31 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

93. Exercise of powers of Advocate-General outside

presidency-towns.
The powers conferred by sections 91 and 92 on the Advocate-General may, outside the
presidency-towns, be, with the previous sanction of the State Government, exercised also by the
Collector or by such officer as the State Government may appoint in this behalf.

94. Supplemental Proceedings.

In order to prevent the ends of justice from being, defeated the Court may, if it is so
prescribed,-

(a) issue a warrant to arrest the defendant and bring him before the Court to show cause why
he should not give security for his appearance, and if he fails to comply with any order for
security commit him so the civil prison;

(b) direct the defendant to furnish security to produce any property belonging to him and to
place the same at the disposal of the Court or order the attachment of any property;

(c) grant a temporary injunction and in case of disobedience commit the person guilty thereof to
the civil prison and order that his property be attached and sold;

(d) appoint a receiver of any property and enforce the performance of his duties by attaching
and selling his property;

(e) make such other interlocutory orders as may appear to the Court to be just and convenient.

COMMENTS

(i) Provisional admission in post‑graduate medical course should not be normally granted in
absence of special reason; U.P. Junior Doctors’ Action Committee v. Dr. B. Sheetal Nandwani,

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AIR 1992 SC 671.

(ii) Supreme Court will abstain from passing interlocutory order if it has effect or tend to be
susceptible of an inference of pre-judging some important and delicate issue in main matter;
Sub‑Committee of Judicial Accountability v. Union of India, AIR 1992 SC 63.

95. Compensation for obtaining arrest, attachment or

injunction on insu cient grounds.
Where, in any suit in which an arrest or attachment has been effected or a temporary injunction
granted under the last preceding section,-

(a) it appears to the Court that such arrest, attachment or injunction was applied for on
insufficient grounds, or

(b) the suit of the plaintiff fails and it appears to the Court that there was no reasonable or
probable grounds for instituting the same,

the defendant may apply to the Court, and the Court may, upon such application, award against
the plaintiff by its order such amount,1[not exceeding fifty thousand rupees], as it deems a
reasonable compensation to the defendant for the 2[expense or injury (including injury to
reputation) caused to him];

Provided that a Court shall not award, under this section, an amount exceeding the limits of its
peculiar jurisdiction.

(2) An order determining any such application shall bar any suit for compensation in respect of
such arrest, attachment or injunction.

1. Subs, by Act No. 46 of 1999, section 8 for “not exceeding one thousand rupees”
(w.e.f. 1 -7-2002).
2. Subs. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 32 for “expense or injury caused to him” (w.e.f.
1-2- 1977).

96. Appeal from original decree.

(1) Save where otherwise expressly provided in the body of this Code or by any other law for
the time being in force, an appeal shall lie from every decree passed by any Court exercising
original jurisdiction the Court authorized to hear appeals from the decisions of such Court.

(2) An appeal may lie from an original decree passed ex pane.

(3) No appeal shall lie from a decree passed by the Court with the consent of parties.

1
[(4) No appeal shall lie, except on a question of law, from a decree in any suit of the nature
cognisable by Courts of Small Cause, when the amount or value of the subject-matter of the
original suit does not exceed 2[ten thousand rupees].]

COMMENTS

(i) When an ex parte decree is passed the defendant has two clear options. One to file an appeal
and another to file an application under O. 9, R. 13 to set aside the order. Once application
under O. 9, R. 13 is dismissed, he cannot by filing first appeal dispute the correctness of order

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posting suit for ex parte hearing or show cause for his non-appearance; Bhanu Kumar Jain v.
Archana Kumar, AIR 2005 SC 626.

(ii) The subsequent events in first and second appeals cannot be taken indiscriminately into
account. It may be permitted to be taken into account by appellate court by means of
amendment of pleadings, in order to avoid multiplicity of proceedings but not where such
amendment could cause prejudice to vested right of plaintiff and render him remedied; Shyam
Sunder v. Ram Kumar, (2001) 8 SCC 24.

(iii) New plea relating to question of fact cannot be allowed to be raised for the first time before
the Ist appellate court; K. Shivalingaiah v. B.V. Chandra Shekara Gowda, AIR 1993 Kant 29:
1992 (2) Kant LJ 536: ILR (Kar) (1992) 1996.

1. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 33 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

2. Subs. by Act No. 46 of 1999, section 9 for “three thousand rupees” (w.e.f. 1-7-
2002).

97. Appeal from nal decree where no appeal from

preliminary decree.
Where any party aggrieved by a preliminary decree passed after the commencement of this
Code does not appeal from such decree, he shall be precluded from disputing its correctness in
any appeal which may be preferred from the final decree.

98. Decision where appeal heard by two or more Judges.

(1) Where an appeal is heard by a Bench of two or more Judges, the appeal shall be decided in
accordance with the opinion of such Judges or of the majority (if any) of such Judges.

(2) Where there is no such majority which concurs in a judgment varying or reversing the
decree appealed from, such decree shall be confirmed :

Provided that where the Bench hearing the appeal is 1[composed of two or other even number
of Judges belonging to a Court consisting of more Judges than those constituting the Bench] and
the Judges composing the Bench differ in opinion on a point of law, they may state the point of
law upon which they differ and the appeal shall then be heard upon that point only by one or
more of the other Judges, and such point shall be decided according to the opinion of the
majority (if any) of the Judges who have heard the appeal including those who first heard it.

2
[(3) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to alter or otherwise affect any provision of the
letters patent of any High Court.]

COMMENTS

Reference for opinion is permissible only if the judges who have heard the case have not
pronounced their final judgments; Nirmal Swaran Singh v. Rozu‑ud‑din, AIR 1993 All 121.

1. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 34 for certain words (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
2. Ins. by Act 18 of 1928, sec. 2 and Sch. I.

99. No decree to be reversed or modi ed for error or

irregularity not affecting merits or jurisdiction.

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No decree shall be reversed or “substantially varied, nor shall any case be remanded in appeal
on account of any mis joinder 1[or non-joinder] of parties or causes of action or any error, defect
or irregularity in any proceedings in the suit, not affecting the merits of the case or the
jurisdiction of the Court.

1
[Provided that nothing in this section shall apply to non-joinder of a necessary party.]

1. Ins. by Act. No. 104 of 1976, sec. 35 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

99A. No order under section 47 to be refused or modi ed

unless decision of the case is prejudicially affected.
1
[99A. No order under section 47 to be refused or modified unless decision of the case is
prejudicially affected.

Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of section 99, no order under section 47
shall be reversed or substantially varied, on account of any error, defect or irregularity in any
proceeding relating to such order, unless such error, defect or irregularity has prejudicially
affected the decision of the case.]

1. Ins. by Act. No. 104 of 1976, sec. 36 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

100. Second appeal.

1[100. Second appeal

(1) Save as otherwise expressly provided in the body of this Code or by any other law for the
time being in force, an appeal shall lie to the High Court from every decree passed in appeal by
any Court subordinate to the High Court, if the High Court is satisfied that the case involves a
substantial question of law.

(2) An appeal may lie under this section from an appellate decree passed exparte.

(3) In an appeal under this section, the memorandum of appeal shall precisely state the
substantial question of law involved in the appeal.

(4) Where the High Court is satisfied that a substantial question of law is involved in any case, it
shall formulate that question.

(5) The appeal shall be heard on the question so formulated and the respondent shall, at the
hearing of the appeal, be allowed to argue that the case does not involve such question :

Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall be deemed to take away or abridge the power of
the Court to hear, for reasons to be recorded, the appeal on any other substantial question of
law, not formulated by it, if it is satisfied that the case involves such question.]

COMMENTS

(i) The scope of exercise of the jurisdiction by the High Court in second appeal under section
100 is limited to the substantial question of law. To be a substantial question of law must be
debatable, not previously settled by law of the land or a binding precedent and answer to the
same will have a material bearing as to the rights of parties before the Court; Govindaraja v.
Mariamman, AIR 2005 SC 1008.

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(ii) The High Court was not justified in setting aside the concurrent finding of fact on sub-letting
and nuisance without formulating any substantial question of law; Hari Singh v. Kanhaiya Lal,
AIR 1999 SC 3325.

(iii) The High Court, in second appeal is not justified in setting aside a mixed question of law and
fact; Ram Kumar Agarwal v. Thawar Dass (dead) by LR, AIR 1999 SC 3248.

(iv) The High Court, should not interfere with the concurrent finding of fact in a routine and
casual manner by substituting its subjective satisfaction in place of lower courts; Karnataka
Board of Wakf v. Anjuman-E-Ismail Madris-un-Niswan, AIR 1999 SC 3067.

(v) Where the first appellate court has assumed jurisdiction which did not vest in it, the same
can be adjudicated in second appeal, treating as substantial question of law; Kondiba Dagadu
Kadam v. Savitribai Sopan Gujar, AIR 1999 SC 2213.

(vi) The findings of fact arrived by the courts below are binding in second appeal; Smt. Bismillah
Begum (dead) by LRs v. Rahmatullah Khan (dead) by LRs, AIR 1998 SC 970.

(vii) Conclusion about limitation is a finding of fact and is not open for interference in the second
appeal; Smt. Saraswatidevi v. Krishnaram Baldeo Bank Limited, AIR 1998 MP 73.

(viii) Once the evidence on which the courts of fact have acted was admissible and relevant,
party cannot be allowed to raise that said evidence is insufficient to justify the finding of facts in
second appeal; Ramanuja Naidu v. Kanniah Naidu, JT 1996(3) SC 164.

(ix) Second Appeal—Interference with the factual finding is permissible only if the said finding is
unreasonable; Sadhu Mehar v. Rajkumar Patel, AIR 1994 Ori 26.

(x) Second Appeal—Interference with factual findings recorded by the court below is permissible
in cases of non‑consideration of relevant evidence; Nalini v. Padmanabhan Krishnan, AIR 1994
Ker 14.

(xi) Question of fact can not be allowed to be raised in second appeal; Prabhu Dayal v. Suwa Lal,
AIR 1994 Raj 149.

(xii) Interference with finding of fact is permissible if the court below ignored weight of evidence
on record altogether; Ajab Singh v. Shital Puri, AIR 1993 All 138: 1993 All LJ 548.

(xiii) Erroneous application of law—Second appeal is maintainable If it raises a substantial

question; Ratanlal Bansilal v. Kishorilal Goenka, AIR 1993 Cal 144: 1993(1) Cal HN 307: 1993
(1) Cal LJ 193.

(xiv) Interpretation of the contract involves a substantial question of law. It can be examined in
second appeal; Smt. Vidya Wati through her LRs. v. Hans Raj through his L.Rs., AIR 1993 Del
187: 1993 Rajdhani LR 274.

(xv) Perverse finding recorded by the court below—Second appeal is maintainable; Ratanlal
Bansilal v. Kishorilal Goenka, AIR 1993 Cal 144: 1993 (1) Cal HN 307: 1993 (1) Cal LJ 193.

(xvi) Factual finding based on no evidence—Second appeal is maintainable; Ratanlal Bansilal v.

Kishorilal Goenka, AIR 1993 Cal 144: 1993 (1) Cal HN 307: 1993(1) Cal LJ 193.

(xvii) Finding of fact recorded by the first appellate court cannot be interfered with in second
appeal unless perverse; Padmashree S.N. Swamy v. Smt. Gowramma, AIR 1993 Kant 208: 1992
(3) Kant LJ 244: 1993 (2) APLJ 18.

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(xviii) Finding of fact cannot be questioned in second appeal; Ramaswamy Kalingaryar v.

Mathayan Padayachi, AIR 1992 SC 115.

(xix) In absence of substantial question of law on current finding of facts it cannot be interfered
with in second appeal; Kehar Singh v. Yash Pal, AIR 1990 SC 2212.

1. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 37 for Section 100 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

100A. No further appeal in certain cases.

1
[100A. No further appeal in certain cases.

Notwithstanding anything contained in any Letters Patent for any High Court or in any other
instrument having the force of law or in any other law for the time being in force, where any
appeal from an original or appellate decree or order is heard and decided by a single Judge of a
High Court, no further appeal shall lie from the judgment and decree of such single Judge.]

1. Section 100A ins. by Act 104 of 1976, sec. 38 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977) and substituted by
Act No. 46 of 1999, section 10 and now further has been substituted by Act No. 22 of
2002, section 4 (w.e.f. 1-7-2002).

101. Second appeal on no other grounds.

No second appeal shall lie except on the ground mentioned in section 100.

102. No second appeal in certain cases.

1[102. No second appeal in certain cases.

No second appeal shall lie from any decree, when the subject matter of the original suit is for
recovery of money not exceeding twenty-five thousand rupees”.]

1. Section 102 was substituted by Act No. 46 of 1999, section 11 and now further
substituted by Act No. 22 of 2002, section 5 (w.e.f. 1-7-2002).

103. Power of High Court to determine issues of fact.

1
[103. Power of High Court to determine issues of fact.

In any second appeal, the High Court may, if the evidence on the record is sufficient, determine
any issue necessary for the disposal of the appeal,-

(a) which has not been determined by the lower Appellate Court or both by the Court of first
instance and the lower Appellate Court, or

(b) which has been wrongly determined by such Court or Courts reason of a decision on such
question of law as is referred to in section 100.]

1. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 40 for section 103 (w.e.f. 1-2- 1977).

104. Orders from which appeal lies.

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(1) An appeal shall lie from the following orders, and save as otherwise expressly provided in
the body of this Code or by any law for the time being in force, from no other orders:-

1
[***]

2
[(ff) an order under section 35A;]

3[(ffa) an order under section 91 or section 92 refusing leave to institute a suit of the nature
referred to in section 91 or section 92, as the case may be;]

(g) an order under section 95;

(h) an order under any of the provisions of this Code imposing a fine or directing the arrest or
detention in the civil prison of any person except where such arrest or detention is in execution
of a decree;

(i) any order made under rules from which an appeal is expressly allowed by rules;

2
[Provided that not appeal shall lie against any order specified in clause (ff) save on the ground
that no order, or an order for the payment of a less amount, ought to have been made.]

(2) No appeal shall lie from any order passed in appeal under this section.

1. Clauses (a) to (f) omitted by Act 10 of 1940, sec. 49 and Sch. III.
2. Ins. by Act 9 of 1922, sec. 3.
3. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 41 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

105. Other orders.

(1) Save as otherwise expressly provided, no appeal shall lie from any order made by a Court in
the exercise of its original or appellate jurisdiction; but. where a decree is appealed from, any
error, defect or irregularity in any order, affecting the decision of the case, may be set forth as
ground of objection in the memorandum of appeal.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), where any party aggrieved by an
1
order of remand [*****] from which an appeal lies does not appeal therefrom, he shall
thereafter be precluded from disputing its correctness.

1. The words “made after the commencment of this Code” omitted by Act No. 104 of
1976, sec. 42 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

106. What Courts to hear appeals.

Where an appeal from any order is allowed it shall lie to the Court to which an appeal would lie
from the decree in the suit in which such order was made, or where such order is made by a
Court (not being a High Court) in the exercise of appellate jurisdiction, then to the High Court.

107. Powers of Appellate Court.

(1) Subject to such conditions and limitations as may be prescribed, an Appellate Court shall
have power-

(a) to determine a case finally;

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(b) to remand a case;

(c) to frame issues and refer them for trial;

(d) to take additional evidence or to require such evidence to be taken.

(2) Subject as aforesaid, the Appellate Court shall have the same powers and shall perform as
nearly as may be the same duties as are conferred and imposed by this Code on Courts of
original jurisdiction in respect of suits instituted therein.

COMMENTS

Neither the issue framed nor evidence led in trial court in respect of mixed question of fact and
law. New plea raised before the Supreme Court not permissible on the ground that the
establishment of fact by evidence for decision is necessary; Vasantha Viswanathan v. V.K.
Elayalwar, (2001) 8 SCC 133.

108. Procedure in appeals from appellate decrees and

orders.
The provisions of this Part relating to appeals from original decree shall, so far as may be, apply
to appeals-

(a) from appellate decrees, and

(b) from orders made under this Code or under any special or local law in which a different
procedure is not provided.

109. When appeals lie to the Supreme Court.

1
[109. When appeals lie to the Supreme Court.

Subject to the provisions in Chapter IV of Part V of the Constitution and such rules as may, from
time to time, be made by the Supreme Court regarding appeals from the Courts of India, and to
the provisions hereinafter contained, an appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any
judgment, decree or final order in a civil proceeding of a High Court, if the High Court certifies-

(i) that the case involves a substantial question of law of general importance; and

(ii) that in the opinion of the High Court the said question needs to be decided by the Supreme
Court.]

1. Subs. by Act 46 of 1973, sec. 2, for section 109 (w.e.f. 29-11-1973).

110. Value of subject matters.

Rep. by the Code of Civil Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1973 (49 of 1973), sec. 3.

111. Bar of certain appeals.

Rep. by the A.O. 1950.

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111A. Appeals to Federal Court.

1[111A. Appeals to Federal Court.

Rep. by the Federal Court Act, 1941 (21 of 1941), sec. 2.]

1. Ins. by the A.O. 1937

112. Savings.
1
[(1) Nothing contained in this Code shall be deemed-

(a) to affect the powers of the Supreme Court under Article 136 or any other provision of the
Constitution, or

(b) to interfere with any rules made by the Supreme Court, and for the time being in force, for
the presentation of appeals to that Court, or their conduct before that Court.]

(2) Nothing herein contained applies to any matter of criminal or admiralty or vice-admiralty
jurisdiction or to appeals from orders and decrees of Prize Courts.

1. Subs. by the A.O. 1950, for sub-section (1).

113. Reference to High Court

Subject to such conditions and limitations as may be prescribed, any Court may state a case and
refer the same for the opinion of the High Court, and the High Court may make such order
thereon as it thinks fit:

1
[Provided that where the Court is satisfied that a case pending before it involve; a question as
to the validity of any Act, Ordinance or Regulation or of any provision contained in an Act,
Ordinance or Regulation, the determination of which ii necessary for the disposal of the case,
and is of opinion that such Act, Ordinance Regulation or provision is invalid or inoperative, but
has not been so declared b; the High Court to which that Court is subordinate or by the
Supreme Court, the Court shall state a case setting out its opinion and the reasons therefore,
and refer the same for the opinion of the High Court.

Explanation.-In this section “Regulation” means any Regulation of the Bengal Bombay or Madras
Code or Regulation as defined in the General Clauses Act, 1897 (10 of 1897) or in the General
Clauses Act of a State.]

STATE AMENDMENTS

Andhra Pradesh-In the Explanation to section 113 after the words “any Regulation of the
Bengal, Bombay or Madras Code” insert the words “or any Regulation of the Madras Code in
force, in the State of Andhra as it existed immediately before the 1st Nov. 1956”.

[Vide Andhra Pradesh Adoption of Laws (Second Amendment) Orders, 1954 (w.e.f. 1-10-1953)
and Andhra Pradesh A.L. (Amendment) Order 1957 (w.e.f. 1-11-1956).]

Tamil Nadu-In the Explanation to section 113 after the words “any Regulation of the Bengal,
Bombay or Madras Code” insert the words “or any Regulation of the Madras Code in force in the
territories specified in Second Schedule to the Andhra Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of
Boundaries) Act, 1959.”

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[Vide Madras (Added Territories) Adaptation of Laws Order, 1961 (w.e.f. 1-4-1960).]

1. Added by Act 24 of 1951, sec. 2 (w.e.f. 1-4-1951).

114. Review.
Subject as aforesaid, any person considering himself aggrieved-

(a) by a decree or order from which an appeal is allowed by this Code, but from which no appeal
has been preferred,

(b) by a decree or order from which no appeal is allowed by this Court, or

(c) by a decision on a reference from a Court of Small Causes, may apply for a review of
judgment to the Court which passed the decree or made the order, and the Court may make
such order thereon as it thinks fit.

Comments

(i) Subsequent event may be taken into consideration by the Court, while exercising review
jurisdiction; Board of Control of Cricket in India v. Netaji Cricket Club, AIR 2005 SC 592.

(ii) The review petition was filed well within the time and since to review petition was not being
decided by the High Court, the appellant filed the special leave petition against main judgment
of High Court. Hence the Supreme Court overruled the contention that earlier special leave
petition filed by appellant having been dismissed by the Supreme Court the second SLP was not
maintainable being barred by the principle of res judicata; K. Rajamouli v. A.V.K.N. Swamy, AIR
2001 SC 2316.

115. Revision.
1
[(1)] The High Court may call for the record of any case which has been decided by any Court
subordinate to such High Court and in which no appeal lies thereto, and if such subordinate
Court appears-

(a) to have exercised a jurisdiction not vested in it by law, or

(b) to have failed to exercise a jurisdiction so vested, or

(c) to have acted in the exercise of its jurisdiction illegally or with material irregularity,

the High Court may make such order in the case as it thinks fit:

2
[Provided that the High Court shall not, under this section, vary or reverse any order made, or
any order deciding an issue, in the course of a suit or other proceeding, except where the order,
if it had been made in favour of the party applying for revision, would have finally disposed of
the suit or other proceedings.]

3[(2) The High Court shall not, under this section, vary or reverse any decree or order against
which an appeal lies either to the High Court or to any Court subordinate thereto.]

4[(3) A revision shall not operate as a stay of suit or other proceeding before the , Court except
where such suit or other proceeding is stayed by the High Court.]

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3[Explanation.-In this section, the expression “any case which has been decided” includes any
order made, or any order deciding an issue in the course of a suit or other proceeding.]

STATE AMENDMENTS

Madhya Pradesh-For Section 115 of the principal Act, the following Section substituted.

“115. Revision.-

The High Court may call for the record of any cases which has been decided by any Court
subordinate to such High Court and in which no appeal lies thereto, and if such subordinate
Court appears-

(a) to have exercised a jurisdiction not vested in it by law; or

(b) to have failed to exercise a jurisdiction so vested; or

(c) to have acted in the exercise of its jurisdiction illegally or with material irregularity, the High
Court may make such order in the case as it thinks fit;

Provided that the High Court shall not, under this section, vary or reverse any order made or
any order deciding an issue, in the course of a suit or other proceedings except where:-

(a) the order, if it had been made in favour of the party applying for the revision, would have
finally disposed of the suit or proceeding; or

(b) the order, if allowed to stand, would occasion a failure of justice or cause irreparable injury
to the party against whom it was made.

(2) The High Court shall not, under this section, vary or reverse any decree or order against
which an appeal lies either to the High Court or to any court subordinate thereto.

Explanation.-In this section, the expression “any case which has been decided” includes any
order made, or any order deciding an issue in the course of a suit or other proceeding.”

[Vide M.P. Act 4 of 1994, sec. 2 (w.e.f. 15-3-1994).]

Orissa.-In its application to the State of Orissa, for section 115, substitute the following:-

“115. Revision.-

The High Court, in eases arising out of original suits or other proceedings of the value exceeding
one lakh rupees, and the District Court, in any other case, including a case arising out of an
original suit or other proceedings instituted before the commencement of the Code of Civil
Procedure (Orissa Amendment) Act, 1991, may call for the record of any case which has been
decided by any Court subordinate to the High Court or the District Court, as the case may be,
and in which no appeal lies thereto, and if such subordinate Court appears-

(a) to have exercised a jurisdiction not vested in it by law; or

(b) to have failed to exercise a jurisdiction so vested; or

(c) to have acted in the exercise of its jurisdiction illegally or with material irregularity, the High
Court or the District Court, as the case may be, may make such order in the case as it thinks fit;

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Provided that in respect of cases arising out of original suits or other proceedings of any
valuation decided by the District Court, the High Court alone shall be competent to make an
order under this section:

Provided further that the High Court or the District Court shall not, under this section, vary or
reverse any order, including an order deciding an issue, made in the course of a suit or other
proceedings, except where,-

(i) the order, if so varied or reversed, would finally dispose of the suit or other proceedings; or

(ii) the order, if allowed to stand, would occasion a failure of justice or cause irreparable injury
to the party against whom it was made.

Explanation.-In this section, the expression “any case which has been decided” includes any
order deciding an issue in the course of a suit or other proceeding.”

Saving:-

The amendment made this Act shall not effect the validity, invalidity, effect or consequence of
anything already done of suffered, or any jurisdiction already exercised, and any proceeding
instituted or commenced in the High Court under section 115 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 5 of
1908, prior to the commencement of this Act shall, notwithstanding such amendment, continue
to be heard and decided by such Court.”

[Vide Orissa Act 26 of 1991, sec. 2 (w.e.f. 7-11-1991).]

Uttar Pradesh.-In its application to the State of Uttar Pradesh, for section 115, substitute the
following:-

“115 Revision.-

The High Court, in cases arising out of original suits or other proceedings of the value exceeding
one lakh rupees or such higher amount not exceeding five lakh rupees as the High Court may
from time to time fix, by notification published in the Official Gazette including such suits or
other proceedings instituted before the date of commencement of the U.P. Civil Laws
(Amendment) Act, 1991, or as the case may be, the date of commencement of such notification
and the District Court in any other case, including a case arising out of an original suit or other
proceedings instituted before such date, may call for the record of any case which has been
decided by any Court subordinate to such High Court or District Court, as the case may be, and
in which no appeal lies thereto, and if such subordinate Court appears-

(a) to have exercised a jurisdiction not vested in it by law; or

(b) to have failed to exercise a jurisdiction so vested; or

(c) to have acted in the exercise of its jurisdiction illegally or with material irregularity,

the High Court or the District Court, as the case may be, may make such order in the case as it
thinks fit:

Provided that in respect of cases arising out of original suits or other proceedings of any
valuation, decided by the District Court, the High Court alone shall be competent to make an
order under this section:

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Provided further that the High Court or the District Court shall not, under this section, vary or
reverse any order including an order deciding an issue, made in the course of a suit or other
proceeding, except where,-

(i) the order, if so varied or reversed, would finally dispose of the suit or other proceeding; or

(ii) the order, if allowed to stand, would occasion a failure of justice or cause irreparable injury
to the party against whom it was made:

Provided also that where a proceeding of the nature in which the District Court may call for the
record and pass orders under this Section was pending immediately before the relevant date of
commencement referred to above, in the High Court, such Court shall proceed to dispose of the
same.

Explanation.-In this section, the expression “any case which has been decided” includes any
order deciding an issue in the course of a suit or other proceeding.”

Transitory Provisions:-

Where a proceeding of the nature in which District Court may call for the record and pass orders
under section 115 of the said Code as substituted by this Act was pending immediately before
August 1, 1978.- (a) In the District Court, such Court shall proceed to dispose of the same as if
the provisions of the same as if the provisions of this Act were in force at all material times;

(b) in the High Court, such Court shall proceed to dispose of the same as if this Act has not
come into force.”

[Vide U.P. Acts 31 of 1978, Sections 3 and 5 (w.e.f. 1-8-1978) as amended by Uttar Pradesh Act
17 of 1991, sec. 7 (w.e.f. 15-1-1991).]

West Bengal-After Section 115 of the Code the following section 115A inserted:

“115A. District Court’s powers of revision-

(1) A District Court may exercise all or any of the power which may be exercised by the High
Court under section 115.

(2) Where any proceedings by way of revision is commenced before a District Court in
pursuance of the provision of sub-section (1), the provisions of section 115 shall, so for as may
be, apply to such proceeding and references to the said section 60 the High Court shall be
construed as reference to the District Court.

(3) Where any proceeding for revision is commenced before the District Court, the decision of
the District Court on such proceeding shall be final and no further proceeding by way of revision
shall be entertained by the High Court or any other Court.

(4) If any application for revision has been made by any party either to the High Court under
section 115 or to the District Court under this section, no further application by the same party
shall be entertained by the other of them.

(5) A Court of an Additional Judge shall have and may exercise all the powers of a District Court
under this section in respect of any proceeding which may be transferred to it by or under any
general or special order of the District Court”

[Vide West Bengal Act No. 15 of 1988, sec. 3 (w.e.f. 1-2-1989).]

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COMMENTS

(i) Order allowing proposed amendment would not also come under clause (b) of section 115(1).
Under revisional powers of High Court this cannot be interfered with by High Court. Prem Bakshi
v. Dharam Dev, AIR 2002 SC 559.

(ii) The objections filed by the petitioners were under Order 21, rule 36 C.P.C. and the only
remedy against it is revision under section 115 C.P.C. The Appellate Authority has rightly
dismissed the appeal in limine as not maintainble; Naresh Sharma v. Ramesh Chand, AIR 2000
HP 6.

(iii) Revisional court ought to consider and discuss evidence on which finding was based by
lower authorities. Mere statement by Revisional court that there was evidence to show that the
bona fides of the landlord was proved is not sufficient; K. Urmila v. Ram Kumar Verma, AIR
1998 SC 1188.

(iv) Revision against erroneous finding with regard to admissibility of evidence was held to be
competent; Kundan Mal v. Nand Kishore, AIR 1994 Raj 1.

(v) Revisional jurisdiction of the High Court—Validity of an order can be examined even if no
reason has been specified for order except exercise of power under a rule; Charles Mantosh v.
Dalhousie Institute, AIR 1993 Cal 232.

(vi) Revision against an order admitting documents after arguments were over is not
maintainable; Hemendra Chaudhary v. M/s. Punjab National Bank, AIR 1993 All 49: 1993(21) All
LR 218: 1993 All LJ 76.

(vii) Ex parte decree of ejectment—Revision against—Death of one of the co-landlords during

pendency of the revision—No substitution—Held, revision would not abate; Ram Gopal Sharma
v. Ist Additional District Judge, Meerut, AIR 1993 All 124: 1992 All CJ 1026.

(viii) Revisional court is not competent to reappreciate evidence; Padartha Amat v. Siba Sahu,
AIR 1993 Ori 92.

(ix) Under section 115 of the Code, the High Court connot reappreciate the evidence and cannot
set aside the concurrent findings of the Courts below by taking a different view of the evidence.
The High Court is empowered only to interfare with the findings of fact if the findings are
perverse or there has been a non-appreciation or non-consideration of the material evidence on
record by the Courts below. Simply because another view of the evidence may be taken is no
ground by the High Court to interfere in its revisional jurisdiction; Masjid Kacha Tank, Nahan v.
Tuffail Mohammed, AIR 1991 SC 455.

1. Sec. 115 re-numbered as sub-section (1) of that section by Act No. 104 of 1976,
sec. 43 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
2. Ins. by Act 104 of 1976, sec. 43 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977) and subs. by Act 46 of 1999, sec.
12 (w.e.f. 1-7-2002).
3. Ins. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 43 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
4. Ins. by Act No. 46 of 1999, section 12 (w.e.f. 1-7-2002).

116. Part to apply only to certain High Courts.

This Part applies only to High Courts 1[not being the Court of a Judicial Commissioner].

1. Subs. by Act 2 of 1951, sec. 14, for “CHARTERED HIGH COURTS” (w.e.f. 1-4-1951).

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117. Application of Code to High Court.

Save as provided in this Part or in Part X or in rules, the provisions of this Court shall apply to
such High Courts.

118. Execution of decree before ascertainment of costs.

Where any such High Court considers it necessary that a decree passed in the exercise of its
original civil jurisdiction should be executed before the amount of the costs incurred in the suit
can be ascertained by taxation, the Court may order that the decree shall be executed forthwith
except as to so much thereof as relates to the costs;

and, as to so much thereof as relates to the costs, that the decree may be executed as soon as
the amount of the costs shall be ascertained by taxation.

119. Unauthorized persons not to address Court.

Nothing in this Code shall be deemed to authorize any person on behalf of another to address
the Court in the exercise of its original civil jurisdiction, or to examine witnesses, except where
the Court shall have in the exercise of the power conferred by its charter authorized him I so to
do, or to interfere with the power of the High Court to make rules concerning I advocates, vakils
and attorneys.

120. Provisions not applicable to High Court in original civil

jurisdiction.
(1) The following provisions shall not apply to the High Court in the exercise of its I original civil
jurisdiction, namely, sections 16,17 and 20.

1
[***]

1. Sub-section (2) rep. by Act 3 of 1909, sec. 127 and Sch. III.

121. Effect of rules in First Schedule.

The rules in the First Schedule shall have effect as if enacted in the body of this Code until
annulled or altered in accordance with the provisions of this Part.

122. Power of certain High Courts to make rules.

1[High Courts 2[not being the Court of a Judicial Commissioner]] 3[***] may, from time to time
after previous publication, make rules regulating their own procedure and the procedure of the
Civil Courts subjects to their superintendence, and may be such rules annul, alter or add to all
or any of the rules in the First Schedule.

1. Subs. A.O. 1950, for “Courts which are High Courts for the purposes of the
Government of India Act, 1935”.
2. Subs. by the Adaptation of Laws (No. 2) Order, 1956, “for Part A States and Part B
States”. Earlier the words “for Part A States and Part B States” were inserted by Act 2
of 1951, sec. 15 (w.e.f. 1-4-1951).
3. The words “and the Chief Court of Lower Burma”, rep. by Act 11 of 1923, sec. 3 and
sch. II.

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123. Constitution of Rule Committees in certain States.

(1) A committee to be called the Rule Committee, shall be constituted at

1
[the town which is the usual place of sitting of each of the High Courts

2
[***] referred to in section 122].

(2) Each such Committee shall consist of the following persons, namely-

(a) three Judges of the High Court established at the town at which such Committee is
constituted, one of whom at least has served as a District Judge or 3[***] a Divisional Judge for
three years,

4
[(b) two legal practitioners enrolled in that Court]

5
[(c)] a Judge of a Civil Court subordinate to the High Court 6[***]

5 7
[ [* * *]]

(3) The members of each such Committee shall be appointed by the

8[High Court], which shall also nominate one of their number to be

President:

9
[* * *]

(4) Each member of any such Committee shall hold office for such period as may be prescribed
by the 8[High Court] in this behalf; and whenever any member retires, resigns, dies or ceases to
reside in the State in which the Committee was constituted or becomes incapable of acting as a
member of the Committee, the said 8[High Court] may appoint another person to be a member
in his stead.

(5) There shall be a secretary to each such Committee who shall be appointed by the 9[High

Court] and shall receive such remuneration as may be provided in this behalf 10[by the State
Government].

STATE AMENDMENTS

Assam and Nagaland-Substitute the following for clause (a) sub-section (2) of section 123.

“(a) three judges of the High Court established at the town at which such committee is
constituted, provided that the Chief Justice may appoint only two judges of the High Court on
the Committee if the number of Judges of the High Court does not exceed three”

[C.P.C. (Assam Amendment) Act No. 8 of 1953, sec. 2, (w.e.f. 18-4-1953) and Nagaland Act 27
of 1962 (w.e.f. 1-12-1963).]

Tamil Nadu-In section 123 sub-section (2).

(a) “In clause (b) for the words ‘two legal practitioners’ substitute the words ‘three legal
practitioners’.”

(b) “Omit the words ‘Madras’ in clause (d)”.

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[Vide Tamil Nadu Act No. 15 of 1970, sec. 2 (w.e.f. 10-6-1970).]

1. Subs. by Act 13 of 1916, sec. 2 and Sch. for “each of towns of Calcutta, Madras,
Bombay, Allahabad, Lahore and Rangoon”.
2. The words “and of the Chief Court”, Omitted by Act 11 of 1923, sec. 3 and Sch. II.
These words were again ins. By Act 32 of 1925, and subsequently omitted by A.O.
1948.
3. The brackets and words “(in Burma)” rep. by Act 11 of 1923, sec. 3 and Sch. II.
4. Subs. by Act 2 of 1951 sec. 16, for clauses (b) and (c).
5. Clauses (d) and (e) re-lettered as clauses (c) and (d) respectively by Act 2 of 1951,
sec. 16 (w.e.f. 1-4-1961).
6. The word “and” omitted by Act No. 38 of 1978, sec. 3 and Sch. II. (w.e.f. 26-11-
1978).
7. Cl. (d) omitted by Act No. 38 of 1978, sec. 3 and Sch. II. (w.e.f. 26-11-1978).
8. Subs, by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 44, for “Chief Justice or Chief Judge” (w.e.f. 1-2-
1977).
9. Proviso omitted by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 44 (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).
10. Subs. by A.O. 1937, for “by the G.G. in C. or by the L.G. as the case may be”.

124. Committee to report to High Court.

Every Rule Committee shall make a report to the High Court established at the town at which it
is constituted on any proposal to annul, alter or add to the rules in the First Schedule or to make
new rules, and before making any rules under section 122 the High Court shall take such report
into consideration.

125. Power of other High Courts to make rules.

High Courts, other than the Courts specified in section 122, may exercise the powers conferred
1 2
by that section in such manner and subject to such conditions [as [the State Government]
may determine]:

Provided that any such High Court may, after previous publication, make a rule extending within
the local limits of its jurisdiction any rules which have been made by any other High Court.

1. Subs. by Act 38 of 1920, sec. 2 and Sch. 1, Pt. I, for “as the G.G. in C. may determine”.
2. Subs. by the A.O. 1937, for “in the case of the Court of the Judicial Commissioner of Coorg,
the G.G. in C., and in other cases the L.G.”.

126. Rules to be subject to approval.

1[126. Rules to be subject to approval.

Rules made under the foregoing provisions shall be subject to the previous approval of the
Government of the State in which the Court whose procedure the rules regulate is situate or, if
that Court is not situate in any State, to the previous approval of 2[Central Government].]

—————

1. Subs. by the A.O. 1937, for section 126.

2. Subs. by the A.O. 1950, for “Governor General”.

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127. Publication of rules.

Rules so made and 1[approved] shall be published in the 2[Official Gazette] and shall from the
date of publication or from such other date as may be specified have the same force and effect,
within the local limits of the jurisdiction of the High Court which made them, as if they had been
contained in the First Schedule.

1. Subs. by Act 24 of 1917, sec. 2 and Sch. 1, for “sanctioned”.

2. Subs. by the A.O. 1937, for “Gazette of India or in the local Official Gazette, as the
case may be”. Strictly the substitution would read “Official Gazette or in the Official
Gazette, as the case may be”, but the latter words have been omitted as being
redundant.

128. Matters for which rules may provide.

(1) Such rules shall be not inconsistent with the provisions in the body of this Code, but, subject
thereto, may provide for any matters relating to the procedure of Civil Courts.

(2) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the powers conferred by sub-section
(1), such rules may provide for all or any of the following matters, namely :-

(a) the service of summons, notices and other processes by post or in any other manner either
generally or in any specified areas, and the proof of such service;

(b) the maintenance and custody, while under attachment, of live-stock and other movable
property, the fees payable for such maintenance and custody, the sale of such live-stock and
property and the proceeds of such sale;

(c) procedure in suits by way of counterclaim and the valuation of such suits for the purposes of
jurisdiction;

(d) procedure in garnishee and charging order either in addition to, or in substitution for, the
attachment and sale of debts;

(e) procedure where the defendant claims to be entitled to contribution or indemnity over
against any person whether a party to the suit or not;

(f) summary procedure-

(i) in suits in which the plaintiff seeks only to recover a debt or liquidated demand in money
payable by the defendant, with or without interest, arising-

on a contract express or implied; or

on an enactment where the sum sought to be recovered is a fixed sum of money or in the
nature of a debt other than a penalty; or

on a guarantee, where the claim against the principal is in respect of a debt or a liquidated
demand only; or

on trust; or

(ii) in suits for the recovery of immovable property, with or without claim for rent or mesne
profits, by a landlord against a tenant whose term has expired or has been duly determined by

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notice to quit, or has become liable to forfeiture for nonpayment of rent, or against persons
claiming under such tenant;

(g) procedure by way of originating summons;

(h) consolidation of suits, appeals and other proceedings;

(i) delegation to any Registrar, Prothonotary or Master or other official of

the Court of any judicial, quasi-judicial and non-judicial duties; and

(j) all forms, registers, books, entries and accounts which may be necessary or desirable for the
transaction of the business of Civil Courts.

129. Power of High Court to make rules as to their original

Civil Procedure.
1
Notwithstanding anything in this Code, any High Court [not being the Court of a Judicial
2 3
Commissioner] may make such rules not inconsistent with the Letters Patent [or order] [or
other law] establishing it to regulate its own procedure in the exercise of its original civil
jurisdiction as it shall think fit, and nothing herein contained shall affect the validity of any such
rules in force at the commencement of this Code.

Comments

Rules regulating procedure of High Court on its original side need not be consistent with
provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908; Tridium India Telecom Ltd. v. Motorola Inc., AIR
2005 SC 514.

1. Subs. by the Adaptation of Laws (No. 2) Order, 1956, for “for a Part a State or a
Part B State”.
2. Ins. By the A.O. 1950.
3. Ins. By Act 2 of 1951, sec. 17 (w.e.f. 1-4-1951).

130. Powers of other High Court to make rules as to matters

other than procedure.
1[130. Powers of other High Court to make rules as to matters other than procedure.

A High Court 2[not being a High Court to which section 129 applies] may, with the previous
approval of the State Government make with respect to any matter other than procedure any
rule which a High Court 3[for a 4[***] State] might under 5[article 227 of the Constitution]
make with respect to any such matter for any part of the territories under its jurisdiction which
is not included within the limits of a presidency town.]

1. Subs. by the A.O. 1937, for section 130.

2. Subs. by the A.O. 1950, for “not constituted by His Majesty by Letters Patent”.
3. Subs. by the A.O. 1950, for “so constituted”.
4. The word and letter “Part A” omitted by the Adaptation of Laws (No. 2) Order,
1956.
5. Subs. by the A.O. 1950, for “section 224 of the Government of India Act, 1935”.

131. Publication of rules.

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Rules made in accordance with section 129 or section 130 shall be published in the 1[Official

Gazette] and shall from the date of publication or from such other date as may be specified have
the force of law.

1. Subs. by the A.O. 1937, for “Gazette of India or in the local Official Gazette, as the
case may be”. Strictly the substitution would read “Official Gazette or in the Official
Gazette, as the case may be”, but the latter words have been omitted as being
redundant..

132. Exemption of certain women from personal appearance.

(1) Women who, according to the customs and manners of the country, ought not to be
compelled to appear in public shall be exempt from personal appearance in Court.

(2) Nothing herein contained shall be deemed to exempt such women from arrest in execution
of civil process in any case in which the arrest of women is not prohibited by this Code.

133. Exemption of other persons.

1
[(1) The following persons shall be entitled to exemption from personal appearance in Court,
namely-

(i) the President of India;

(ii) the Vice-President of India;

(iii) the Speaker of the House of the People;

(iv) the Ministers of the Union;

(v) the Judges of the Supreme Court;

(vi) the Governors of States and the administrators of Union Territories;

(vii) the Speakers of the State Legislative Assemblies/

(viii) the Chairman of the State Legislative Councils;

(ix) the Ministers of States;

(x) the Judges of the High Courts; and

(xi) the persons to whom section 87B applies.]

2[***]

3
(3) Where any person [***] claims the privilege of such exemption, and it is consequently
necessary to examine him by commission, he shall pay the costs of that commission, unless the
party requiring his evidence pays such costs.

1. Subs. by Act No. 66 of 1956, sec. 12, for sub-section (1) (w.e.f. 1-1-1957).
2. Sub-section (2) omitted by Act No. 66 of 1956, sec. 12 (w.e.f. 1-1-1957).
3. The words “so exempted” omitted by Act 66 of 1956, sec. 12 (w.e.f. 1-1-1957).

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134. Arrest other than in execution of decree.

The provisions of sections 55, 57 and 59 shall apply, so far as may be, to all persons arrested
under this Code.

135. Exemption from arrest under civil process.

(1) No Judge, Magistrate or other judicial officer shall be liable to arrest under civil process while
going to, presiding in, or returning from his Court.

(2) Where any matter is pending before a tribunal having jurisdiction therein, or believing in
good faith that it has such jurisdiction, the parties thereto, their pleader, mukhtars, revenue-
agents and recognized agents, and their witnesses acting in obedience to a summons, shall be
exempt from arrest under civil process other than process issued by such tribunal for contempt
of Court while going to or attending such tribunal for the purpose of such matter, and while
returning from such tribunal.

(3) Nothing in sub-section (2) shall enable a judgment-debtor to claim exemption from arrest
under an order for immediate execution or where such judgment-debtor attends to show cause
why he should not be committed to person in execution of a decree.

135A. Exemption of members of legislative bodies from

arrest and detention under civil process.
1
[135A. Exemption of members of legislative bodies from arrest and detention under civil
process.

2[(1) No person shall be liable to arrest or detention in prison under civil process-

(a) if he is a member of-

(i) either House of Parliament, or

(ii) the legislative Assembly or Legislative Council of a State, or

(iii) a Legislative Assembly of a Union territory,

during the continuance of any meeting of such House of Parliament or, as the case may be, of
the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council;

(b) if he is a member of any committee of-

(i) either House of Parliament, or

(ii) the Legislative Assembly of a State or Union territory, or

(iii) the Legislative Council of a State,

during the continuance of any meeting of such committee;

(c) if he is a member of-

(i) either House of Parliament, or

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(ii) a Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council of a State having both such Houses,

during the continuance of a joint sitting, meeting, conference or joint committee of the Houses
of Parliament or Houses of the State Legislature, as the case may be, and during the forty days
before and after such meeting, sitting or conference.]

(2) A person released from detention under sub-section (1), shall, subject the provisions, of the
said sub-section, be liable to re-arrest and to the further detention to which he would have been
liable if he had not been released under the provisions of sub-section (1).]

1. Ins. by Act 23 of 1925, sec. 3.

2. Subs. by Act No. 104 of 1976, sec. 45 for sub-section (1) (w.e.f. 1-2-1977).

136. Procedure where person to be arrested or property to be

attached is outside district.
(1) Where an application is made that any person shall be arrested or that any property shall be
attached under any provision of this Code not relating to the execution of decrees, and such
person resides or such property is situate outside the local limits of the jurisdiction of the Court
to which the application is made, the Court may, in its discretion, issue a warrant of arrest or
make an order of attachment, and send to the District

Court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction such person or property reside or is situate a
copy of the warrant or order, together with the probable amount of the costs of the arrest or
attachment.

(2) The District Court shall, on receipt of such copy and amount, cause the arrest or attachment
to be made by its own officers, or by a Court subordinate to itself, and shall inform the Court
which issued or made such warrant or order of the arrest or attachment.

(3) The Court making an arrest under this section shall send the person arrested to the Court by
which the warrant of arrest was issued, unless he shows cause to the satisfaction of the former
Court why he should not be sent to the later Court, or unless he furnishes sufficient security for
his appearance before the later Court or for satisfying any decree that may be passed against
him by that Court, in either of which cases the Court making the arrest shall release him.

(4) Where a person to be arrested or movable property to be attached under this section is
within the local limits of the ordinary original civil ju

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