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Elementary Statistics Chapter 1 Test - Form A

Name:___________________________ Course Number: __________ Section Number: _____

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Provide an appropriate response.

1) Define the terms population, sample, parameter and statistic. How does a census compare to a
sample?

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

Identify the number as either continuous or discrete.

2) The total number of phone calls a sales representative makes in a month is 425.
A) Continuous B) Discrete

3) The number of limbs on a 2-year-old oak tree is 21.

A) Continuous B) Discrete

Determine which of the four levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) is most appropriate.
4) The subjects in which college students major.
A) Ratio B) Ordinal C) Nominal D) Interval

5) Amount of fat (in grams) in cookies.

A) Nominal B) Interval C) Ordinal D) Ratio

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Identify the sample and population. Also, determine whether the sample is likely to be representative of
the population.
6) In a poll of 50,000 randomly selected college students, 74% answered "yes" when asked "Do you
have a television in your dorm room?".

Use critical thinking to develop an alternative conclusion.

7) A study shows that adults who work at their desk all day weigh more than those who do not.
Conclusion: Desk jobs cause people to gain weight.

Use critical thinking to address the key issue.

8) A questionnaire is sent to 10,000 persons. 5,000 responded to the questionnaire. 3,000 of the
respondents say that they "love chocolate ice cream". We conclude that 60% of people love
chocolate ice cream. What is wrong with this survey?

9) A researcher wished to gauge public opinion on gun control. He randomly selected 1000 people
from among registered voters and asked them the following question: "Do you believe that gun
control laws which restrict the ability of Americans to protect their families should be
eliminated?". Identify the abuse of statistics and suggest a way the researcher's methods could be
improved.

1
1
Elementary Statistics Chapter 1 Test - Form A
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

Perform the requested conversions. Round decimals to the nearest thousandth and percents to the nearest
tenth of a percent, if necessary.
10) Convert 0.34 to an equivalent fraction and percent.
8 8 17 17
A) , 34% B) , 3.4% C) , 3.4% D) , 34%
25 25 50 50

Solve the problem.

11) A gardener has 28 clients, 25% of whom are businesses. Find the number of business clients.
A) 7000 clients B) 700 clients C) 7 clients D) 70 clients

Is the study experimental or observational?

12) A marketing firm does a survey to find out how many people use a product. Of the one hundred
people contacted, fifteen said they use the product.
A) Experimental B) Observational

13) A clinic gives a drug to a group of ten patients and a placebo to another group of ten patients to
find out if the drug has an effect on the patients' illness.
A) Observational B) Experimental

Identify the type of observational study.

14) A statistical analyst obtains data about ankle injuries by examining a hospital's records from the
past 3 years.
A) Retrospective B) Cross-sectional C) Prospective D) None of these

Identify which of these types of sampling is used: random, stratified, systematic, cluster, convenience.
15) A tax auditor selects every 1000th income tax return that is received.
A) Random
B) Systematic
C) Convenience
D) Cluster
E) Stratified

16) A pollster uses a computer to generate 500 random numbers, then interviews the voters
corresponding to those numbers.
A) Stratified
B) Cluster
C) Convenience
D) Systematic
E) Random

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Provide an appropriate response.

17) Define random sample. Explain why this is important in design of experiments.

2
2
Elementary Statistics Chapter 1 Test - Form A
18) Define sampling error and nonsampling error. Give examples of nonsampling error.

19) A market researcher obtains a sample of 50 people by standing outside a store and asking every
20th person who enters the store to fill out a survey until she has 50 people. What sampling
method is being used here? Will the resulting sample be a random sample? Will it be a simple
random sample? Explain your thinking.

20) Explain the difference between stratified and cluster sampling.

3
3
Answer Key
Testname: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS CHAPTER 1 TEST FORM A

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

1) A population is the complete collection of all elements. A sample is a subset of elements drawn from a
population. A parameter is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population. A
statistic is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample. A census is the
collection of data from every element in a population; a sample is a subset of a population.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

2) B
3) B
4) C
5) D
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

6) Sample: the 50,000 selected college students; population: all college students; representative
7) Desk job workers are confined to their chairs for most of their work day. Other jobs require standing or
walking around which burns calories. It is probably the lack of exercise that causes higher weights, not
the desk job itself. Avoid causality altogether by saying lack of walking and exercise is associated with
higher weights.
8) This is not a random sample. The survey is based on voluntary, self-selected responses and therefore
has serious potential for bias.
9) The question is loaded. A more neutral way to phrase the question would be, for example, "Do you
believe that gun control laws should be strengthened, weakened, or left in their current form?".
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

10) D
11) C
12) B
13) B
14) A
15) B
16) E
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

17) In random sampling, each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Random
sampling provides us with the best representative sample in which all groups of the population are
approximately proportionately represented. Careless sampling can easily result in a biased sample
which may be useless.
18) Sampling error is the difference between a sample result and the true population result. Such an error
results from chance sample fluctuations. A nonsampling error occurs when the sample data are
incorrectly collected, recorded, or analyzed. Examples include nonrandom samples, defective
measuring instruments, biased survey questions, a large number of refusals, copying sample data
incorrectly.
19) This is systematic sampling. The sample obtained will be a random sample because everyone has the
same chance of being chosen but will not be a simple random sample as different samples of 50 people
have different chances of being chosen. Specifically, the sample is random because each person has one
chance in twenty of being selected. The sample is not simple random because different samples of size
50 by this design have different chances of being selected due to the numbers of people arriving at the
store at different times.
1
4
Answer Key
Testname: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS CHAPTER 1 TEST FORM A

20) In both cluster sampling and stratified sampling, sub-groups (clusters or strata) are formed. However,
in stratified sampling, all strata are used and a sample is selected from each strata. In cluster sampling,
a sample of the clusters is first selected, then all members of those clusters are selected.

2
5
Elementary Statistics Chapter 1 Test - Form B

Name:___________________________ Course Number: __________ Section Number: _____

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Provide an appropriate response.

1) Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative data. Give an example for each.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

Determine whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter.

2) After taking the first exam, 15 of the students dropped the class.
A) Statistic B) Parameter

3) A sample of 120 employees of a company is selected, and the average age is found to be 37 years.
A) Statistic B) Parameter

Determine which of the four levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) is most appropriate.
4) The sample of spheres categorized from softest to hardest.
A) Ordinal B) Nominal C) Ratio D) Interval

5) Temperatures of the ocean at various depths.

A) Interval B) Ordinal C) Nominal D) Ratio

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Identify the sample and population. Also, determine whether the sample is likely to be representative of
the population.
6) 100,000 randomly selected adults were asked whether they drink at least 48 oz of water each day
and only 45% said yes.

Use critical thinking to develop an alternative conclusion.

7) In a study of headache patients, every one of the study subjects with a headache was found to be
improved after taking a week off of work. Conclusion: Taking time off work cures headaches.

Use critical thinking to address the key issue.

8) A researcher published this survey result: "74% of people would be willing to spend 10 percent
more for energy from a non-polluting source". The survey question was announced on a national
radio show and 1,200 listeners responded by calling in. What is wrong with this survey?

9) "38% of adults in the United States regularly visit a doctor". This conclusion was reached by a
college student after she had questioned 520 randomly selected members of her college. What is
wrong with her survey?

1
6
Elementary Statistics Chapter 1 Test - Form B
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

Perform the requested conversions. Round decimals to the nearest thousandth and percents to the nearest
tenth of a percent, if necessary.
10) Convert 8.4% to an equivalent fraction and decimal.
2 21 2 21
A) , 0.84 B) , 0.84 C) , 0.084 D) , 0.084
25 250 25 250

Solve the problem.

11) Alex and Juana went on a 120-mile canoe trip with their class. On the first day they traveled 30
miles. What percent of the total distance did they canoe?
A) 4% B) 0.25% C) 25% D) 400%

Is the study experimental or observational?

12) A political pollster reports that his candidate has a 10% lead in the polls with 10% undecided.
A) Experimental B) Observational

13) A T.V. show's executives commissioned a study to gauge the impact of the show's ratings on the
sales of its advertisers.
A) Observational B) Experimental

Identify the type of observational study.

14) A researcher plans to obtain data by following those in cancer remission since January of 2002.
A) Cross-sectional B) Retrospective C) Prospective D) None of these

Identify which of these types of sampling is used: random, stratified, systematic, cluster, convenience.
15) A sample consists of every 49th student from a group of 496 students.
A) Stratified
B) Random
C) Cluster
D) Systematic
E) Convenience

16) The name of each contestant is written on a separate card, the cards are placed in a bag, and three
names are picked from the bag.
A) Cluster
B) Random
C) Stratified
D) Convenience
E) Systematic

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Use critical thinking to address the key issue.

17) "7 out of 10 dentists recommend Brand X toothpaste". This finding is based on the results of a
survey of 10 randomly selected dentists. What is wrong with this survey?

2
7
Elementary Statistics Chapter 1 Test - Form B
Provide an appropriate response.
18) List five different abuses of statistics and give examples for each.

19) A teacher at a school obtains a sample of students by selecting a random sample of 20 students
from each grade. What kind of sampling is being used here? Will the resulting sample be a
simple random sample of the population of students at the school? Explain your thinking.

20) At a school there are two different math classes of the same age. The two classes have different
teachers. The school principal is interested in gauging the effectiveness of two different teaching
methods and asks each teacher to try one of the methods. At the end of the semester both classes
are given the same test and the results are compared. In this experiment, what is the variable of
interest? Give some examples of variables which could be confounding variables.

3
8
Answer Key
Testname: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS CHAPTER 1 TEST FORM B

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

1) Qualitative data can be separated into categories that are distinguished by nonnumeric characteristics.
Quantitative data consist of numbers representing counts or measurements. Examples will vary.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

2) B
3) A
4) A
5) A
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

6) Sample: the 10,000 selected adults; population: all adults; representative

7) Headaches generally last for only a few hours, so anything would seem like a cure. There is no evidence
to suggest that taking time off work will cure a headache.
8) This is not a random sample. The survey is based on voluntary, self-selected responses and therefore
has serious potential for bias.
9) The sample is biased. College students are not representative of the U.S. population as a whole.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

10) D
11) C
12) B
13) B
14) C
15) D
16) B
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

17) The sample was too small.

18) Answers will vary but include small samples, precise numbers, guesstimates, distorted percentages,
partial picture, deliberate distortions, loaded questions, misleading graphs, misleading pictographs,
pollster pressure, or bad samples. Examples will vary.
19) This is stratified sampling. The sample obtained will not be a simple random sample because different
samples of students have different chances of being selected. Specifically, it would not be possible to
select samples of the same size with students in different grades.
20) The variable of interest is the teaching method. Possible confounding variables are "skill of teacher" (is
one teacher better than the other?), "aptitude of students" (do the two classes have students of the same
ability?), "amount of study time" (does one class have students who are more conscientious?).

1
9
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Elementary Statistics Chapter 1 Test - Form C

Name:___________________________ Course Number: __________ Section Number: _____

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Provide an appropriate response.

1) Define continuous and discrete data and give an example of each.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

Determine whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter.

2) A health and fitness club surveys 40 randomly selected members and found that the average
weight of those questioned is 157 lb.
A) Statistic B) Parameter

3) After inspecting all of 55,000 kg of meat stored at the Wurst Sausage Company, it was found that
45,000 kg of the meat was spoiled.
A) Statistic B) Parameter

Determine which of the four levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) is most appropriate.
4) Salaries of college professors.
A) Ratio B) Ordinal C) Interval D) Nominal

5) Survey responses of "good, better, best".

A) Ordinal B) Ratio C) Interval D) Nominal

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Identify the sample and population. Also, determine whether the sample is likely to be representative of
the population.
6) An employee at the local ice cream parlor asks three customers if they like chocolate ice cream.

Use critical thinking to address the key issue.

7) You plan to make a survey of 200 people. The plan is to talk to every 10th person coming out of
the school library. Is there a problem with your plan?

8) A national television channel posted the result of their web poll: "63 percent of Americans favor
changing from gasoline to hydrogen fuel for cars." The survey question had been available for
three days and 50,000 viewers responded. Should we conclude that hydrogen-powered cars are
favored by a majority of Americans? Explain.

9) A company accused of downsizing workers defended itself with the following statement: "Yes,
we were forced to lay off 20% of our workforce last year, but this year we increased our
workforce by 20%, and we therefore now have the same number of employees as before the
layoff." What is the flaw in this argument?

1
10
Elementary Statistics Chapter 1 Test - Form C
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

Perform the requested conversions. Round decimals to the nearest thousandth and percents to the nearest
tenth of a percent, if necessary.
10) Convert 1.2 to an equivalent fraction and percent.
1 1 1 1
A) 1 , 12% B) 1 , 120% C) 1 , 12% D) 1 , 120%
10 5 5 10

Solve the problem.

11) On a test of 80 items, Ariel got 68 correct. What percent were correct?
A) 117.647059% B) 1.17647059% C) 0.85% D) 85%

Is the study experimental or observational?

12) A quality control specialist compares the output from a machine with a new lubricant to the
output of machines with the old lubricant.
A) Experimental B) Observational

13) A stock analyst selects a stock from a group of twenty for investment by choosing the stock with
the greatest earnings per share reported for the last quarter.
A) Experimental B) Observational

Identify the type of observational study.

14) A town obtains current employment data by polling 10,000 of its citizens this month.
A) Prospective B) Retrospective C) Cross-sectional D) None of these

Identify which of these types of sampling is used: random, stratified, systematic, cluster, convenience.
15) A market researcher selects 500 drivers under 30 years of age and 500 drivers over 30 years of
age.
A) Cluster
B) Systematic
C) Stratified
D) Random
E) Convenience

16) A researcher interviews 19 work colleagues who work in his building.

A) Stratified
B) Random
C) Cluster
D) Systematic
E) Convenience

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Provide an appropriate response.

17) Describe a double blind experiment and explain why blinding is used. Define the term "placebo
effect" as part of the answer.

2
11
Elementary Statistics Chapter 1 Test - Form C
18) Define observational study and experiment. Define the terms "treatment group" and "control
group" as part of your answer.

19) A researcher obtains a sample of high school teachers in his school district by randomly selecting
10 high schools and interviewing all the teachers at each of these 10 schools. What kind of
sampling is being used here? Will the resulting sample be a simple random sample of the
population of teachers in the school district? Explain your thinking.

20) Explain what is meant by the term "confounding" and give an example of an experiment in
which confounding is likely to be a problem.

3
12
Answer Key
Testname: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS CHAPTER 1 TEST FORM C

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

1) Continuous numerical data result from infinitely many possible values that can be associated with
points on a continuous scale so that there are no gaps or interruptions. Discrete data result from either a
finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible values. Examples will vary.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

2) A
3) B
4) A
5) A
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

6) Sample: the 3 selected customers; population: all customers; not representative

7) People who don't go to the library are excluded.
8) This is not a random sample. The survey is based on voluntary, self-selected responses and therefore
has serious potential for bias, because the result should not be generalized to all Americans.
9) Answers will vary. Possible answer: This is a misleading use of percentages, as 20% of the reduced
workforce is smaller than 20% of the original workforce. The company therefore did not hire as many
new workers as it originally laid off. The size of the current workforce is therefore smaller than the size
of the workforce before the layoffs.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

10) B
11) D
12) A
13) B
14) C
15) C
16) E
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

17) A double blind experiment is one in which neither the subjects nor the researchers know who is getting
the treatment. Blinding is when the subject does not know whether he or she is receiving a treatment or
a placebo. Blinding is used to counteract the placebo effect in which an untreated subject believes he or
she is receiving a treatment and reports an improvement in symptoms due to this belief.
18) In an observational study, we observe and measure specific characteristics, but we don't attempt to
manipulate or modify the subjects being studied. In an experiment we apply some treatment and then
proceed to observe its effects on the subjects. In the experiment, the group receiving the treatment is
called the treatment group. The control group is the group that is not given the treatment.
19) This is cluster sampling. The sample obtained will not be a simple random sample of all high school
teachers in the district because different samples have different chances of being selected due to varying
numbers of teachers in different schools.
20) Confounding occurs in an experiment when the effects of two or more variables cannot be distinguished
from each other. Examples will vary.

1
13
Elementary Statistics Chapter 2 Test - Form A

Name:___________________________ Course Number: __________ Section Number: _____

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Identify as many similarities and differences that you can find.

1) Suppose that a data set has a minimum value of 28 and a maximum value of 73 and that you
want 5 classes. Explain how to find the class width for this frequency distribution. What happens
if you mistakenly use a class width of 9 instead of 10?

2) A company advertises an average of 42,000 miles for one of its new tires. In the manufacturing
process there is some variation around that average. Would the company want a process that
provides a large or a small variance? Justify your answer.

Use the range rule of thumb to solve the problem.

3) The data shows the roundtrip mileage that 43 randomly selected professors and students drive to
school each day. Graph the frequency polygons and determine whether there appears to be any
significant difference between the two groups.

Score Frequency Score Frequency

10-14 2 10-14 0
15-19 5 15-19 6
20-24 13 20-24 9
25-29 17 25-29 21
30-34 6 30-34 7

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

1
14
Elementary Statistics Chapter 2 Test - Form A
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

Use the pie chart to solve the problem.

4) The pie chart shows the percent of the total population of 12,200 of Springfield living in the given
types of housing. Round your result to the nearest whole number.

39% 35%

2%

6% 18%

Find the number of people who live in single family houses.

A) 4758 people B) 39 people C) 5368 people D) 7442 people

Use the range rule of thumb to solve the problem.

5) Six college buddies bought each other Christmas gifts. They spent:
$236.88 $150.51 $154.55
$299.92 $290.97 $251.46
What was the mean amount spent? Round your answer to the nearest cent.
A) $264.86 B) $230.72 C) $346.07 D) $276.86

Find the median for the given sample data.

6) The number of vehicles passing through a bank drive-up line during each 15-minute period was
recorded. The results are shown below. Find the median number of vehicles going through the
line in a fifteen-minute period.
23 25 23 26
26 23 28 25
33 29 29 27
22 29 23 18
13 25 25 25
A) 26 B) 29 C) 25 D) 24.85

Find the mode(s) for the given sample data.

7) 79, 25, 79, 13, 25, 29, 56, 79
A) 79 B) 48.1 C) 42.5 D) 25

Find the midrange for the given sample data.

8) The weights (in ounces) of 18 cookies are shown. Find the midrange.
0.68 1.29 0.93 1.02 0.74 1.43
1.29 1.20 0.68 1.46 1.33 1.14
1.33 1.46 0.74 1.33 1.02 0.93
A) 1.070 B) 1.14 C) 1.100 D) 1.055

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